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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Part of the LGBTQ rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions.

Currently 28 of the 50 countries and 5 of the 7 dependent territories in Europe recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them a majority of members of the European Union. As of June 2016, thirteen European countries legally recognize and perform same-sex marriage, namely Belgium, Denmark,[nb 1] Finland (effective from 2017), France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] Twenty-one European countries legally recognize some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[nb 4] San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Several countries are currently considering same-sex union recognition.

Same-sex marriage is not recognized in several European countries and in addition marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.

ECHR case law

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognize same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[1] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[2] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British, Danish and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Current situation

National level

Status Country Since Country population living in Europe
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(13 countries)
* In eight countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available, too.
Belgium Belgium 2003[3] 11,198,638
Denmark Denmark[nb 1] 2012[4] 5,655,750
Finland Finland 2017 [5] 5,470,820
France France 2013[6] 66,030,000
Iceland Iceland 2010[7] 325,671
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015[8] 4,609,600
Luxembourg Luxembourg 2015[9] 549,680
Netherlands Netherlands[nb 2] 2001[10][11] 16,856,620
Norway Norway 2009[12] 5,136,700
Portugal Portugal 2010[13] 10,427,301
Spain Spain 2005[14] 46,704,314
Sweden Sweden 2009[15] 9,716,962
United Kingdom United Kingdom[nb 3] 2014[16][17] 62,700,000[nb 5]
Subtotal — — 245,382,279
(28.9% of the European population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(1 country) 		Malta Malta[nb 6] 2014[18][19] 446,547
Subtotal — — 446,547
(0.05% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(13 countries)
* In one of the countries that have passed other types of partnerships,
yet another type of partnership is available, too.
Andorra Andorra 2014[20] 85,082
Austria Austria 2010[21] 8,504,850
Croatia Croatia 2014[22] 4,284,889
Czech Republic Czech Republic 2006[23] 10,513,209
Cyprus Cyprus[nb 7] 2015[24] 1,117,000[nb 8]
Estonia Estonia 2016[25] 1,315,819
Germany Germany 2001[26] 80,716,000
Greece Greece 2015[27] 10,816,286
Hungary Hungary 2009[28] 9,877,365
Italy Italy 2016[29] 60,782,668
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2011[30] 37,132
Slovenia Slovenia 2006[31] 2,061,085
Switzerland Switzerland 2007[32] 8,183,800
Subtotal — — 198,295,185
(22.8% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(1 country) 		San Marino San Marino 2012[33] 32,576
Subtotal — — 32,576
(.003% of the European population)
Total — — 443,039,377
(52.18% of the European population)
No recognition
(11 countries)
Albania Albania — 3,020,209
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 9,494,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,871,643
Georgia (country) Georgia — 4,935,880
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 17,948,816
North Macedonia Macedonia — 2,058,539
Monaco Monaco — 36,371
Romania Romania — 19,942,642
Russia Russia — 143,700,000
Turkey Turkey — 76,667,864
Vatican City Vatican City — 842
Subtotal — — 281,677,406
(37.94% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(13 countries)
* In two countries that constitutionally ban same-sex marriage,
other types of partnerships are available, too.
Armenia Armenia 2015[34] 3,018,854
Belarus Belarus 1994 [35] 9,475,100
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1991[36] 7,364,570
Croatia Croatia 2013[37][38] 4,284,889
Hungary Hungary 2012[39][40] 9,877,365
Latvia Latvia 2006[41][42] 1,990,300
Lithuania Lithuania 1992[43] 2,944,459
Moldova Moldova 1994[44] 3,557,600
Montenegro Montenegro 2007[45] 647,905
Poland Poland 1997[46] 38,483,957
Serbia Serbia 2006[47] 7,209,764
Slovakia Slovakia 2014[48][49] 5,415,949
Ukraine Ukraine 1996[50] 44,291,413
Subtotal — — 138,562,125
(18.66% of the European population)
Total — — 406,077,277[nb 9]
(47.82% of the European population)

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(2 jurisdiction) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom

Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Isle of Man Isle of Man

2014[51]
2016[52]

92,497
Total — — — 92,497
(0.01% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(3 jurisdictions) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland
Jersey Jersey
Gibraltar Gibraltar

2005[53]
2012[54]
2014[55]

1,927,858

(Combined population)

Total — — — 1,927,858
(0.22% of the European population)
No recognition
(2 jurisdictions) 		Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands — 49,709
United Kingdom United Kingdom Guernsey Guernsey — 65,345
Total — — — 115,054
(0.01% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Faroe Islands Faroe Islands: A same-sex marriage bill was approved in final reading in the Faroese Parliament on 29 April 2016 by a 19-14 vote.[56] It will now be sent to the Danish Parliament for ratification through three readings and Royal Assent.

Guernsey Guernsey: On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33-5 vote. It awaits Royal Assent in the Privy Council.[57][58]

Jersey Jersey: On 14 July 2015 the Chief Minister submitted a proposal to parliament. The States were asked to decide whether they agree, in principle, that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. The proposition was approved by the Assembly on 22 September 2015.[59] Legislation to bring the law into effect is scheduled for introduction by January 2017.[60]

Gibraltar Gibraltar: Following a consultation period, the Government published a bill to legalise same-sex marriage on 15 August 2016.[61] On 26 October 2016, the Marriage Bill was passed unanimously by the Gibraltar Parliament. The Bill now awaits Royal Assent.[62]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Austria Austria: The opposition party NEOS – The New Austria submitted a bill to the National Council on 12 June 2014. On 24 September 2014 it had its first reading and was sent to the Judiciary Committee.[63] A people's initiative was submitted to the National Council on 5 August 2015 and sent to the Petition and People's Initiative Committee on 8 August 2015.[64]

Germany Germany: The opposition party The Left submitted a bill to the Federal Diet on 23 October 2013. It had its first reading on 19 December 2013.[65]
On 5 June 2015 the states of Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia submitted a bill to the Federal Council. On 12 June 2015 it had its first reading and was sent to the committees. It was approved on second reading and sent to the Federal Diet on 25 September 2015.[66]
The opposition party Alliance '90/The Greens submitted a further bill to the Federal Diet on 10 June 2015. It had its first reading on 18 June 2015.[67]

Italy Italy: Two bills were submitted to the Senate on 15 March 2013. A third bill was submitted on 5 April 2013. On 18 June 2013 the examination of those bills by several committees started.[68][69][70]

Switzerland Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, proposing a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended approval of the proposal.[71] On 1 September 2015, it was also approved by the upper house's Justice Committee, paving the way for a referendum on the constitutional amendment.[72]
In March 2015, the Swiss Federal Council released a governmental report on the modernization of family law. It suggests a repeal of the current law on registered partnerships, to be replaced by a new gender-neutral form of partnership registration, modelled on the French civil solidarity pact, as well as marriage for same-sex couples.[73] The Swiss President Simonetta Sommaruga, in charge of the Federal Department of Justice and Police, also stated that she hoped personally that gay and lesbian couples would soon be allowed to marry.[74]

Non-marital partnership

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Monaco Monaco: On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously adopted a proposal to create gender-neutral "contrat de vie commun" (CVC) modeled on the French PACS. The proposal now goes to the government, which has six months to decide whether to pursue it, and if so, another 12 months to implement the proposal.[75]

San Marino San Marino: In March 2016, two opposition parties, LabDem and the United Left, along with the main government party, the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, announced their own proposals to expand the rights of all unmarried cohabiting couples through a new partnership law. The junior coalition partner, the Party of Socialists and Democrats, has also announced an intention to submit a fourth bill.[76]

Mutual recognition

European Union European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[77]

Same-sex marriage ban

North Macedonia Macedonia: On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[78] However, it also needs another parliamentary vote and presidential approval to become law.[79]

Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[80] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[81]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[82] In 2008 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[83] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[84] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[85]

In Greece support more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, albeit still considerably low. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe, whereas in 2015 33% agreed with the statement. [81]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[86] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[87] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[88] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[89]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[90]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[91] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[92]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[81] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[80]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
  Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
Country Pollster Year For[a] Against[a] Neither[b] Margin
of error 		Source
Albania Albania IPSOS 2023 26%
 73%
(74%) 		1% [93]
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11% [94]
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3% [95][96]
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65% 30% 5% [97]
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4% [95][96]
Belgium Belgium Ipsos 2024 69% 19% [9% support some rights]
 12% not sure ±5% [98]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 19% 2% not sure [97]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina IPSOS 2023 26%
(27%) 		71%
(73%) 		3% [93]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2023 17% 75% 8% [97]
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2023 42% 51% 7% [97]
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2023 50% 44% 6% [97]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Eurobarometer 2023 60% 34% 6% [97]
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2023 93% 5% 2% [97]
Estonia Estonia Eurobarometer 2023 41% 51% 8% [97]
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2023 76% 18% 6% [97]
France France Ipsos 2024 62% 26% [16% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 14 7% [97]
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15% [100]
Germany Germany Ipsos 2024 73% 18% [10% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [97]
Greece Greece Pew Research Center 2023 48%
(49%) 		49%
(51%) 		3% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 57%
(59%) 		40%
(41%) 		3% [97]
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2024 44% 35% [18% support some rights] 21% not sure ±5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 31%
(33%) 		64%
(67%) 		5% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 42% 52% 6% [97]
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [101]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Ipsos 2024 68% 21% [8% support some rights] 10% ±5%[c] [98]
Eurobarometer 2023 86% 9% 5% [97]
Italy Italy Ipsos 2024 58% 29% [19% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
(75%) 		25% 2% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 69% 27% 4% [97]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4% [95][96]
Kosovo Kosovo IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		77%
(79%) 		3% [93]
Latvia Latvia Eurobarometer 2023 36% 59% 5% [97]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [102]
Lithuania Lithuania Eurobarometer 2023 39% 55% 6% [97]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [97]
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2023 74% 24% 2% [97]
Moldova Moldova Europa Liberă Moldova 2022 14% 86% [103]
Montenegro Montenegro IPSOS 2023 36%
(37%) 		61%
(63%) 		3% [93]
Netherlands Netherlands Ipsos 2024 77% 15% [8% support some rights] 8% not sure ±5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
(90%) 		10% 1% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 2% [97]
North Macedonia North Macedonia IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		78%
(80%) 		2% [93]
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9% [95][96]
Poland Poland Ipsos 2024 39%
 48% [28% support some rights] 13% ±5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 41%
(43%) 		54%
(57%) 		5% ±3.6% [99]
United Surveys by IBRiS 2024 50%
(55%) 		41%
(45%) 		9% [104]
Eurobarometer 2023 50% 45% 5% [97]
Portugal Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%) 		5% [105]
Eurobarometer 2023 81% 14% 5% [97]
Romania Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%) 		17% ±3.5% [105]
Eurobarometer 2023 25% 69% 6% [97]
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8% [c] [106]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6% [107]
Serbia Serbia IPSOS 2023 24%
(25%) 		73%
(75%) 		3% [93]
Slovakia Slovakia Focus 2024 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4% [108]
Eurobarometer 2023 37% 56% 7% [97]
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2023 62%
(64%) 		37%
(36%) 		2% [97]
Spain Spain Ipsos 2024 73% 19% [13% support some rights] 9% not sure ±3.5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
(90%) 		10% 3% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 88% 9% 3% [97]
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2024 78% 15% [8% support some rights] 7% not sure ±5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
(94%) 		6% 2% ±3.6% [99]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 1% [97]
Switzerland Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5% [105]
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2024 18% 52% [19% support some rights] 30% not sure ±5% [c] [98]
Ukraine Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
(47%) 		42%
(53%) 		22% ±1.5% [109]
United Kingdom United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8% [110]
Ipsos 2024 66% 24% [11% support some rights] 10% not sure ±3.5% [98]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		4% ±3.6% [99]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [111]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [112]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [113][114]


See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Excluding the Faroe Islands.
  2. ^ a b c Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
  3. ^ a b Excluding Northern Ireland, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories (except Isle of Man and Pitcairn Islands which allow it).
  4. ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  5. ^ Combined population of England, Wales and Scotland.
  6. ^ Civil Unions, which provide everything but the name marriage, are also available.
  7. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  8. ^ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  9. ^ Excluding Croatia and Hungary.

References

  1. ^ CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE, European Court of Human Rights
  2. ^ CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY, European Court of Human Rights
  3. ^ Template:Nl icon Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek
  4. ^ Template:Da icon Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab
  5. ^ Template:Sv icon Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
  6. ^ Template:Fr icon LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe
  7. ^ Template:Is icon Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)
  8. ^ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  9. ^ Template:Fr icon Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
  10. ^ Template:Nl icon Wet openstelling huwelijk
  11. ^ Template:Nl iconECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095
  12. ^ Template:No icon Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par)
  13. ^ Template:Pt icon Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio
  14. ^ Template:Es icon Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio
  15. ^ Template:Sv iconLag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
  16. ^ Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
  17. ^ Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
  18. ^ AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  19. ^ MARRIAGE ACT
  20. ^ Template:Ca icon Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  21. ^ Template:De icon Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
  22. ^ Template:Hr icon Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
  23. ^ Template:Cs icon 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
  24. ^ Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο
  25. ^ "Kooseluseadus" (in Estonian). Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
  26. ^ Template:De icon Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
  27. ^ NOMOΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.
  28. ^ Template:Hu icon 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
  29. ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta (11 May 2016). "Italy Approves Same-Sex Civil Unions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  30. ^ Template:De icon Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)
  31. ^ Template:Sl icon 2840. Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti
  32. ^ Template:De icon Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare
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