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Sabratha

Coordinates: 32°47′32″N 12°29′3″E / 32.79222°N 12.48417°E / 32.79222; 12.48417
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Sabratha
صبراتة
Sabratha or Subrata
Theatre of Sabratha
Theatre of Sabratha
Sabratha is located in Libya
Sabratha
Sabratha
Location in Libya
Coordinates: 32°47′32″N 12°29′3″E / 32.79222°N 12.48417°E / 32.79222; 12.48417
CountryLibya
RegionTripolitania
DistrictZawiya
Elevation
[1]
30 ft (10 m)
Population
 (2004)[1]
 • Total102,038
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
Websitesabratha.gov.ly
Official nameArchaeological Site of Sabratha
IncludesTheatre at Sabratha [fr]
CriteriaCultural: (iii)
Reference184
Inscription1982 (6th Session)
Endangered2016–...
Map of Sabratha

Sabratha, Sabratah or Siburata (Template:Lang-ar), in the Zawiya District[2] of Libya, was the westernmost of the ancient "three cities" of Roman Tripolis. From 2001 to 2007 it was the capital of the former Sabratha wa Sorman District. It lies on the Mediterranean coast about 70 km (43 mi) west of modern Tripoli.[3] The extant archaeological site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

Ancient Sabratha

Sabratha's port was established, perhaps about 500 BC, as a Phoenician trading-post that served as a coastal outlet for the products of the African hinterland. The Phoenicians gave it the Lybico-Berber name 'Sbrt'n',[4] which suggests that there may have been a native settlement built there prior to the Phoenicians' arrival. Sabratha became part of the short-lived Numidian Kingdom of Massinissa before being Romanized and rebuilt in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The Emperor Septimius Severus was born nearby in Leptis Magna, and Sabratha reached its monumental peak during the rule of the Severans. The city was badly damaged by earthquakes during the 4th century, particularly the quake of AD 365. It was rebuilt on a more modest scale by Byzantine governors. The town was site of a bishopric.[5] Within a hundred years of the Arab conquest of the Maghreb, trade had shifted to other ports and Sabratha dwindled to a village.

The archaeological site

Archaeological Site of Sabratha

Besides its Theatre at Sabratha [fr] that retains its three-storey architectural backdrop, Sabratha has temples dedicated to Liber Pater, Serapis and Isis. There is a Christian basilica of the time of Justinian and also remnants of some of the mosaic floors that enriched elite dwellings of Roman North Africa (for example, at the Villa Sileen, near Khoms). However, these are most clearly preserved in the coloured patterns of the seaward (or Forum) baths, directly overlooking the shore, and in the black and white floors of the Theatre baths.

There is an adjacent museum containing some treasures from Sabratha, but others can be seen in the national museum in Tripoli.

In 1943, during the Second World War, archaeologist Max Mallowan, husband of novelist Agatha Christie, was based at Sabratha as an assistant to the Senior Civil Affairs Officer of the Western Province of Tripolitania. His main task was to oversee the allocation of grain rations, but it was, in the words of Christie's biographer, a "glorious attachment", during which Mallowan lived in an Italian villa with a patio overlooking the sea and dined on fresh tunny fish and olives.[6]

Ancient ruins in danger of erosion damage [ April 2016 report ]

According to an April, 2016 report, due to soft soil composition and the nature of the coast of Sabratha, which is mostly made up of soft rock and sand, the Ruins of Sabratha are undergoing dangerous periods of coastal erosion. The public baths, olive press building and 'harbour' can be observed as being most damaged as the buildings have crumbled due to storms and unsettled seas.

This erosion of the coast of Ancient Sabratha can be seen yearly with significant differences in beach layout and recent crumbled buildings. Breakwaters set in the vicinity of the harbour and olive press are inadequate and too small to efficiently protect the Ancient City of Sabratha.

Modern Sabratha

The city is home to Sabratha University. Wefaq Sabratha is the football club, playing at Sabratha Stadium.

In 2011, the town became involved in the Libyan Civil War. At first seeming to have rebelled against the government, with sword-wielding townspeople fighting against soldiers with guns,[7] by 2 March it was retaken by pro-Gaddafi forces.[8][9] However, the town was recaptured by the rebels in August.[10]

In January 2014, the bodies of two foreign nationals were discovered on Tallil Seyahi Beach on the outskirts of the coastal city of Sabratha, according to the Sabratha Media Center.[11] An initial police investigation shows the two were having a picnic in a somewhat remote area near a partially built resort. A photo posted on the Sabratha Media Center Facebook page purports to show the man and woman, who are lying face down in the sand. Near the bodies is a blanket that is spread out, with food and drinks strewn about. A backpack sat nearby. The identities and the nationalities of the two, described only as a man and a woman, have not been released.

Around 2017, Sabratha was a main centre for migrant smuggling during the European migrant crisis.[12]

Climate

Climate data for Sabratha
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		29.2
(84.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		30.2
(86.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		24.9
(76.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		14.2
(57.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45
(1.8) 		26
(1.0) 		17
(0.7) 		11
(0.4) 		4
(0.2) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		8
(0.3) 		23
(0.9) 		33
(1.3) 		51
(2.0) 		219
(8.6)
Source: Climate-data.org

Images

Part of the International Fairgrounds in Tripoli (under Italian rule)

Panorama

  • Panoramic image of a part of the archaeological site
    Panoramic image of a part of the archaeological site
  • Panoramic image of the theatre of the archaeological site
    Panoramic image of the theatre of the archaeological site
  • WWII Aerial photo of theatre
    WWII Aerial photo of theatre

Archaeological site

  • Theater in Sabratha city 2nd century A.D.
    Theater in Sabratha city 2nd century A.D.
  • Theater
    Theater
  • View of the Sabratha theater
    View of the Sabratha theater
  • Marble facing on the wall of theater
    Marble facing on the wall of theater
  • One of many ways inside of theater
    One of many ways inside of theater
  • Inside ways of theater
    Inside ways of theater
  • Ruins of theater
    Ruins of theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • One the few entries to theater
    One the few entries to theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
    Bas-Relief (on bottom of stage), theater
  • High relief, theater
    High relief, theater
  • High relief, theater
    High relief, theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • Plinth and capital of columns, theater
    Plinth and capital of columns, theater
  • Capital of column, theater
    Capital of column, theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • Stairs to the stage, theater
    Stairs to the stage, theater
  • Theater
    Theater
  • The gate, theater
    The gate, theater
  • Architrave and capital, theater
    Architrave and capital, theater
  • Back side of theater
    Back side of theater
  • The gate decor element, theater
    The gate decor element, theater
  • Nymphaeum
    Nymphaeum
  • Nymphaeum
    Nymphaeum
  • Seaside therms
    Seaside therms
  • Latrines
    Latrines
  • Latrines
    Latrines
  • Сouncil chamber
    Сouncil chamber
  • Curia 4 A.D.
    Curia 4 A.D.
  • Mosaic in the Peristyle house
    Mosaic in the Peristyle house
  • Mosaic in the Peristyle house
    Mosaic in the Peristyle house
  • Peristyle house
    Peristyle house
  • Peristyle house
    Peristyle house
  • Seawards bath mosaic
    Seawards bath mosaic
  • Inscription in front of the Capitolium, 2nd century B.C.
    Inscription in front of the Capitolium, 2nd century B.C.
  • Basilica of Apuleus, Byzantine baptistery
    Basilica of Apuleus, Byzantine baptistery
  • Basilica of Apuleus, Pylone
    Basilica of Apuleus, Pylone
  • Fontain of Flavius Tullus at the Antonine Temple
    Fontain of Flavius Tullus at the Antonine Temple
  • Podium at the Antonine Temple
    Podium at the Antonine Temple
  • Antonine Temple
    Antonine Temple
  • Podium at the Antonine Temple
    Podium at the Antonine Temple
  • Mausoleum of Bes, 2nd century B.C.
    Mausoleum of Bes, 2nd century B.C.

Museum

  • Torso of the Emperor Vespasian, or his son Titus. 1st century A.D. Museum courtyard
    Torso of the Emperor Vespasian, or his son Titus. 1st century A.D. Museum courtyard
  • Mosaic. Museum
    Mosaic. Museum
  • Mosaic. Museum
    Mosaic. Museum
  • Mosaic. Museum
    Mosaic. Museum
  • Mosaic from theater baths. Museum."Salvom Lavisse" - "Washing it's well!"
    Mosaic from theater baths. Museum."Salvom Lavisse" - "Washing it's well!"
  • Mosaic. Museum
    Mosaic. Museum
  • Mosaic. Museum
    Mosaic. Museum
  • Head. Museum
    Head. Museum
  • Marble figure of a satyr. From the Forum. Museum
    Marble figure of a satyr. From the Forum. Museum
  • Bust of Jupiter. From the Temple of Jupiter. Museum
    Bust of Jupiter. From the Temple of Jupiter. Museum
  • Bust of Goddess Concordia from the Temple of Jupiter. Museum
    Bust of Goddess Concordia from the Temple of Jupiter. Museum
  • Marble candelabrum showing Orpheus and the animals. From Theathre Baths 3rd century A.D. Museum
    Marble candelabrum showing Orpheus and the animals. From Theathre Baths 3rd century A.D. Museum
  • Head. Museum
    Head. Museum
  • Decor element of Insula (house). Museum
    Decor element of Insula (house). Museum
  • Mosaic. Museum
    Mosaic. Museum
  • Basilica of Justinian reconstructed in the Site Museum
    Basilica of Justinian reconstructed in the Site Museum

References

  1. ^ a b Wolfram Alpha
  2. ^ شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى – Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya, accessed 20 July 2009, in Arabic
  3. ^ Agence France-Presse (January 31, 2017). "Libyan coastguard intercepts 700 migrants". The Nation. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. "The coastguard intercepted 700 migrants on board two wooden boats on Friday three nautical miles from the town of Sabratha," some 70 kilometres (40 miles) west of Tripoli, coastguard spokesman General Ayoub Qassem told AFP. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Septimus Severus page 2
  5. ^ Francois Decret, Early Christianity in North Africa(James Clarke & Co, 2011) p83
  6. ^ Janet Morgan (1984) Agatha Christie: a Biography
  7. ^ The Great Swordfight of Sabratha: How Libyan freedom fighters clashed with Gaddafi's army with 2ft scimitars
  8. ^ Amid pro-regime chants, some tell a different tale in contested Libyan town
  9. ^ Report: Libya deploys troops in Sabratah after protests
  10. ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/8703665/Egypt-Libya-and-Syria-live.html
  11. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/02/world/africa/libya-foreigners-killed/
  12. ^ J.H. (28 Aug 2017). "Why are fewer irregular migrants arriving in Italy?". The Economist.

Further reading

  • Matthews, Kenneth D. (1957) Cities in the Sand, Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Roman Africa University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, OCLC 414295
  • Ward, Philip (1970) Sabratha: A Guide for Visitors Oleander Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-902675-05-2
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sabratha.

32°47′32″N 12°29′3″E / 32.79222°N 12.48417°E / 32.79222; 12.48417

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