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Timeline of the Tang dynasty

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This is a timeline of the Tang dynasty, which covers a period of roughly 289 years, from 618, when the dynasty was founded, to 907, when the last Tang emperor was deposed by the warlord Zhu Wen, who established the Later Liang dynasty, inaugurating the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Information on areas and events relevant to the Tang dynasty such as the Wu interregnum, when Wu Zetian established her own Zhou dynasty, and other realms such as the Sui dynasty, Tibetan Empire, Three Kingdoms of Korea, Nanzhao, Japan and steppe nomads are also included where necessary.

7th Century

610s

Year Date Event
617 Shibi Khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate aids Emperor Gaozu of Tang in his rebellion against the Sui dynasty[1]
618 11 April Emperor Yang of Sui is killed by strangulation in a coup led by his general Yuwen Huaji in Jiangdu[2]
12 June Li Yuan (Tang Gaozu - note that Tang emperor naming convention uses the posthumous Temple Name) deposes Emperor Gong of Sui and founds the Tang dynasty; Sui dynasty falls[2]
29 November Battle of Qianshuiyuan: Li Shimin defeats pretender Xue Rengao and his short lived state of Qin
619 China remains divided[2]
Some of the most powerful independent forces include Wang Shichong in Luoyang, Liu Wuzhou in north Shanxi, Dou Jiande in Hebei, and Shen Faxing in the south[2]
Yuwen Huaji is killed by Dou Jiande[2]

620s

Year Date Event
620 Li Shimin defeats Liu Wuzhou[2]
621 28 May Battle of Hulao: Tang forces defeat the warlord Dou Jiande and he is captured by Li Shimin[2]
Tang forces defeat Wang Shichong and take Luoyang[2]
Dou Jiande's general Liu Heita rebels[2]
622 Rebel Li Zitong tries to flee from Chang'an but is arrested and executed[3]
623 Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu: Chai Shao defeats a Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu[citation needed]
Li Jiancheng defeats Liu Heita; Liu Heita is captured and killed[2]
Fu Gongshi declares himself emperor in Danyang, Jiangsu (Nanjing)[2]
624 Fu Gongshi is killed; Tang forces conquer the south[2]
Zu Yong Diao tax system is implemented[2]
Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and his nephew Tölis Qaghan (Ashina Shibobi) invade the Tang dynasty but Li Shimin contacts Tölis and persuades him not to attack, forcing the invasion to a halt[4][2]
Confucian scholar Ouyang Xun completes the leishu encyclopedia Yiwen Leiju[citation needed]
625 Eastern Turkic Khaganate launches repeated raids in northern frontier areas; some raids reach as far south as Shanxi; largest one was directed by Illig Qaghan against Shuozhou (in north Shanxi) but is repulsed[2]
626 2 July Xuanwu Gate Incident: Li Shimin kills his brothers the crown prince Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji at Chang'an[2]
4 September Emperor Gaozu of Tang is forced into retirement and Li Shimin becomes emperor (Taizong)[2]
Autumn Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate raids to within a few miles of Chang'an and withdraws after Emperor Taizong of Tang agrees to a payment of tribute.[2]
627 A large number of prefectures and counties are combined or abolished; the Ten Circuits are introduced[2]
Tang and Uyghur forces engage in battle with the Turks and Tibetans.[5][6]
Scholar Lu Deming dies[2]
628 3 June Rebel Liang Shidu dies from assassination[2]
629 Buddhist monk Xuanzang sets off for the west[2]

630s

Year Date Event
630 Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks: Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Li Jing of the Tang dynasty and captured by Li Shiji but released; the Eastern Turkic Khaganate becomes a vassal of Tang; Emperor Taizong of Tang becomes heavenly qaghan[2][7]
Japanese missions to Tang China: Japan sends its first mission to the Tang dynasty[8]
631 Gao Biaoren (高表仁) accompanies Japanese embassy back to Japan[9]
632 Khotan (Yutian) and Kashgar (Shule) submit to the Tang dynasty as vassals[10]
Qibi Heli of the Tiele bring more than 1,000 households to Tang[11]
634 Yong'an Palace (永安宮) (Daming Palace) is completed[12]
635 Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun: Emperor Taizong of Tang launches a campaign against Tuyuhun, a Xianbei empire to the west, and annexes the area[citation needed]
Yarkand (Shache) submits to the Tang dynasty.[10]
Yong'an Palace renamed Daming Palace[12]
The first recorded Christian missionary arrives in China[citation needed]
Nestorian monks from Anatolia and the Sasanian Empire build the Daqin Pagoda[citation needed]
Alopen writes the Jesus Sutras[citation needed]
636 The fubing system is revised to comprise 634 intrepid garrisons (zhechong fu 折衝府)[8]
The Xumi Pagoda is completed[citation needed]
The Book of Chen, Book of Northern Qi, Book of Zhou, and Book of Sui are compiled[citation needed]
637 Wu Zetian becomes a 5th rank court concubine[citation needed]
638 Tibetan attack on Songzhou: The Tibetan Empire attacks the city of Songzhou, now modern Songpan, in Sichuan[citation needed]
639 Census estimates a total population of 50 million residing within Tang administrated territory[13][14]

640s

Year Date Event
640 Tang campaign against Karakhoja: Hou Junji conquers Karakhoja and annexes Gaochang (Turpan, Xinjiang); the Protectorate General to Pacify the West is created[8][15]
641 Emperor Taizong of Tang sends his general Li Shiji to support the restoration of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under Qilibi Khan and aid them in their conflicts with Xueyantuo[citation needed]
Princess Wencheng arrives in Tibet as bride to Songtsen Gampo[8]
643 Crown Prince Li Chengqian is deposed[8]
Emperor Taizong of Tang's close confidant Wei Zheng becomes gravely ill and dies[8]
644 Emperor Taizong of Tang starts preparations for a campaign against Goguryeo[8]
Tang campaigns against Karasahr: Tang general Guo Xiaoke attacks Karasahr and achieves military victory but Karasahr remains a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate[16]
Aksu (Gumo) submits to Tang [16]
645 First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War: Emperor Taizong of Tang leads an invasion of Goguryeo in person but withdraws after failure to conquer Anshi (northeast of Yingkou, Liaoning)[8]
Tang forces engage in battle with Xueyantuo[citation needed]
Xuanzang returns from India[8]
Scholar Yan Shigu dies on the road during an expedition to Goguryeo[8]
646 Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo: Tang forces defeat Xueyantuo in battle and their khan surrenders[citation needed]
Bianji compiles the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions[citation needed]
647 Li Shiji leads another campaign against Goguryeo, but does not succeed[8]
The Protectorate General to Pacify the North is established[citation needed]
648 Emperor Taizong of Tang launches one more campaign against Goguryeo unsuccessfully[8]
Tang campaign against Kucha: Tang general Ashina She'er conques Kucha (Qiuci)[15]
Wang Xuance captures the usurper king of Kannauj in India[8]
Scholar Kong Yingda dies[8]
Ex-chief minister Fang Xuanling succumbs to illness and dies[8]
649 Kucha is defeated[citation needed]
Emperor Taizong of Tang sucumbs to illness, possibly from the pills he took from his alchemists, and dies, his son Li Zhi succeeds him and becomes Emperor Gaozong of Tang[8]
The campaign against Goguryeo is called off[8]
General Li Jing (general) succumbs to illness and dies[8]

650s

Year Date Event
651 Irbis Seguy of the Western Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by Ashina Helu[citation needed]
652 Wu Zetian gives birth to Li Hong[citation needed]
The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda is completed[citation needed]
653 A woman claims the title of emperor and rises in rebellion, causing widespread disruption for a few weeks before she is defeated and dies[17]
655 Wu Zetian is set up as empress[8]
656 Cheng Yaojin defeats the Karluk and Turgesh forces of the Western Turkic Khaganate[8]
Wu Zetian's son Li Hong is designated as crown prince[citation needed]
657 Battle of Irtysh River: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty[18]
658 Conquest of the Western Turks: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty and lives out the rest of his days in Chang'an; the Western Turkic Khaganate is annexed by Tang[19]
Luoyang becomes the Eastern Capital[8]
Ex-chief minister Chu Suiliang dies in exile[8]
659 Ex-chief minister Zhangsun Wuji commits suicide and dies[8]
The History of the Southern Dynasties and the History of the Northern Dynasties are completed[citation needed]
Evidence of a dental amalgam appears in the medical text Hsin Hsiu Pen Tsao written by Su Kung, manufactured from tin and silver.[20]

660s

Year Date Event
660 Su Dingfang defeats Baekje[8]
Tibetan Empire and their Turkic allies attack Shule[21]
Emperor Gaozong of Tang begins suffering from severe headaches as well as loss of vision and yields decision making power to Wu Zetian[8]
661 Su Dingfang lays siege to Pyongyang[8]
Peroz III of the Sasanian Empire requests military aid from Tang against the Arab invasion of Persia[citation needed]
662 Tang troops lift siege of Pyongyang due to lack of food supplies[22]
Liu Rengui inflicts a fatal blow on Baekje[22]
The Daming Palace is rebuilt[12]
663 Battle of Baekgang: Liu Rengui and others vanquish Baekje, having defeated a combined Baekje and Yamato fleet[22]
Tibetan Empire attacks Yutian but are repelled[23]
The Daming Palace is completed[24]
664 Liu Rengui sends a memorial to the emperor reporting low morale of troops in Korea[25]
Emperor Gaozong of Tang makes a failed attempt to depose Wu Zetian[22]
Buddhist monk Xuanzang dies[22]
665 Wu Zetian becomes the de facto ruler[22]
Tibetan Empire and Turkic allies attack Yutian[21]
666 The Buddhist monks Zhiyu and Zhiyou craft a mechanical south-pointing chariot for the Japanese emperor Emperor Tenji[citation needed]
667 Xue Rengui achieves a decisive victory against Goguryeo[22]
668 Li Shiji sacks Pyongyang and conquers Goguryeo[22]; the Protectorate General to Pacify the East is established[26]
669 General Li Shiji dies[22]

670s

Year Date Event
670 Battle of Dafei River: Tibetan Empire destroys Xue Rengui's allegedly 100,000 strong army, captures Qiuci, and attacks Gumo[22][27]
Peroz III arrives at the Tang court[citation needed]
673 Tang captures Qiuci[15][21]
Tang consolidates control over the Wudoulu Turks living in the area that came to be known as Dzungaria[28]
676 Tibetan Empire attacks Die, Fu, and Jing prefectures. Fengtian and Wugong are sacked.[29]
677 Tibetan Empire captures Qiuci[15][21]
Ashina Duzhi, previously a Tang general tasked with controlling the Wuduolu Turks, rebels and declares himself Onoq Khagan, ruler of all Turks.[29]
678 Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army in the Qinghai region[27]
Pei Xingjian (裴行儉) attempts to escort Peroz III back to Persia and makes it as far as Suiye (Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan)[citation needed]
679 Pei Xingjian escorts Peroz's son Narsieh to Suiye, and Narsieh spends 20 years in Tukhara[29]
Pei Xingjian defeats a rebellion by Onoq Qaghan (Ashina Fuyan Duzhi 阿史那匐延都支) and Li Zhefu (李遮匐)[citation needed]
Pei Xingjiang defeats the Tibetans and re-establishes control over the Tarim oasis states[15][21]
Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi of the Chanyu Protectorate make Ashina Nishufu a Khagan and revolt against Tang dynasty.[30]
Tibetan Empire invades the Qinghai region and defeats a Tang army

680s

Year Date Event
680 Pei Xingjian defeats Ashina Nishufu and Ashina Nishufu is killed by his men.[30]
Ashide Wenfu makes Ashina Funian a Khagan and revolts against Tang dynasty.[30]
Pei Xingjian convinces Ashina Funian to surrender; Funian is executed in Chang'an[22]
Tibetan Empire expands aggressively into Xiyu (Western Regions)[22] and captures of the fortress of Anrong in Sichuan[27]
Li Xian is deposed and exiled[citation needed]
681 Ilterish Qaghan revolts with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men.[31]
Tibetan Empire invades the Qinghai region but is defeated by a Tang army[32]
682 Ilterish Qaghan establishes the Second Turkic Khaganate[22][33]
683 Emperor Gaozong of Tang succumbs to illness and dies, his son Li Xian succeeds him and becomes Emperor Zhongzong of Tang[22]
684 Wu Zetian deposes Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, replaces him with Emperor Ruizong of Tang[22]
Xu Jingye rebels in Yangzhou and fails[22]
Poet Luo Binwang is killed[22]
The Qianling Mausoleum is completed[citation needed]
685 8 September Li Longji (Emperor Xuanzong of Tang) is born to Emperor Ruizong of Tang and Consort Dou[citation needed]
686 Tang troops withdraw from the Four Garrisons of Anxi after elements within the court argue for the decrease of military expenditures[34][15][21]
688 Wu Zetian carries out killing of Tang princes and princesses[22]
689 The ritual structure Mingtang (Hall of Brightness) is set up in Luoyang[22]

690s

Year Date Event
690 Wu Zetian starts the first official Palace Examination (dianshi 殿試)[22]
Wu Zetian declares herself emperor of the Zhou dynasty in Luoyang[22]
Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army at Issyk-Kul[35]
692 Tang forces reconquer the Four Garrisons of Anxi from Tibetan Empire[16]
693 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[36]
Commoners and gentry from non-elite backgrounds are permitted to take the imperial examinations.
694 Tibetan Empire attacks the Stone City (Charklik).[37]
696 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty[36]
Li Jinzhong (Mushang Khan) of the Khitans along with his brother-in-law Sun Wanrong revolt against Tang hegemony; Li dies soon after and Sun succeeds him[citation needed]
Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army at Tao Prefecture and attacks Liang Prefecture[37]
697 The Zhang brothers Yizhi and Changzong are admitted into the palace to attend on Wu Zetian[22]
698 Battle of Tianmenling: Dae Jo-yeong's Goguryeo remnants and Mohe people defeat Tang forces[citation needed]
Dae Jo-yeong establishes the state of Jin (震) in northern Korea, later renamed Balhae (渤海) in 712[citation needed]
Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[36]

8th Century

700s

Year Date Event
700 Chief minister Di Renjie dies[22]
The Dunhuang map is created[citation needed]
702 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[36]
Military examinations are introduced to recruit new officers as a response to the breakdown of the fubing system.[38]
704 The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda is rebuilt[citation needed]
705 Zhang Jianzhi kills the Zhang brothers in a coup and restores the Tang with Emperor Zhongzong of Tang as emperor; Wu Zetian dies from illness not long after[22]
706 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[36]
Shenxiu, founder of the Northern sect of Chan Buddhism, dies[39]
707 Crown Prince Li Chongjun starts a coup in which he kills Wu Sansi and assaults the palace; the coup fails and he is killed by his own soldiers while fleeing[39]
708 Turgesh attacked Qiuci[40]
Peroz III arrives back at the Tang court[citation needed]
709 The Small Wild Goose Pagoda is completed[citation needed]

710s

Year Date Event
710 Emperor Zhongzong of Tang is poisoned to death by Empress Wei (his second wife), and Princess Anle, their daughter; Emperor Zhongzong of Tang's youngest son Emperor Shang of Tang succeeds the throne[39]
Emperor Gaozong of Tang's daughter Princess Taiping instigates a coup and grandson Li Longji kills Empress Wei; Emperor Shang of Tang is replaced by Emperor Ruizong of Tang[39]
Tibetan Empire and Tang enter a marriage alliance; the Tibetans are granted Jiuqu (九曲), the land north of the Yellow River in Gansu by Emperor Ruizong of Tang[41]
711 The post of jiedushi is created
712 Emperor Ruizong of Tang abdicates in favor of his son Li Longji (Emperor Xuanzong of Tang)[39]
The Pear Garden, a royal acting and musical academy, is established by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang[citation needed]
Jin renames itself Balhae[citation needed]
713 Princess Taiping is ordered to kill herself after her failed attempt to unseat Emperor Xuanzong of Tang[39]
Huineng, founder of the Southern sect of Chan Buddhism, dies an illiterate monk[39]
The Kaiyuan Za Bao, an official publication meant for consumption by imperial officials, is first published[citation needed]
714 Tibetan Empire attacks Lintao and Weiyuan as well as Lan and Wei prefectures, but ultimately suffer a major defeat and are repelled[42]
715 Zhang Xiaosong (張孝嵩) assists Fergana (Bahanna 拔汗那) in repulsing attacks by Tibetans and Arabs[39]
Tibetan Empire attacks the Beiting Protectorate and Song Prefecture[43]
717 Tibetan Empire attacks Gumo and the Stone City.[44][45]
719 Turgesh captures Suiye[40]

720s

Year Date Event
720 Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate invades the Tang dynasty and extracts tribute[31]
Tibetan Empire seizes the Stone City[46]
721 Historian Liu Zhiji and ex-chief minister Yao Chong die[39]
722 Tang assists Lesser Bolü (小勃律, a city state centering modern Gilgit, Pakistan, in Kashmir) in repulsing advancing Tibetan troops[39]
724 Wang Junchuo launches an attack on the Tibetan Empire and scores a victory[46]
725 The king of Khotan rebels but is immediately replaced with a Tang puppet by the Anxi Protectorate[46]
726 Turgesh attacks Qiuci[40]
Tibetan Empire attacks Gan Prefecture but most of their forces die in a snowstorm and the rest are mopped up by Wang Junchuo[47]
727 Tibetan Empire and the Turgesh attack Qiuci[40] and Gua Prefecture[39][47]
728 Tibetan Empire attacks Qiuci[40]
729 Zhang Shougui (張守珪) inflicts a major defeat on the Tibetan Empire[39]
Tang inflicts a defeat on the Tibetan Empire at Xining[48]

730s

Year Date Event
731 Ex-chief minister Zhang Yue falls ill and dies[39]
734 Tang and Tibetan Empire demarcate their territory Chiling Mountain with a boundary tablet[49]
Zhang Shougui defeats Khitan forces in Youzhou (Hebei)[39]
735 Turgesh attack Ting Prefecture.[44]
736 Chief minister Zhang Jiuling is ousted; General Niu Xianke is appointed chief minister[39]
737 Piluoge (皮羅閣) unites the six zhaos (kingdoms) with Tang support[citation needed]
Hexi jiedushi Cui Xiyi makes a covenant with the Tibetan general in Koko-nor, Yilishu, to relax border defenses so their soldiers can engage in agriculture and animal husbandry. A white dog is sacrificed to seal the covenant.[50]
Ex-chief minister Song Jing dies[39]
738 Tang captures and loses Anrong to the Tibetan Empire[51]
Piluoge establishes Nanzhao in modern Yunnan with the capital located at Taihe (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south of Dali City)[citation needed]
739 Tang scores a major victory against the Tibetan Empire at Shan Prefecture[51]
The Tang Institutions of Six Administrative Divisions (Tang Liudian 唐六典) is completed[39]

740s

Year Date Event
740 Tang captures Anrong from the Tibetan Empire[52][53]
Poet Meng Haoran, artist Wu Daozi, and ex-chief minister Zhang Jiuling die[39]
741 Tibetan Empire attacks Tang in the Qinghai region but is repelled; the Tibetans sack the Stone City on their way back[54]
743 Tang recovers the Jiuqu (九曲) area from the Tibetan Empire[54]
744 Poet He Zhizhang and Chan master Huairang (懷讓) die[39]
745 Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army at the Stone City[54]
747 Gao Xianzhi marches across the Pamirs with 10,000 men and conquers Little Balur (Gilgit), a client state of the Tibetan Empire[52]
748 Piluoge of Nanzhao is succeeded by his son Geluofeng (閣羅鳳)[citation needed]
Tang constructs a fortress on an island on the Qinghai Lake, pacifying the northern Qinghai region[54]
Tang recaptures Suyab and destroys it[40]
749 The fubing system is all but abolished[55]
Longyou defense command under Geshu Han attacks Tibetan Empire and retakes the Stone City but suffers heavy casualties[55][52]

750s

Year Date Event
750 Tang defeats the Turgesh-Chach and executes the king of Chach[40][56]
751 Battle of Talas: Tang forces are defeated by Arabs[55]
Xianyu Zhongtong attacks Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 but is utterly defeated, losing three quarters of his original force[57]
752 Chief minister Li Linfu dies; Yang Guozhong is promoted chief minister[55]
753 Geshu Han ejects the Tibetans from the "Nine Bends" region on the upper course of the Yellow River[52]
754 Yang Guozhong invades Nanzhao but fails to engage with the enemy until supplies ran out, at which time they were attacked and routed[57]
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang creates the Shence Army[citation needed]
Monk Jianzhen arrives in Japan and establishes the Risshū (Buddhism) sect in Nara[55]
Poet Cui Hao dies[55]
755 An Lushan Rebellion: An Lushan rebels and declares himself emperor of Yan[55]
756 Battle of Yongqiu: Yan forces retreat from their siege of a Tang fortress[55]
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang flees Chang'an. On his way to Sichuan, he is forced to order the death of his favorite consort Yang Guifei and abdicates in favor of Emperor Suzong of Tang[55]
Poet Wang Changling dies[55]
757 An Lushan is killed by his son An Qingxu[55]
Battle of Suiyang: Yan forces emerge victorious with great losses[citation needed]
Tang counterattack under Guo Ziyi and Uyghur allies evict the Yan from Chang'an and Luoyang[58]
An Qingxu flees across the Yellow River to southern Hebei[58]
Tibetan Empire conquers Shan Prefecture[59]
758 Arab and Persian pirates loot and burn the Tang seaport of Guangzhou[citation needed]
759 An Qingxu is killed by rebel Shi Siming[55]
Shi Siming occupies Luoyang[60]
Poet Wang Wei dies[55]
Jianzhen founds the Tōshōdai-ji in Nara, Japan[61]

760s

Year Date Event
760 Liu Zhan Rebellion: Liu Zhan (劉展) and brother Liu Yin (劉殷) revolt and achieve mild success against Tang troops in Linhuai Prefecture but are defeated by Tian Shengong (田神功); Liu Zhan gets shot in the eye by an arrow and dies from another head wound after falling to the ground[citation needed]
Yangzhou massacre: Troops under Tian Shengong slaughter Arab and Persian merchants in Yangzhou[citation needed]
Lu Yu (730s-circa 804) composes The Classic of Tea[62]
761 Shi Siming is killed by his son Shi Chaoyi[55]
762 Emperor Xuanzong of Tang dies from depression[55]
Emperor Suzong of Tang dies of a heart attack[55]
Emperor Daizong of Tang ascends the throne[55]
Tang army and Uyghur allies defeat Shi Chaoyi's army and retake Luoyang; both Tang soldiers and Uyghurs loot the city[63]
Du Huan writes the Jingxingji, a journey book of his trip to the Abbasid Caliphate and back[citation needed]
Poet Li Bai dies[55]
763 Shi Chaoyi commits suicide and the An Lushan Rebellion ends[55]
Tibetan Empire invades the Tang dynasty with an army of 100 000 and briefly occupies Chang'an for 15 days before retreating[55][64]
Tibetan Empire conquers Yanqi[65]
Jianzhen dies[66]
764 5 January Yan Wu (嚴武) is made jiedushi of Jiannan[67]
Fall Tibetan Empire invades the Tang dynasty with a 70 000 strong army and takes Liang Prefecture[68] but is repulsed by Yan Wu in Jiannan[69]
765 Tibetan Empire invades the Tang dynasty with 30 000 troops and Uyghur allies, advancing as far as Fengtian twice but are repulsed by Guo Ziyi, who convinced the Uyghurs to switch sides[55]
766 Tibetan Empire conquers Gan and Su prefectures.[68]

770s

Year Date Event
776 Tibetan Empire conquers Gua Prefecture.[68]
779 Emperor Daizong of Tang dies from illness; Emperor Dezong of Tang succeeds him[55]

780s

Year Date Event
780 A group of Uyghurs and Sogdians are killed while leaving Chang'an with tribute. The Tang agree to 1,800,000 strings of cash in compensation.[70]
The dual tax system is implemented[55]
781 Tibetan Empire conquers Yi Prefecture.[65][68]
Guo Ziyi dies[55]
782 Wang Wujun of Chengde and Zhu Tao of Lulong join Tian Yue of Weibo in rebellion against Tang[55]
783 Tibetan Empire and Tang sign the Treaty of Qinshui, ending further hostilities[68]
Li Xilie of Huaixi (south Henan) rebels[71]
Emperor Dezong of Tang imposes housing and cash transaction taxes[71]
Troops at Jing Prefecture mutiny in Chang'an and set up Zhu Ci as emperor[71]
Emperor Dezong of Tang flees to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang)[71]
784 Emperor Dezong of Tang pardons Tian Yue et al[71]
Li Huaiguang of Shuofang rebels[71]
Tibetan Empire aids Tang in crushing Zhu Ci's rebellion in return for ownership of the Anxi Protectorate and Beiting Protectorate[72]
Li Sheng retakes Chang'an[71]
Zhu Ci is killed[71]
Tang breaks their promise to cede their protectorates to the Tibetan Empire and as a result the Treaty of Qingshui is annulled[72]
785 Li Huaiguang dies[71]
786 Warlord Li Xilie is killed[71]
Tibetan Empire conquers Yan and Xia prefectures[73]
787 Tibetan Empire double crosses Tang at the Treaty of Pingliang and captures many of the Tang officials and military leaders present[74]
Tibetan Empire destroys Yan and Xia prefectures before abandoning them[74]
Tibetan Empire captures Sha Prefecture[75] and Qiuci[65]
788 Tang defeats the Tibetan Empire at Xi Prefecture[76]
789 Tibetan Empire attacks Long, Jing, and Bing prefectures[77]

790s

Year Date Event
790 Tibetan Empire conquers Ting Prefecture[65][78]
792 Tibetan Empire conquers Xi Prefecture and Yutian[65][78]
793 Tang general Wei Gao destroys 50 Tibetan strongholds and defeats a 30,000 strong Tibetan army, recovering Yan Prefecture[76]
796 Tibetan Empire attacks Qing Prefecture but the campaign abruptly ends when chief minister Nanam Shang Gyaltsen Lhanang dies[76]

9th Century

800s

Year Date Event
801 Du You completes the Tongdian, an encyclopedic text on Chinese institutional history[citation needed]
803 Tang pushed the border forward to Pingliang[79]
804 Kukai visits China[80]
805 Emperor Dezong of Tang dies; his son Li Song succeeds him and becomes Emperor Shunzong of Tang, who abdicates in favor of his son Li Chun, who becomes Emperor Xianzong of Tang[71]
Wang Shuwen makes a failed attempt to take back military power from the eunuchs[71]
806 Emperor Xianzong of Tang launches the first of a series of campaigns to quell the provinces[citation needed]
Kukai returns to Japan[80]
808 The Chuy branch of Shatuo Turks are defeated by the Tibetan Empire and move to Inner China[citation needed]
First confirmed reference to gunpowder appears in the Taishang Guaizu Danjing Mijue[81]

810s

Year Date Event
812 Historian Du You dies[71]
814 Wu Yuanji rebels in Huaixi (south Henan)[71]
815 Chief minister Wu Yuanheng is assassinated by Li Shidao[71]
816 Poet Li He dies[71]
817 Wu Yuanji is captured and killed[71]
819 Tibetan Empire attacks Qing Prefecture[82]

820s

Year Date Event
820 Emperor Xianzong of Tang dies, probably from being poisoned by eunuchs; his son Li Heng succeeds him and becomes Emperor Muzong of Tang[71]
821 Tang and the Tibetan Empire sign a treaty of non-aggression with the Tang recognizing Tibet's ownership of the Western Regions as well as the Longyou and Hexi regions in what is now Gansu Province[83]
822 The Uyghurs send troops to help the Tang fight against rebels, but their aid is refused; the Tang pay them 70,000 pieces of silk to go home.[70]
823 The Tang-Bo huimeng bei (Stele of the Tang-Tibetan alliance) is set up in Lhasa[71]
824 Emperor Muzong of Tang dies; his son Li Zhan succeeds him and becomes Emperor Jingzong of Tang[71]
Scholar Han Yu dies[71]
827 Emperor Jingzong of Tang is killed by eunuchs; his brother Li Ang succeeds him and becomes Emperor Wenzong of Tang[71]
829 Nanzhao takes Chengdu and captures 20,000 Chinese engineers[citation needed]

830s

Year Date Event
831 Chief minister Song Shenxi is ousted after failing to eliminate eunuchs[71]
Poet Yuan Zhen dies[71]
835 Sweet Dew Incident: Li Zhongyan and others are killed after a failed attempt to eliminate the eunuchs[71]
838 Ennin visits China[84]

840s

Year Date Event
840 Emperor Wenzong of Tang dies; his brother Li Chan is placed on the throne by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Wuzong of Tang[71]
Uyghur Khaganate enters decline in the aftermath of civil war[85]
842 Poet Liu Yuxi dies[85]
Tibetan Empire enters decline after the death of Dharma[85]
843 A Tang army led by Shi Xiong attacks the Uyghurs displaced by the fall of their khaganate and slaughters 10,000 Uyghurs at "Kill the Foreigners" Mountain (Shahu).[86]
Proscription against foreign religions begins, starting with Manichaeism[85]
Eunuch Qiu Shiliang dies[85]
844 Zhaoyi defense command (mainly in south Shanxi) is brought under control[85]
845 Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution:Emperor Wuzong of Tang instigates the third and largest proscription campaign against Buddhism in Chinese history; Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism are also targeted[85]
846 Emperor Wuzong of Tang dies, probably from taking pills made by alchemists; his uncle Li Chen is placed on the throne by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Xuānzong of Tang[85]
Chief minister Li Deyu is ousted[85]
Ban on Buddhism is partially lifted[85]
Poet Bai Juyi dies[85]
847 Tang defeats a Tibetan army at Yan Prefecture[87]
Ban on Buddhism is completely lifted[85]
Japanese monk Ennin leaves for Japan[85]
848 Zhang Yichao, a resident of Sha Prefecture, rebels and captures Sha and Gua prefectures from the Tibetans
849 Tibetan commanders and soldiers in east Gansu defect to the Tang[87]

850s

Year Date Event
850 Taoist text Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe mentions the dangers of "fire medicine" (gunpowder)[81]
Zhang Yichao captures Gan, Su, and Yi prefectures[88] and submits a petition to Emperor Xuānzong of Tang, offering his loyalty and submission[85]
851 Zhang Yichao captures Xi Prefecture and the Tang emperor makes him Guiyi Jiedushi (歸義節度使, Governor of the Guiyi Circuit) and Cao Yijin his secretary general
An Arab traveler records the use of toilet paper in China.
852 Poet Du Mu dies[85]
853 Duan Chengshi publishes the Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, a text on Chinese and foreign folklore and legends; it contains the Ye Xian, an early version of the story of Cinderella[citation needed]
858 A flood along the Grand Canal and on the North China Plain kills tens of thousands[citation needed]
859 Emperor Xuānzong of Tang dies; eunuchs place his son Li Wen on the throne and becomes Emperor Yizong of Tang[85]

860s

Year Date Event
860 The Qiu Fu Uprising in Zhejiang is suppressed[85]
861 Nanzhao invades Annam (province) but is repulsed.
Zhang Yichao retakes Liang Prefecture,[85] extending the Guiyi Circuit's authority to Xi, Gua, Gan, Su, Yi, Lan, Shan, He, Min, Liang, and Kuo prefectures
863 Nanzhao invades Jiaozhi (in north Vietnam)[85]
866 Zhang Yichao defeats bLon Khrom brZhe and seizes Ting Prefecture and Luntai but immediately loses them as well as Xi Prefecture to the Kingdom of Qocho[85]
Tibetans retreat to the Tibetan plateau[89]
Gao Pian retakes Jiaozhi from Nanzhao[85]
868 Headed by Pang Xun, Guizhou garrison troops mutiny and move north[85]
The Diamond Sutra is printed[citation needed]
869 Pang Xun is defeated by Shatuo cavalry under Zhuye Chixin and dies[85]
Kingdom of Qocho attacks the Guiyi Circuit but fails

870s

Year Date Event
870 Nanzhao lays siege to Chengdu (in Sichuan)[85]
Kingdom of Qocho attacks the Guiyi Circuit but fails
873 Nanzhao is expelled from Sichuan and retreats back to Yunnan[citation needed]
Emperor Yizong of Tang becomes critically ill and dies; his son Li Yan is enthroned by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Xizong of Tang[90]
874 Wang Xianzhi rebels in Changyuan (in Henan)[90]
875 Huang Chao joins Wang Xianzhi in the rebellion[90]
876 Kingdom of Qocho conquers Yi Prefecture
878 Wang Xianzhi dies; Huang Chao takes over[90]
879 Guangzhou Massacre: Huang Chao sacks Guangzhou (in Guangdong) and heads north[90]

880s

Year Date Event
880 Huang Chao sacks Luoyang[90]
881 Huang Chao occupies Chang'an; Emperor Xizong of Tang flees to Chengdu[90]
Gan and Liang prefectures become independent
882 Zhu Wen, Huang Chao's general, defects to Tang[90]
883 Huang Chao flees from Chang'an[90]
884 Huang Chao dies while being chased by Li Keyong[90]
885 Emperor Xizong of Tang returns to Chang'an[90]
Qin Zongquan declares himself emperor, sacks Luoyang, and leaves[90]
886 Eunuch Tian Lingzi takes Emperor Xizong of Tang to Xingyuan (east of Hanzhong, Shaanxi) when Chang'an is threatened by Li Keyong and Wang Chongrong[90]
Li Yun is set up as emperor by warlord Zhu Mei in Chang'an; both Yun and Mei are killed not long after[90]
888 Emperor Xizong of Tang dies of illness; his brother Li Jie is enthroned by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Zhaozong of Tang[90]

890s

Year Date Event
890 Zhu Wen and Li Keyong engage in a number of battles against each other[90]
891 Wang Jian enters Chengdu[90]
Qian Liu enters Suzhou (in Jiangsu)[90]

10th Century

Year Date Event
900 Zhu Wen takes control of Hebei[90]
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang is dethroned; his son Li Yu is set up as emperor by a eunuch[90]
901 Emperor Zhaozong of Tang is restored and later forced by eunuchs to leave Chang'an for Fengxiang (in Shaanxi)[90]
902 Zhu Wen names Yang Xingmi Prince of Wu and lays siege to Fengxiang[90]
Chief minister of Nanzhao murders the entire royal family, bringing the dynasty to an end, and a quick procession of dynasties follow until the Dali Kingdom is established in 937[citation needed]
903 Zhu Wen takes Emperor Zhaozong of Tang to Chang'an, where Zhu and Cui Yin carry out wholesale slaughter of the eunuchs[91]
Wang Jian is created Prince of Shu[91]
904 Zhu Wen kills Cui Yin and forces Emperor Zhaozong of Tang to leave Chang'an for Luoyang, where Zhaozong is killed[91]
Emperor Ai of Tang is enthroned by Zhu Wen[91]
First possible usage of gunpowder weapons (possibly fire arrows) by Wu (Ten Kingdoms) during the siege of Yuzhang[92][93]
907 Khitan chieftain Abaoji becomes emperor of the Liao dynasty[citation needed]
Zhu Wen deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes his Later Liang dynasty in Kaifeng (in Henan); Most of the north submits to his command, however Li Keyong stays defiant with the support of Khitans in Jin (Shanxi)[citation needed]
Ma Yin is created Prince of Chu by Later Liang[citation needed]
Qian Liu is created Prince of Wu-Yue[citation needed]
Wang Jian declares himself emperor of Former Shu in Chengdu[citation needed]

Citations

  1. ^ Xiong 2008, p. 453.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Xiong 2009, p. cviii.
  3. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 307.
  4. ^ Barfield 1989, p. 144.
  5. ^ Latourette 1964, p. 144.
  6. ^ Haywood 1998, p. 3.2.
  7. ^ Xiong 2008, p. 579.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Xiong 2009, p. cix.
  9. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 173.
  10. ^ a b Wang 2013, p. 40.
  11. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 405.
  12. ^ a b c Xiong 2009, p. 108.
  13. ^ Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 91.
  14. ^ Ebrey 1999, pp. 111, 141.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Xiong 2008, p. 45.
  16. ^ a b c Bregel 2003, p. 16.
  17. ^ Barrett 2008, p. 76.
  18. ^ Xiong 2008, p. cix.
  19. ^ Xiong 2008, p. 434.
  20. ^ Czarnetzki, A.; Ehrhardt S. (1990). "Re-dating the Chinese amalgam-filling of teeth in Europe". International Journal of Anthropology. 5 (4): 325–332.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Bregel 2003, p. 17.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Xiong 2009, p. cx.
  23. ^ Wang 2013, p. 146.
  24. ^ Xiong 2000, p. 55.
  25. ^ Graff 2002, p. 205.
  26. ^ Wang 2013, p. 81.
  27. ^ a b c Graff 2002, p. 206.
  28. ^ Wang 2013, p. 147.
  29. ^ a b c Wang 2013, p. 148.
  30. ^ a b c Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 202
  31. ^ a b Barfield 1989, p. 149.
  32. ^ Wang 2013, p. 149.
  33. ^ Graff 2002, p. 207.
  34. ^ Wang 2013, p. 149-150.
  35. ^ Wang 2013, p. 150.
  36. ^ a b c d e Barfield 1989, p. 147.
  37. ^ a b Wang 2013, p. 151.
  38. ^ Wilkinson 2015, p. 326.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Xiong 2009, p. cxi.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Bregel 2003, p. 18.
  41. ^ Wang 2013, p. 155.
  42. ^ Wang 2013, p. 156-7.
  43. ^ Wang 2013, p. 157.
  44. ^ a b Bregel 2003, p. 19.
  45. ^ Wang 2013, p. 158.
  46. ^ a b c Wang 2013, p. 159.
  47. ^ a b Wang 2013, p. 160.
  48. ^ Wang 2013, p. 161.
  49. ^ Wang 2013, p. 164.
  50. ^ Yuan 2001, p. 6723.
  51. ^ a b Wang 2013, p. 165.
  52. ^ a b c d Graff 2002, p. 213.
  53. ^ Wang 2013, p. 165-6.
  54. ^ a b c d Wang 2013, p. 166.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Xiong 2009, p. cxii.
  56. ^ Golden 1992, p. 141.
  57. ^ a b Graff 2002, p. 214.
  58. ^ a b Graff 2002, p. 221.
  59. ^ Wang 2013, p. 167.
  60. ^ Graff 2002, p. 222.
  61. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 249.
  62. ^ Regina Krahl, "Green Wares of Southern China" in Shipwreck: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds, ed. by Regina Krahl, John Guy, J. Keith Wilson, and Julian Raby. Singapore: National Heritage Board, 2010, p. 186
  63. ^ Graff 2002, p. 223.
  64. ^ Wang 2013, p. 169.
  65. ^ a b c d e Bregel 2003, p. 21.
  66. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 248.
  67. ^ Sima 2015, p. 13639.
  68. ^ a b c d e Beckwith 1987, p. 149.
  69. ^ 嚴武, retrieved 12 February 2017
  70. ^ a b Barfield 1989, p. 154.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Xiong 2009, p. cxiii.
  72. ^ a b Beckwith 1987, p. 150.
  73. ^ Beckwith 1987, p. 150-51.
  74. ^ a b Beckwith 1987, p. 151.
  75. ^ Beckwith 1987, p. 152.
  76. ^ a b c Wang 2013, p. 183.
  77. ^ Wang 2013, p. 182.
  78. ^ a b Beckwith 1987, p. 154.
  79. ^ Wang 2013, p. 184.
  80. ^ a b Xiong 2009, p. 280.
  81. ^ a b Lorge 2008, p. 32.
  82. ^ Wang 2013, p. 185-6.
  83. ^ Wang 2013, p. 187.
  84. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 143.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Xiong 2009, p. cxiv.
  86. ^ Drompp 2005, p. 114.
  87. ^ a b Wang 2013, p. 188.
  88. ^ Rong 2013, p. 40.
  89. ^ Wang 2013, p. 189.
  90. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Xiong 2009, p. cxv.
  91. ^ a b c d Xiong 2009, p. cxvi.
  92. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 31.
  93. ^ Needham 1986, p. 85.

References

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  • Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
  • Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
  • Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton University Press
  • Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
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  • Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
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  • Graff, David Andrew (2016), The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46034-7.
  • Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble
  • Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan
  • Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
  • Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
  • Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3
  • Rong, Xinjiang (2013), Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Brill
  • Sima, Guang (2015), Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 957-32-0876-8
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  • Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674088467. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Yuan, Shu (2001), Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 957-32-4273-7
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