User:George Rodney Maruri Game/sandbox
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Wiki Table (Work in progress: sprint 1)
[edit]SOFTWARE PRODUCT or STACK | Project Management (PM) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inception | Feasibility Study | Approval / Rejection Process | Portfolio Management | Planning | Monitoring | Communication | Collaboration and Help Desk | Controling | Risk Management | Release Management and Maintenance | Traceability | ||||||||||||||||||||
Business Requirements | Scope and Vision | Technical, Operational, Resource, Financial, Market; and, Legal | Board of Directors, Managers and the such Decision-Making | Single‑project, multi‑project, local shared resource pool; or, non-local shared resource pool | Software Size Estimation | Software Effort and Cost Estimation | Resource Allocation | Scheduling (PERT, CPM, Gantt Chart, etc.) | Task Management (Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Task board, etc.) | Forecasting | Pulse Meetings, Variance Reports and Change Logs; Reviews, etc. | Information System, Data-mining, Business Intelligence, etc. (Dashboard, Reports, etc.) | News and Announcements | Blog | Micro-blog (Twitter, Tumblr, etc.) | Electronic Mail | SMS | Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) | Content Management System | Wiki | Forum | Chat | Instant Messaging (WhatsApp, Line, etc.) | Problem Solving | Risk Assessment | Change Management (Contingency Planning, etc.) | Release Planning, Release Approval and Release Changelog | Issue or Bug Fixing Planning | Closure (En-of-Life) | End-to-end Traceability | |
XYZ | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SOFTWARE PRODUCT or STACK | Requirement Engineering and Management (Req E&M) | |||||||||||
Elicitation and Analysis | Specification | Validation | Exchange | Traceability | Model-Based Requirements Engineering | |||||||
Observation Reports | Questionnaires (also used for Validation) | Brainstorming and Mind-Mapping | Use cases | User stories | Free structure | Standard (IEEE 29148:2011) | Prototyping (also used for Elicitation and Analysis) | ReqIF | Forward | Backward | SysML Requirements Diagram, etc. | |
XYZ | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Keyword | RP | GenAm | Example words |
---|---|---|---|
TRAP | æ | æ | tap, back, badge, scalp, hand, cancel |
PALM | ɑː | ɑ | psalm, father, bra, spa, lager |
BATH | ɑː | æ | staff, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf |
START | ɑː | ɑr | far, sharp, bark, carve, farm, heart |
STRUT | ʌ | ʌ | cup, suck, budge, pulse, trunk, blood |
THOUGHT | ɔː | ɔ | taught, sauce, hawk, jaw, broad |
NORTH | ɔː | ɔr | for, war, short, scorch, born, warm |
LOT | ɒ | ɑ | stop, sock, dodge, romp, possible, quality |
CLOTH | ɒ | ɔ | cough, broth, cross, long, Boston |
FOOT | ʊ | ʊ | put, bush, full, good, look, wolf |
GOOSE | uː | u | loop, shoot, tomb, mute, huge, view |
DRESS | e | ɛ | step, neck, edge, shelf, friend, ready |
NURSE | ɜː | ɜr | hurt, lurk, urge, burst, jerk, term |
KIT | ɪ | ɪ | ship, sick, bridge, milk, myth, busy |
FLEECE | iː | i | creep, speak, leave, feel, key, people |
commA | ə | ə | catalpa, quota, vodka |
lettER | ə | ər | paper, metre, calendar, stupor, succo(u)r, martyr, figure |
happY | ɪ | ɪ | copy, scampi, taxi, sortie, committee, hockey, Chelsea |
PRICE | aɪ | aɪ | ripe, write, arrive, high, try, buy |
FACE | eɪ | eɪ | tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, day |
CHOICE | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | adroit, noise, join, toy, royal |
SQUARE | ɛə | ɛr | care, fair, pear, where, scarce, vary |
NEAR | ɪə | ɪr | beer, sincere, fear, beard, serum |
MOUTH | aʊ | aʊ | out, house, loud, count, crowd, cow |
GOAT | əʊ | o | soap, joke, home, know, so, roll |
FORCE | ɔː | or | four, wore, sport, porch, borne, story |
CURE | ʊə | ʊr | poor, tourist, pure, plural, jury |
This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.
- AmE, American English
- AuE, Australian English
- BahE, Bahamian English
- BarE, Barbadian English
- CaE, Canadian English
- CIE, Channel Island English
- EnE, English English
- FiE, Fiji English
- InE, Indian English
- IrE, Irish English
- NZE, New Zealand English
- PaE, Palauan English
- ScE, Scottish English
- SIE, Solomon Islands English
- SAE, South African English
- SSE, Standard Singapore English
- WaE, Welsh English
Chart
[edit]This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Phones | Examples |
---|---|---|
p | pʰ, p | pen, spin, tip |
b | b, b̥ | but, web |
t | tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ[2] | two, sting, bet |
d | d, d̥, ɾ[3] | do, daddy, odd |
tʃ | tʃʰ, tʃ | chair, nature, teach |
dʒ | dʒ, d̥ʒ̊ | gin, joy, edge |
k | kʰ, k | cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick |
ɡ | ɡ, ɡ̊ | go, get, beg |
f | f | fool, enough, leaf, off, photo |
v | v, v̥ | voice, have, of, verve |
θ | θ, t̪, f[4] | thing, teeth |
ð | ð, ð̥, d̪, v[5] | this, breathe, father |
s | s | see, city, pass |
z | z, z̥ | zoo, rose |
ʃ | ʃ | she, sure, session, emotion, leash |
ʒ | ʒ, ʒ̊ | genre, pleasure, beige, equation, seizure |
h | h, ɦ,[6] ç[7] | ham, hue |
m | m, ɱ[8] | man, ham |
n | n | no, tin |
ŋ | ŋ | ringer, sing,[9] finger, drink |
l | l, ɫ,[10] l̥, ɫ̥,[11] ɤ, o[12] [ɬ],[13] | left, bell, sable, please, Llangefni |
r | ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,[14] ɻ, ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɾ̥, ɻ̊,[11] ʋ[15] | run, very, probably |
w | w, ʍ[11] | we, queen |
j | j | yes, nyala |
hw | ʍ, w[16] | what |
Marginal consonants | ||
x | x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç | loch (Scottish),[17] ugh[18] |
ʔ | ʔ | uh-oh |
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Keyword | Examples | AmE | AuE[19][20] | BahE | BarE | CaE[21] | CIE | EnE | FiE | InE[22] | IrE[23] | NZE[24][25] | PaE | ScE[26] | SIE | SAE[27][28] | SSE | WaE[29] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAVE | Boston accent | Cajun English | General American[30][31][24] | Inland Northern American English | Mid-Atlantic American English | New York accent | Southern American English | Cockney | Geordie | RP[32][33] | Scouse | Ulster English | West & South-West Ireland English | Dublin English | Supraregional southern Irish English | Abercraf English | Port Talbot English | Cardiff English | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-Rhotic | Rhotic | Older | Younger | Non-Rhotic | Older | Rhotic | Non-Rhotic | Older | Rhotic | Cultivated | General | Broad | Conservative | Contemporary | Belfast | Mid-Ulster | traditional | Ulster Scots | Local Dublin English | New Dublin English | Cultivated | General | Broad | Cultivated | General | Broad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
æ | TRAP | ham, tan | ɛː~ɛə~eə | eə~ɛə[34] | æ | eə~ɛə~æ[34] | eə~ɪə | æə~ɛə~eə[34] | ɛə~eə~ɪə[34] | eə~æjə[34] | æː[35] | æː~ɛː[35] | æ~a | a | æ~ɛə[34] | æ | æ~ɛ, ɛɪ | a | æ | a | a | æ | æ~ɛ | äː~a | æ | a | æ~a | æ | ɛ | ɛ~e̞ | æ | ä | ɑ~æ | æ | a~æ | æ~ɛ~e̞ | ɛ[36] | a | aː[35] | aː~æː[35] | |||||||||||
bad | æ~ɛː~ɛə | æ~ɛə | æ~ɛə | æ | æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ | æ~a | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lad, cat | æ | æ, ɛə~eə~ɪə[34] |
æ | æ~ɛ | a | a~æ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑː / æ | BATH | pass, path, sample | ä~a | æə~ɛə~eə[34] | ɛə~eə~ɪə[34] | ɐː~äː | aː | ɑː | ɑː | a~ɑ | äː | æː~aː | aː | ɐː~äː | ɑ | ɑ̟ː | ɑː | ɒː~ɔː | ä[37] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑː | PALM | father | a~ä~ɑ | a~ä | ɑ | ɑ~ä | a~ä | ɑ | ɑ~ä | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ~ɑ | ɒː~ɑː | aː~ɑː | aː | äː~ɑː | ɑː | ɑː | aː | aː~æː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɒ | LOT | not, wasp | ɒ~ɑ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ~ɑ | ɒ | ɒ~ɔ | ɒ | ɒ | ɔ | ɒ | ɔ | ɒ~ä | ɒ~ɑ~ä | ä | ɔ | ä | ɑ~ɒ~ɔ | ɑ | ɒ~ɔ | ɑ | ɔ | ɒ̈ | ɒ̈~ʌ̈ | ɒ̈ | ɔ | ɒ | ɑ̟ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ɒ / ɔː | CLOTH | off, loss, cloth, gone[38] | ɒɔ, ɒ~ɔə | a | ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[39] | ɒ~ɑ | oə~o̝ə | ɔə~oə~ʊə | ɑɒ~ɑ | ɔo~ɑɒ | ɑɒ~ɑ | ɔ | ɒː | ɒː | o̞ː | ɒː | aː~ä | ɔː | ɒ | ɒ̈, o̞ː |
ɒ̈~ʌ̈, oː |
ɒ̈, oː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔː | THOUGHT | law, caught, all, halt, talk | oː | ɒː~ɑː | oː~ɔː | ɔː~ɔ̝ə~ɔuə, oː~oʊ~ɔo | ɔː | oː | o̞ː | ɒː | ɒː~ɔː~oː | ɒː | oː | o̞ː | oː | ɒː | ʌ̈ː | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ə | COMMA | about | ə | ə~ɐ | ə | ɐ~a | ə | ə | ə | ə~ɐ | ə | ə[40] | ə | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɪ | KIT | limb, dinner, limited, bit | ɪ~iə | ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ɪ~ɪ̈ | ɪ~ɪjə~iə | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ɪ | ɪ̈~ë | ə~ɘ | ɛ | ɪ | ɪ̈ | ɪ | ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ̈ [40] | ɪ~i | ɪ | ɪ̞ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
kit, hit, inn, fish | ɪ[40] | i[40] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
i | HAPPY | city | i | ɪ~i | ɪi̯~i | i | ɪi̯~i | ɪ~i | ɪi̯~iː | əːi̯ | iː | i | iː~i | i | iː, ei̯ | ɪi̯ | iː, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯ | i | iː | e | iː | ɪi̯~əi | i | e~ɪ~i | i | iː | i | iː | |||||||||||||||||||||||
iː | FLEECE | see, be, these, believe, ceiling, key, people | i | ɪi̯~i | ɪi̯~i | ɪi̯ | ɪi̯~iː | əi~ɐi | ɪi̯ | i | ɪi̯ | i | i | iː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
meat, legal, receive, phoenix, quay | e~i | e~ɪi̯ | e~i | eː~iː | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
eɪ | FACE | date | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | ɛi̯~æ̠i̯ | ɛɪ̯ | æɪ | ɐ̟ːɪ̯~a̠ːɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯~eː~ɛ | eɪ̯ | æɪ~aɪ | eː~eɪ̯~ɪə | e̞ɪ̯ | ɛɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː | e(ə)~ɪ(ə) | eː | eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ | æɪ̯ | æɪ | ɐɪ̯ | eɪ̯~eː | e | eɪ̯~eː | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯ | æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | e[41] | eː | ei̯ | ||||||||||||||||
day, pain, whey, rein | eɪ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɛ | DRESS | bed[42] | ɛ~eə | ɛ | ɛ~æ | ɛ | ɛ~ɜ | ɛ | ɛ~ɛjə | e | e̝ | ɛ | e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ | ɛ | e̞ | ɛ | ɛ,ɛ̝ə | ɛ | e̞ | e~ɪ | e̝~ɪ | ɛ | e̞ | e~e̝ | ɛ, e[43] | ɛ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
pen | ɪ~iə | ɪ | ɪ~ɪjə~iə | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
length | i | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʌ | STRUT | run, won, flood | ʌ~ɜ | ʌ~ɐ | ʌ | ʌ~ɜ~ɐ | ʌ~ɔ | ʌ | ʌ̈ | ɜ | ɐ~ä | ʌ | ʌ~ɜ~ɐ | ʌ~ɔ | ɐ̟~a | ʊ̞~ɤ | ɐ | ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[44] | ʊ | ʌ~ɐ | ə~ɜ | ɞ~ʌ̈ | ʌ̈~ʊ | ʊ | ɤ~ʊ | ʌ̈~ʊ | ɐ~ä | ʌ | ʌ~ɐ | ɐ~ä | ʌ~ɜ~ä | ə~ɜ | |||||||||||||||||||
ʊ | FOOT | put | ʊ~ɵ~ø̞ | ʊ | ʊ̞ | ʊ | ʊ̈~ʏ | u~ʊ | ʊ | ʊ, ʊ̈ | ʊ | ɵ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ̈ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ | ʊ~ʊ̈ | ʊ~u | ʊ | ɘ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
hood | uː~ʊ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
uː | GOOSE | through, you | ʊu̯~u | u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ | u | u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯ | u~ɵu̯ | ʉu̯ | u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯ | ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟ | ʊu̯ | ïɯ~ʊʉ̯~ʉː | əːʉ̯ | ʉː | uː | ʉu̯ | uː~ʉ | əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː | u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯ | ʊu̯ | ʉ̞ʉ̯ | ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯ | u | uː | uː | ʉː | u | u | u̟ː | ʉː~yː | ʉː | u | uː | ||||||||||||||||||
threw, yew | ɪu̯[45] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
juː | cute, dew, ewe | (j)ʊu̯~(j)u | (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)u~(j)ɵu̯ | (j)ʉu̯ | (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯ | (j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟ | jʊu̯ | jïɯ~jʊʉ̯ | jəːʉ̯ | jʉː | juː | (j)ʉu̯ | juː~jʉ | jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː | ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯ | jʊu̯ | jʉ̞ʉ̯ | jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯ | ju | juː | jʉ | jʊ̈ | juː | jʉː | ju | jʉ | ju | ju̟ː | jʉː~jyː | jʉː | ju | ||||||||||||||||||
aɪ | PRICE | flight, mice | äɪ̯ | ɐi̯[46] | ɑɪ̯~aː | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[46] | ɐɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | ɐi~äɪ~äɛ | a̠ɪ̞ | ɑɪ | ɒːɪ̞ | ɑɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[46] | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː | äi̯ | aɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː | ɐe̯ | äɪ̯ | ɐi̯~ɜi̯[46] | æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | ɑe̯ | ɑe | ɒe̯~ɔe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | ɜi̯, äe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯~äː | ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː | ai̯ | ɐ̟ɪ̯ | ɜɪ̯ | ɜi̯ | ||||||||||
my, wise, high | äɪ̯~äe̯~aɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯ | äː~äɛ | ɑɪ̯ | äe̯~ɜi̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔɪ | CHOICE | boy, hoist | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | oi̯ | oɪ̯ | oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ | oe̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ | aɪ̯~äɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | oi̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔi̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | ʌ̈i̯ | ||||||||||||||||
oʊ | GOAT | no, toe, soap | ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | oː | oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~o | ʌo̯~oʊ̯~o | ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ | oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯ | ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ | o̽ʊ | ɐ̟ʉ̯ | ɐ̟ːʉ̯~a̠ːʉ̯ | oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ | oː~oə | oʊ̯ | əʊ̯ | æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈ |
oː~ʊə~ɵː | əʊ̯ | əʊ̯ | ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯ |
oː | o | oː | ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯ | əʊ̯ | oʊ̯~əʊ̯ | ɵʊ̯ | ɐʉ̯ | oː~oʊ̯ | o̝ | oː~oʊ̯ | ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯ | œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː | ʌʊ̯ | o[41] | oː | ɘu̯ | ||||||||||||
tow, dough, folk | ou̯ | oʊ̯ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
soul, roll, cold | ɔu̯ | ɔʊ̯ | ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ | ɔʊ̯ | ɔʊ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
aʊ | MOUTH | about, house | æɔ̯~æə̯ | ɐʊ̯[46] | aʊ̯~aː | aʊ̯~æʊ̯ | äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯ | æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯ | aʊ̯~æʊ̯ | æɒ~ɛjɔ | a̠ʊ | æo | ɛːo~ɛ̃ːɤ | ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ | ʌʊ̯ | ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯[46] | aʊ̯ | æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æi̯ə̯ | äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː | ɑʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | aɔ̯ | äʊ̯ | ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯ | ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯ | ɛʊ̯ | aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯ | aʊ̯ | æo̯ | e̝ə | ɑʊ̯ | ɜʉ̯ | ɑʊ̯ | äʊ̯ | äː | æʊ̯ | au̯ | ɐu̯ | ɜʊ̯ | ɑ̟u̯ | |||||||||||
now, proud | aʊ̯ | äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɑːr | START | arm, car | ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) | ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) | ɑɹ | äɻ~ɐɻ | ɑɹ | ɒə̯(ɹ) | äə̯(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɒɹ | ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | aːɹ | ɑɹ~ɐɹ | ɑː(ɾ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ) | ɑː(ɹ) | äː(ɾ) | ɑɻ | æːɹ~aɹ | äːɹ~ɑɹ | ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) | ɑɹ | äɾ | ɑː(ɾ) | ɑ̟ː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ) | ä(ɹ) | aː(ɾ) | aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||
ɪər | NEAR | deer, here | iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ(ɹ) | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) | i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) | ɪɹ~iɹ | iɻ~iə̯ɻ | iɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | ɪɹ~iɹ | iə̯(ɹ) | iɹ | iː(ɹ)~ iːə(ɹ) |
iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) | eːɹ | ɪɹ | iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ) | iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪi̯ɐ̯(ɹ) | iɐ̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪː(ɹ) | iɛ(ɾ) | ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ)~ iː(ɾ) |
iːɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ) | eə~ɪə | iə̯(ɹ)[47] | ɪɹ~iɹ | iə̯ɾ | ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ) | ɪə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ)~ ɪː(ɾ) |
iə̯(ɹ) | iːə(ɾ), jøː(ɾ) | iːə(ɹ), jøː(ɹ) | ||||||||||||||
ɛər | SQUARE | mare, there, bear | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) | ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eə̯ɻ~eɻ | eɹ | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ eə̯(ɹ) |
ɛɹ~ eɹ |
ɛ(j)ə(ɹ) | e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)əɹ | eː(ɹ)~ eːə(ɹ) |
e̝ː(ɹ)~ e̝ːə(ɹ) |
eə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛə̯(ɾ) | ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛi̯ə̯(ɹ) | ɛː(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛː(ɹ)[48] | ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ) |
ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɾ)~ eː(ɾ) |
ɚː | ɛːɹ | eːɹ | e̞ə̯(ɹ) | ɛɹ | eə̯ɾ | ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ) | ɛə̯(ɹ) | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ eː(ɹ) |
eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ) | ɛ(ɹ) | ɛː(ɾ) | eː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||
ɜːr | NURSE | burn | ɚ | ɚ | əː(ɹ) | ɚ | ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ | ɚ | ɚ~əɻ | ɚ | ɚ | əɪ̯ | ɚ | ɚ~ɐɹ | ɜ(ɹ) | ɚ~ɐɹ | ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ) | ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ) | ɤ | ɚ | əː(ɾ) | ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ) | øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ | ɚː | ɚː[49] | ɚː | ʊːɹ[49] | ɚː | ɵː(ɹ) | ɚ | ʌɾ[49] | əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ) | əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) | ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ) | ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | əː(ɾ) | øː(ɾ) | øː(ɹ) | ||||||||
bird | ɪɾ~ʌɾ[49] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
herd, earth | əɹ | ɛːɹ[49] | ɛːɹ[49] | ɛɾ[49] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ər | LETTER | winner, massacre[50] | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ) | ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ɚ | ə(ɹ) | əɾ | ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ə(ɾ) | ə(ɹ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
donor | ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɔːr | NORTH | sort, warm | oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) | oɹ | ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) | ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ | ɔɹ~oɹ | ɔɻ~oɻ | oɹ~ɔɹ | oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ) | oɹ~ɔɹ | o(u)ə(ɹ) | o(u)əɹ | oː(ɹ) | ɔə̯(ɹ) | ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ | ɔɹ | ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) | ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɾ) | oː(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ) | ɔːɹ | äːɹ~ɑːɹ | ɒːɹ~oːɹ | oː(ɹ) | oɹ | ɔɾ | oː(ɾ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | oː(ɹ) | oː(ɾ) | ɔ(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ) | ʌ̈ː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||
FORCE | tore, boar, port | ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) | oə̯(ɹ) | oːɹ | oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) | oːɹ | ɔːɹ | ɒːɹ | oːɹ | o̝(ə̯)ɾ | oː(ɾ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʊər | CURE | tour, moor | ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) | uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) | ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ | uɻ~oɻ | ʊu̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | ïɯə(ɹ)~ʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | əːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) | uə̯(ɹ) | ʊɹ~ɔɹ | uə̯(ɾ) | ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ) | uɐ̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɹ) | oə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɾ)~ uː(ɾ) |
uːɹ | ʉːə(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
oɚ | ʉɾ | oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ) | ʊə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
uə̯(ɹ) | uːə(ɾ) | uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
jʊər | pure, Europe | juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ) | juɹ~jʊɹ | jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ) | jʊɹ~jɚ | jɚ | jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ | juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ) | juɹ | juə̯(ɹ) | juɹ~jɚ | jʊu̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | jïɯə(ɹ)~jʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | jəːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) | juə̯(ɹ) | joːɹ | jɚ~ jʊɹ~jɵɹ |
juə̯(ɾ) | jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ)~jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ) | juɐ̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɹ) | joː(ɹ) | jo̞ː(ɾ) | joə̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɾ)~ juː(ɾ) |
juːɹ | jʉːə(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ) |
joɚ | jʉɾ | joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ) | jʊə̯(ɹ) | jʊə̯(ɹ), joː(ɹ) |
joː(ɾ) | jɔ(ɹ) | ɪuːə(ɾ) | juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ) | |||||||||||||||
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Keyword | Examples | AmE | AuE | BahE | BarE | CaE | CIE | EnE | FiE | InE | IrE | NZE | PaE | ScE | SIE | SAE | SSE | WaE |
IPA | Explanation | |
---|---|---|
ˈ | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ | |
ˌ | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | |
. | Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/ | |
̩ | ̍ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] |
FIFA World Cup 2022 Qualified Teams
[edit]The top two placed teams from each of the eight groups will qualify for the knockout stage.[51]
Group | Winners | Runners-up |
---|---|---|
A | Netherlands | Ecuador |
B | England | United States/Wales/Scotland |
C | Argentina | Poland |
D | France | Denmark |
E | Germany | Spain |
F | Belgium | Croatia |
G | Brazil | Switzerland/Cameroon |
H | Portugal | Ghana/Uruguay |
- ^ a b c This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
- ^ /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
- ^ /d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
- ^ /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
- ^ /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
- ^ The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
- ^ /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
- ^ The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].
- ^ In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.
- ^ Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
- ^ a b c Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
- ^ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or [o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
- ^ Only exits in Welsh English. Non-Welsh speakers usually replace it with l.
- ^ /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
- ^ R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
- ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
- ^ Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
- ^ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
- ^ Boberg (2004)
- ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
- ^ Wells (1982:422)
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Bekker (2008)
- ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
- ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
- ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
- ^ Kenyon (1950)
- ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
- ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
- ^ a b c d See bad–lad split for this distinction.
- ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
- ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978 0 7486 3096 7.
- ^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
- ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
- ^ a b c d It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
- ^ a b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
- ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. "3" ("2"): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
- ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
- ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
- ^ a b c d e f Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
- ^ Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
- ^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
- ^ a b c d e f g See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
- ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
regulations
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).