User:Medavox/sandbox
Grey background indicates obsolete characters.
ア a [a] |
イ i [i] |
ウ u [ɯ] |
エ e [e] |
オ o [o] |
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カ ka [ka] |
キ ki [ki] |
ク ku [kɯ] |
ケ ke [ke] |
コ ko [ko] |
キャ kya [kʲa] |
キュ kyu [kʲɯ] |
キョ kyo [kʲo] | ||||||||
サ sa [sa] |
シ shi [ɕi] |
ス su [sɯ] |
セ se [se] |
ソ so [so] |
シャ sha [ɕa] |
シュ shu [ɕɯ] |
ショ sho [ɕo] | ||||||||
タ ta [ta] |
チ chi [t͡ɕi] |
ツ tsu [t͡sɯ] |
テ te [te] |
ト to [to] |
チャ cha [t͡ɕa] |
チュ chu [t͡ɕɯ] |
チョ cho [t͡ɕo] | ||||||||
ナ na [na] |
ニ ni [ɲi] |
ヌ nu [nɯ] |
ネ ne [ne] |
ノ no [no] |
ニャ nya [ɲa] |
ニュ nyu [ɲɯ] |
ニョ nyo [ɲo] | ||||||||
ハ ha [ha] |
ヒ hi [çi] |
フ fu [ɸɯ] |
ヘ he [he] |
ホ ho [ho] |
ヒャ hya [ça] |
ヒュ hyu [çɯ] |
ヒョ hyo [ço] | ||||||||
マ ma [ma] |
ミ mi [mi] |
ム mu [mɯ] |
メ me [me] |
モ mo [mo] |
ミャ mya [mʲa] |
ミュ myu [mʲɯ] |
ミョ myo [mʲo] | ||||||||
ヤ ya [ja] |
[n 1] | ユ yu [jɯ] |
[n 1] | ヨ yo [jo] |
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ラ ra [ɾa] |
リ ri [ɾi] |
ル ru [ɾɯ] |
レ re [ɾe] |
ロ ro [ɾo] |
リャ rya [ɾʲa] |
リュ ryu [ɾʲɯ] |
リョ ryo [ɾʲo] | ||||||||
ワ wa [ɰa] |
ヰ wi [i][n 2] |
[n 1] | ヱ we [e][n 2] |
ヲ wo [o][n 2] |
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Final nasal monograph | Functional graphemes | ||||||||||||||
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ン n [n m ŋ] before stop consonants; [ɴ ɰ̃] elsewhere |
ッ (before geminate consonant) consonant) consonant) |
ー (after long vowel) |
ヽ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable) |
ヾ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | |||||||||||
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Monographs with diacritics: gojūon with (han)dakuten | Digraphs with diacritics: yōon with (han)dakuten | ||||||||||||||
i | u | e | o | ya | yu | yo | |||||||||
ギ gi [ɡi] |
グ gu [ɡɯ] |
ゲ ge [ɡe] |
ゴ go [ɡo] |
ギャ gya [ɡʲa] |
ギュ gyu [ɡʲɯ] |
ギョ gyo [ɡʲo] | |||||||||
ジ ji [(d)ʑi] |
ズ zu [(d)zɯ] |
ゼ ze [ze] |
ゾ zo [zo] |
ジャ ja [(d)ʑa] |
ジュ ju [(d)ʑɯ] |
ジョ jo [(d)ʑo] | |||||||||
ヂ ji [(d)ʑi][n 3] |
ヅ zu [(d)zɯ][n 3] |
デ de [de] |
ド do [do] |
ヂャ ja [(d)ʑa][n 3] |
ヂュ ju [(d)ʑɯ][n 3] |
ヂョ jo [(d)ʑo][n 3] | |||||||||
ビ bi [bi] |
ブ bu [bɯ] |
ベ be [be] |
ボ bo [bo] |
ビャ bya [bʲa] |
ビュ byu [bʲɯ] |
ビョ byo [bʲo] | |||||||||
ピ pi [pi] |
プ pu [pɯ] |
ペ pe [pe] |
ポ po [po] |
ピャ pya [pʲa] |
ピュ pyu [pʲɯ] |
ピョ pyo [pʲo] |
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c Theoretical combinations yi, ye and wu are unused .
- ^ a b c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.
- ^ a b c d e The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (often romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.
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Table of hiragana
[edit]The following table shows the complete hiragana together with the Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription in the gojūon order.[1] Hiragana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them, with the yōon kana following. Obsolete and normally unused kana are shown in brackets and gray . Those in bold do not use the initial sound for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables, for mid-word pronunciations see below.
Monographs (gojūon) | Digraphs (yōon) | ||||||
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あ a [a] |
い i [i] |
う u [ɯ] |
え e [e] |
お o [o] |
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か ka [ka] |
き ki [ki] |
く ku [kɯ] |
け ke [ke] |
こ ko [ko] |
きゃ kya [kʲa] |
きゅ kyu [kʲɯ] |
きょ kyo [kʲo] |
さ sa [sa] |
し shi [ɕi] |
す su [sɯ] |
せ se [se] |
そ so [so] |
しゃ sha [ɕa] |
しゅ shu [ɕɯ] |
しょ sho [ɕo] |
た ta [ta] |
ち chi [tɕi] |
つ tsu [tsɯ] |
て te [te] |
と to [to] |
ちゃ cha [tɕa] |
ちゅ chu [tɕɯ] |
ちょ cho [tɕo] |
な na [na] |
に ni [ɲi] |
ぬ nu [nɯ] |
ね ne [ne] |
の no [no] |
にゃ nya [ɲa] |
にゅ nyu [ɲɯ] |
にょ nyo [ɲo] |
は ha [ha] ([ɰa] as particle) |
ひ hi [çi] |
ふ fu [ɸɯ] |
へ he [he] ([e] as particle) |
ほ ho [ho] |
ひゃ hya [ça] |
ひゅ hyu [çɯ] |
ひょ hyo [ço] |
ま ma [ma] |
み mi [mi] |
む mu [mɯ] |
め me [me] |
も mo [mo] |
みゃ mya [mʲa] |
みゅ myu [mʲɯ] |
みょ myo [mʲo] |
や ya [ja] |
[2] | ゆ yu [jɯ] |
[2] | よ yo [jo] |
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ら ra [ɾa] |
り ri [ɾi] |
る ru [ɾɯ] |
れ re [ɾe] |
ろ ro [ɾo] |
りゃ rya [ɾʲa] |
りゅ ryu [ɾʲɯ] |
りょ ryo [ɾʲo] |
わ wa [ɰa] |
( ゐ ) wi [i] |
[2] | ( ゑ ) we [e] |
を wo [o] |
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ん n [ɴ m n ɲ ŋ ɰ̃] |
っ (indicates a geminate consonant) |
ゝ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable) |
ゞ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | ||||
Diacritics (gojūon with (han)dakuten) | Digraphs with diacritics (yōon with (han)dakuten) | ||||||
が ga [ɡa] |
ぎ gi [ɡi] |
ぐ gu [ɡɯ] |
げ ge [ɡe] |
ご go [ɡo] |
ぎゃ gya [ɡʲa] |
ぎゅ gyu [ɡʲɯ] |
ぎょ gyo [ɡʲo] |
ざ za [(d)za] |
じ ji [(d)ʑi] |
ず zu [(d)zɯ] |
ぜ ze [(d)ze] |
ぞ zo [(d)zo] |
じゃ ja [(d)ʑa] |
じゅ ju [(d)ʑɯ] |
じょ jo [(d)ʑo] |
だ da [da] |
ぢ ji, dji, jyi[3] [(d)ʑi] |
づ dzu, zu [(d)zɯ] |
で de [de] |
ど do [do] |
( ぢゃ ) ja [(d)ʑa] |
( ぢゅ ) ju [(d)ʑɯ] |
( ぢょ ) jo [(d)ʑo] |
ば ba [ba] |
び bi [bi] |
ぶ bu [bɯ] |
べ be [be] |
ぼ bo [bo] |
びゃ bya [bʲa] |
びゅ byu [bʲɯ] |
びょ byo [bʲo] |
ぱ pa [pa] |
ぴ pi [pi] |
ぷ pu [pɯ] |
ぺ pe [pe] |
ぽ po [po] |
ぴゃ pya [pʲa] |
ぴゅ pyu [pʲɯ] |
ぴょ pyo [pʲo] |
In the middle of words, the g sound (normally [ɡ]) may turn into a velar nasal [ŋ] or velar fricative [ɣ]. An exception to this is numerals; 15 jūgo is considered to be one word, but is pronounced as if it was jū and go stacked end to end: [d͡ʑɯːɡo].
In many accents, the j and z sounds are pronounced as affricates ([d͡ʑ] and [d͡z], respectively) at the beginning of utterances and fricatives [ʑ, z] in the middle of words. For example, すうじ sūji [sɯːʑi] 'number', ざっし zasshi [d͡zaɕɕi] 'magazine'.
In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the kwa (くゎ [kʷa]) and gwa (ぐゎ [ɡʷa]) digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage and only exist in the extended katakana digraphs for approximating foreign language words.
The singular n is pronounced [n] before t, ch, ts, n, r, z, j and d, [m] before m, b and p, [ŋ] before k and g, [ɴ] at the end of utterances, and some kind of high nasal vowel [ɰ̃] before vowels, palatal approximants (y), fricative consonants s, sh, h, f and w.
In kanji readings, the diphthongs ou and ei are today usually pronounced [oː] (long o) and [eː] (long e) respectively. For example, とうきょう (lit. toukyou) is pronounced [toːkʲoː] 'Tokyo', and せんせい sensei is [seɯ̃seː] 'teacher'. However, とう tou is pronounced [toɯ] 'to inquire', because the o and u are considered distinct, u being the verb ending in the dictionary form. Similarly, している shite iru is pronounced [ɕiteiɾɯ] 'is doing'.
For a more thorough discussion on the sounds of Japanese, please refer to Japanese phonology.
- ^ NHK, WORLD. "The Japanese Syllabaries (Hiragana)" (PDF). www.nhk.or.jp.
- ^ a b c See obsolete kana
- ^ "Romanization variants".