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Vendée

Coordinates: 46°40′14″N 1°25′36″W / 46.67056°N 1.42667°W / 46.67056; -1.42667
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This article is about the French department. For the singer, see Venbee.
Vendée
Department of France
Prefecture building in La Roche-sur-Yon
Prefecture building in La Roche-sur-Yon
Flag of Vendée
Flag
Coat of arms of Vendée
Coat of arms
Location of Vendée in France
Location of Vendée in France
Coordinates: 46°40′14″N 1°25′36″W / 46.67056°N 1.42667°W / 46.67056; -1.42667
CountryFrance
RegionPays de la Loire
PrefectureLa Roche-sur-Yon
SubprefecturesFontenay-le-Comte
Les Sables-d'Olonne
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilAlain Lebœuf[1]
Area
1
 • Total
6,720 km2 (2,590 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total
699,459
 • Rank35th
 • Density100/km2 (270/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number85
Arrondissements3
Cantons17
Communes255
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃de] ⓘ; Breton: Vande) is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast. In 2019, it had a population of 685,442.[3] Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon.

History

[edit]

The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou.

In the southeast corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204). Eleanor's son, Richard the Lionheart often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.

Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret mother of Henry IV of France, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. In April of that year King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée. In the void, the region became rigorously Catholic due to the influence of a preacher and Marian missionary Louis de Montfort who radically changed the spirituality of the region. Many attribute the effect of his preaching to prepare the Vendeans for their revolt against the French Revolution.[4]

The Vendeans revolted against the Revolutionary government in 1793. They resented the harsh oppression imposed on the Catholic Church by the provisions of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy act (1790) and broke into open revolt after the Revolutionary government's imposition of military conscription. A massacre of Republicans at Machecoul in March was followed by guerrilla warfare, led at the outset by peasants who were chosen in each locale, and cost more than 240,000 lives before it ended in 1796 (190,000 Vendeans who were republicans or royalists and 50,000 non-Vendean republican soldiers; according to the Jacques Hussenet and Centre Vendéen de Recherche Historique's book Détruisez la Vendée).

The Revolt in the Vendée must not be confused with the revolt of the Chouans, which took place at the same time in Maine and Brittany. The revolt was led by able officers, mostly aristocrats with some commoners. England provided funds and weapons but various plans for military support were thwarted or cancelled, such as the ill-fated 1795 Quiberon Expedition. In 1804, Napoleon I chose La Roche-sur-Yon to be the capital of the department. At the time, most of La Roche had been eradicated in the Vendée Revolt (1793–96); the renamed Napoléonville was laid out and a fresh population of soldiers and civil servants was brought in. Napoléonville had a square-grid street network and was designed to accommodate 15,000 people.[5]

In 1815, when Napoleon escaped exile on Elba for his Hundred Days, the Vendée refused to recognise him and stayed loyal to King Louis XVIII. General Lamarque led 10,000 men into the Vendée to pacify the region.[6] A failed rebellion in the Vendée in 1832 in support of Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchess de Berry, the former King Charles X's widowed daughter-in-law, was an unsuccessful attempt to restore the Legitimist Bourbon dynasty during the reign of the Orléanist monarch, King Louis Philippe of the French (1830–1848).

In 1850, English author Anthony Trollope published his book La Vendée, detailing the history of the region and the war. In the preface he pays tribute to Madame de la Rochejaquelein, on whose memoirs of the war he based his story.

Etymology

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The name Vendée is taken from the river Vendée which runs through the southeastern part of the department. The river is attested as Fluvium Vendre in the 10th century, and as Flumen Vendee and Vendeia by the 11th century. According to Pierre-Henri Billy, the name ultimately derives from the Celtic toponym *vindo- meaning white or brilliant in a sacred context (as in the Modern Welsh gwyn/wyn). The name likely originates in Proto-Celtic or Gaulish, but may also have originated in the Gallo or Old Breton languages.[7]

Geography

[edit]
Map of the department

Vendée's highest point is Puy-Crapaud (295 m).

The department is crossed by four rivers: the Sèvre Nantaise (135 kilometres (84 mi) long), the Vendée (70 kilometres (43 mi)), the Lay (110 kilometres (68 mi)) and the Sèvre Niortaise (150 kilometres (93 mi)).

Demographics

[edit]

Vendée's inhabitants are referred to as Vendeans (French Vendéens pronounced [vɑ̃.de.ɛ̃]).

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801243,426—    
1821316,587+1.32%
1831330,350+0.43%
1841356,453+0.76%
1851383,734+0.74%
1861395,695+0.31%
1872401,446+0.13%
1881421,642+0.55%
1891442,355+0.48%
1901441,311−0.02%
1911438,520−0.06%
1921397,292−0.98%
1931390,396−0.17%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1936389,211−0.06%
1946393,787+0.12%
1954395,641+0.06%
1962408,928+0.41%
1968421,250+0.50%
1975450,641+0.97%
1982483,027+1.00%
1990509,356+0.67%
1999539,664+0.64%
2006597,185+1.46%
2011641,657+1.45%
2016670,597+0.89%
Sources:[8][9]

Principal towns

[edit]

The most populous commune is La Roche-sur-Yon, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The 10 most populous communes are:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
La Roche-sur-Yon 55,147
Les Sables-d'Olonne 45,030
Challans 21,322
Montaigu-Vendée 20,424
Les Herbiers 16,250
Fontenay-le-Comte 13,235
Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez 11,297
Aizenay 9,881
Luçon 9,554
Essarts-en-Bocage 9,174

Higher education

[edit]

The main University of this department is the Catholic Institute of Higher Studies - ICES[10] in La Roche-sur-Yon. The main goal of this institute is to achieve academic excellence through an enhancement of the Christian and human dimension in seven areas of study. Founded in 1989, Catholic Institute of Higher Studies - ICES has pioneered a new concept in higher education, that of the "University School": halfway between the French Grande École and the traditional state university.

Economy

[edit]

The primary factors of the Vendéen economy are:

  • Tourism
  • Agriculture
  • Food Processing
  • Light/Medium Industry

The Vendée has been cited as the most economically dynamic department in France by L'Express magazine in a 2006 survey.[11] Its economy is characterised by a low rate of unemployment (around 7% in late 2006 compared to more than 9% nationally) and a very high proportion of small and medium-sized businesses (one business for every 14 inhabitants).

Tourism

[edit]

The coast of the Vendée extends over 200 kilometres (120 mi) of mostly sandy beaches. Tourists from overseas and locally frequent them. Some resorts include Les Sables-d'Olonne, La Tranche-sur-Mer and Saint-Jean-de-Monts. Some beaches are certified for the FEE Blue Flag for cleanliness.

With more than 160 kilometres (100 mi)[clarification needed] of sandy beaches edged with dunes and pine woods. There are several nude beaches including just south of La Faute sur Mer on the Pointe d'Arçay. The department also has churches and abbeys, museums, and—for nature lovers—thousands of marked footpaths, a signposted bicycle route running along the coastal mudflats, and marshes that attract unusual birds. There is fishing in the Vendée's rivers and lakes.

Inland, the chief attractions include the Marais Poitevin (an area of marshlands famed for wildlife), the forested area around the village of Mervent and the rolling countryside of the Bocage. In the north of the department, the historical theme park Puy du Fou attracts more than 1.45 million of visitors per year.

Agriculture

[edit]

Agriculture remains a significant source of employment in the Vendée. Among departments, it has the second highest level of revenue from agriculture in France. The major arable crops grown are maize, colza, wheat and sunflowers. Meat and dairy production also feature, as does the offshore farming of shellfish (oysters and mussels). Poultry from Challans is highly regarded nationwide as is lamb produced from the salt marshes in the North of the Vendée.

Demonstrating its support for the agricultural sector, the Conseil Général of the Vendée has a stated policy to promote the construction of irrigation reservoirs to reduce dependence on ground water during key summer growing seasons.

Food processing and manufacturing

[edit]

The Vendée is home to a number of food processing firms.[12] A manufacturer of ready-meals and charcuterie employs the majority of its workforce (some 3000 people) at local plants. Other employers include bakeries and biscuit producers.[citation needed]

The department also has some speciality products, including brioche (Label Rouge) and a raw cured ham (Jambon de Vendée) similar in flavour to bacon.[citation needed]

Wine is also produced in the area around the communes of Vix, Brem, Pissotte and Mareuil-sur-Lay, and is marketed under the "Fiefs Vendéens" designation. Production quality has improved markedly over recent years, and, having already achieved the classification Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (VDQS), the wines are on their way towards A.O.C status (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée).[13]

Industry

[edit]

Much of the manufacturing industry in the Vendée reflects its status as a major tourist destination. Mobile homes are manufactured at plants in Luçon and the building of motor and sail yachts takes place at locations all over the department. The service sector too is strongly inclined towards tourism with campsites, restaurants and other tourism businesses being important sources of revenue and employment.

Culture

[edit]

The War in the Vendée is the subject of Ninety-Three (Quatrevingt-treize), the last novel by the French writer Victor Hugo, an episode in Mr. Midshipman Hornblower and also the backdrop of Les Chouans by Balzac.

In the writings of Karl Marx regarding revolutionary struggles in various countries, he uses the term "a Vendée" as meaning "a focus of persistent counter-revolutionary activities". Vladimir Lenin, when speaking about Cossacks as potential counter-revolutionary opposition, identified them as Russian Vendée.[14]

A vine in Brem-sur-Mer.

Cuisine

[edit]
  • Jambon-mogettes (ham and white beans) is the most famous Vendean dish.
  • The department is the largest brioche producer in France, with the Brioche de Vendée made in the Bocage.
  • In the Plain of Luçon, préfou is a garlic bread that can be served as an aperitif.
  • In the marshland of the North-West, the poultry of Challans, especially duck, is well known in the gastronomic world.
  • The department has several small vineyards, around Brem-sur-Mer, Mareuil-sur-Lay-Dissais, Vix, and Pissotte.

Government

[edit]

In the Vendée, 31 members, elected through universal suffrage, govern the affairs of the department, with 26 members on the right-wing and 5 members on the left-wing.

The Prefect represents the French State in the department.

Politics

[edit]

The president of the Departmental Council is Alain Lebœuf, elected in July 2021. Previous Presidents were Bruno Retailleau and Philippe de Villiers.

Party seats
• Miscellaneous Right 14
• Movement for France 10
Socialist Party 4
• Union for a Popular Movement 2
Miscellaneous Left 1
• New Centre 1

Current National Assembly Representatives

[edit]
Constituency Member[15] Party
Vendée's 1st constituency Philippe Latombe MoDem
Vendée's 2nd constituency Béatrice Bellamy H
Vendée's 3rd constituency Stéphane Buchou RE
Vendée's 4th constituency Véronique Besse DVD
Vendée's 5th constituency Pierre Henriet RE

National Assembly Representatives (2017 to 2022)

[edit]
Constituency Member[15] Party
Vendée's 1st constituency Philippe Latombe MoDem
Vendée's 2nd constituency Patrick Loiseau MoDem
Vendée's 3rd constituency Stéphane Buchou La République En Marche!
Vendée's 4th constituency Martine Leguille-Balloy La République En Marche!
Vendée's 5th constituency Pierre Henriet La République En Marche!

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 85 Vendée, INSEE
  4. ^ Davies, Michael (1997). For Altar and Throne. St. Paul, MN: Remnant Press. p. 98. ISBN 1890740004.
  5. ^ Graham Robb, The Discovery of France, Picador, London (2007), pp257-8
  6. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition Waterloo Campaign
  7. ^ Pierre-Henri Billy, Dictionnaire des noms de lieux de la France, éditions Errance, 640 pages, 2011 ISBN 978-2-87772-449-4, p. 561.
  8. ^ "Historique de la Vendée". Le SPLAF.
  9. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  10. ^ Institut Catholique d'Études Supérieures Official Website
  11. ^ L'Express 2006 Survey Results - in French
  12. ^ "Ensemble pour manger mieux : venez vérifier". Fleury Michon.
  13. ^ "_room dividers ceiling mount_sugar free muffins and scones packaged". www.mareuiltourisme.com.
  14. ^ James Ryan (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. ISBN 9780415673969.
  15. ^ a b Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
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