Elysium (volcanic province): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 24°42′N 150°00′E / 24.7°N 150.0°E / 24.7; 150.0
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== Composition ==
== Composition ==
The southeastern portion of the province is geochemically distinct from the northwest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Susko|first=David|last2=Karunatillake|first2=Suniti|last3=Kodikara|first3=Gayantha|last4=Skok|first4=J. R.|last5=Wray|first5=James|last6=Heldmann|first6=Jennifer|last7=Cousin|first7=Agnes|last8=Judice|first8=Taylor|date=2017-02-24|title=A record of igneous evolution in Elysium, a major martian volcanic province|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep43177|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=43177|doi=10.1038/srep43177|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> The southeast is composed of sedimentary and porous rocks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Gareth A.|last2=Campbell|first2=Bruce A.|last3=Carter|first3=Lynn M.|last4=Plaut|first4=Jeffrey J.|date=2015|title=Evidence for the episodic erosion of the Medusae Fossae Formation preserved within the youngest volcanic province on Mars|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL065017|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=7336–7342|doi=10.1002/2015GL065017|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}}</ref> The majority of the southeastern portion is made up of [[Amazonian (Mars)|Amazonian]]-[[Hesperian]] volcanic units. Most of the remaining southeastern volcanic units are late Amazonian in nature.<ref name=":0" /> In recent history, there were significant groundwater deposits in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burr|first=Devon M.|last2=Grier|first2=Jennifer A.|last3=McEwen|first3=Alfred S.|last4=Keszthelyi|first4=Laszlo P.|date=2002-09-01|title=Repeated Aqueous Flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: Evidence for Very Recently Extant, Deep Groundwater on Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103502969216|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=159|issue=1|pages=53–73|doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6921|issn=0019-1035}}</ref>
The southeastern portion of the province is geochemically distinct from the northwest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Susko|first1=David|last2=Karunatillake|first2=Suniti|last3=Kodikara|first3=Gayantha|last4=Skok|first4=J. R.|last5=Wray|first5=James|last6=Heldmann|first6=Jennifer|last7=Cousin|first7=Agnes|last8=Judice|first8=Taylor|date=2017-02-24|title=A record of igneous evolution in Elysium, a major martian volcanic province|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=43177|doi=10.1038/srep43177|pmid=28233797|pmc=5324095|bibcode=2017NatSR...743177S|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> The southeast is composed of sedimentary and porous rocks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=Gareth A.|last2=Campbell|first2=Bruce A.|last3=Carter|first3=Lynn M.|last4=Plaut|first4=Jeffrey J.|date=2015|title=Evidence for the episodic erosion of the Medusae Fossae Formation preserved within the youngest volcanic province on Mars|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL065017|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=7336–7342|doi=10.1002/2015GL065017|bibcode=2015GeoRL..42.7336M|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}}</ref> The majority of the southeastern portion is made up of [[Amazonian (Mars)|Amazonian]]-[[Hesperian]] volcanic units. Most of the remaining southeastern volcanic units are late Amazonian in nature.<ref name=":0" /> In recent history, there were significant groundwater deposits in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burr|first1=Devon M.|last2=Grier|first2=Jennifer A.|last3=McEwen|first3=Alfred S.|last4=Keszthelyi|first4=Laszlo P.|date=2002-09-01|title=Repeated Aqueous Flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: Evidence for Very Recently Extant, Deep Groundwater on Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103502969216|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=159|issue=1|pages=53–73|doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6921|bibcode=2002Icar..159...53B|issn=0019-1035}}</ref>


It has been hard to study the composition of this province, due to the layer of dust that sits on top of the crust. Investigations in relatively dust-free regions indicate that it is made primarily of high-calcium [[pyroxene]] and [[olivine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Viviano|first=Christina E.|last2=Murchie|first2=Scott L.|last3=Daubar|first3=Ingrid J.|last4=Morgan|first4=M. Frank|last5=Seelos|first5=Frank P.|last6=Plescia|first6=Jeffrey B.|date=2019-08-01|title=Composition of Amazonian volcanic materials in Tharsis and Elysium, Mars, from MRO/CRISM reflectance spectra|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103518303853|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=328|pages=274–286|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.001|issn=0019-1035}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> To a lesser degree, the province is made up of [[hematite]] and [[hydrated silica]], among other things.<ref name=":2" /> There are no strong magnetic fields in the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Crust stratigraphy and heterogeneities of the first kilometers at the dichotomy boundary in western Elysium Planitia and implications for InSight lander|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103519303653|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=338|pages=113511|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113511|issn=0019-1035|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are some extant near-surface [[glacial deposits]] in the caldera of Hecates Tholus, a volcano in the province.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Hauber|first=Ernst|last2=van Gasselt|first2=Stephan|last3=Ivanov|first3=Boris|last4=Werner|first4=Stephanie|last5=Head|first5=James W.|last6=Neukum|first6=Gerhard|last7=Jaumann|first7=Ralf|last8=Greeley|first8=Ronald|last9=Mitchell|first9=Karl L.|last10=Muller|first10=Peter|date=March 2005|title=Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03423|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=434|issue=7031|pages=356–361|doi=10.1038/nature03423|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
It has been hard to study the composition of this province, due to the layer of dust that sits on top of the crust. Investigations in relatively dust-free regions indicate that it is made primarily of high-calcium [[pyroxene]] and [[olivine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Viviano|first1=Christina E.|last2=Murchie|first2=Scott L.|last3=Daubar|first3=Ingrid J.|last4=Morgan|first4=M. Frank|last5=Seelos|first5=Frank P.|last6=Plescia|first6=Jeffrey B.|date=2019-08-01|title=Composition of Amazonian volcanic materials in Tharsis and Elysium, Mars, from MRO/CRISM reflectance spectra|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103518303853|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=328|pages=274–286|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.001|bibcode=2019Icar..328..274V|issn=0019-1035}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> To a lesser degree, the province is made up of [[hematite]] and [[hydrated silica]], among other things.<ref name=":2" /> There are no strong magnetic fields in the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Crust stratigraphy and heterogeneities of the first kilometers at the dichotomy boundary in western Elysium Planitia and implications for InSight lander|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103519303653|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=338|pages=113511|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113511|issn=0019-1035|doi-access=free|last1=Pan|first1=Lu|last2=Quantin-Nataf|first2=Cathy|last3=Tauzin|first3=Benoit|last4=Michaut|first4=Chloé|last5=Golombek|first5=Matt|last6=Lognonné|first6=Phillipe|last7=Grindrod|first7=Peter|last8=Langlais|first8=Benoit|last9=Gudkova|first9=Tamara|last10=Stepanova|first10=Inna|last11=Rodriguez|first11=Sébastien|last12=Lucas|first12=Antoine|bibcode=2020Icar..33813511P}}</ref> There are some extant near-surface [[glacial deposits]] in the caldera of Hecates Tholus, a volcano in the province.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Hauber|first1=Ernst|last2=van Gasselt|first2=Stephan|last3=Ivanov|first3=Boris|last4=Werner|first4=Stephanie|last5=Head|first5=James W.|last6=Neukum|first6=Gerhard|last7=Jaumann|first7=Ralf|last8=Greeley|first8=Ronald|last9=Mitchell|first9=Karl L.|last10=Muller|first10=Peter|date=March 2005|title=Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03423|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=434|issue=7031|pages=356–361|doi=10.1038/nature03423|pmid=15772654|bibcode=2005Natur.434..356H|s2cid=4427179|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>


== Formation ==
== Formation ==
The southeastern portion of the province is approximately 0.85 billion years younger than the northwestern.<ref name=":0" /> The region as a whole has been volcanically active for at least 3.9 billion years, with a peak 2.2 billion years ago, although activity has decreased considerably in the last billion years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Platz|first=Thomas|last2=Michael|first2=Gregory|date=2011-12-01|title=Eruption history of the Elysium Volcanic Province, Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11005887|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=312|issue=1|pages=140–151|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.001|issn=0012-821X}}</ref> The most recent volcanic activity dates to 2 million years ago.<ref name=":1" /> The southeastern portion overlaps with Cerberus Fossae; features in this region are thought to have formed due to volcanic and water-related processes, such as [[Phreatic eruption|phreatomagmatism]], relict ice flows, and interactions between lava and water.<ref name=":0" /> In general, many flow units in Elysium Planitia (such as [[Rahway Valles]] and [[Marte Vallis]]) are thought to have their origins in lava originating from this region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Voigt|first=Joana R. C.|last2=Hamilton|first2=Christopher W.|date=2018-07-15|title=Investigating the volcanic versus aqueous origin of the surficial deposits in Eastern Elysium Planitia, Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001910351730831X|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=309|pages=389–410|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.03.009|issn=0019-1035}}</ref>
The southeastern portion of the province is approximately 0.85 billion years younger than the northwestern.<ref name=":0" /> The region as a whole has been volcanically active for at least 3.9 billion years, with a peak 2.2 billion years ago, although activity has decreased considerably in the last billion years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Platz|first1=Thomas|last2=Michael|first2=Gregory|date=2011-12-01|title=Eruption history of the Elysium Volcanic Province, Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11005887|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=312|issue=1|pages=140–151|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.001|bibcode=2011E&PSL.312..140P|issn=0012-821X}}</ref> The most recent volcanic activity dates to 2 million years ago.<ref name=":1" /> The southeastern portion overlaps with Cerberus Fossae; features in this region are thought to have formed due to volcanic and water-related processes, such as [[Phreatic eruption|phreatomagmatism]], relict ice flows, and interactions between lava and water.<ref name=":0" /> In general, many flow units in Elysium Planitia (such as [[Rahway Valles]] and [[Marte Vallis]]) are thought to have their origins in lava originating from this region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Voigt|first1=Joana R. C.|last2=Hamilton|first2=Christopher W.|date=2018-07-15|title=Investigating the volcanic versus aqueous origin of the surficial deposits in Eastern Elysium Planitia, Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001910351730831X|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=309|pages=389–410|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.03.009|bibcode=2018Icar..309..389V|issn=0019-1035}}</ref>


Hecates Tholus erupted ~350 million years ago, with glacial deposits in the resulting caldera dating between 5 and 24 million years ago.<ref name=":4" /> Craters in the region are not generally typical of impacts; rather, they are thought to have formed due to explosive volcanism or collapse due to subsurface lava withdrawal.<ref name=":5" />
Hecates Tholus erupted ~350 million years ago, with glacial deposits in the resulting caldera dating between 5 and 24 million years ago.<ref name=":4" /> Craters in the region are not generally typical of impacts; rather, they are thought to have formed due to explosive volcanism or collapse due to subsurface lava withdrawal.<ref name=":5" />


== Observation history ==
== Observation history ==
The Elysium volcanic province was first noticed as a distinct martian region as a result of data obtained from the [[Mariner 9]] mission, in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=David A.|last2=Greeley|first2=Ronald|last3=Manfredi|first3=Leon|last4=Raitala|first4=Jouko|last5=Neukum|first5=Gerhard|date=2010-06-01|title=The Circum-Hellas Volcanic Province, Mars: Assessment of wrinkle-ridged plains|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X09006062|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|series=Mars Express after 6 Years in Orbit: Mars Geology from Three-Dimensional Mapping by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Experiment|language=en|volume=294|issue=3|pages=492–505|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.007|issn=0012-821X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=J. F.|last2=Carr|first2=M. H.|last3=Cutts|first3=J. A.|last4=Hartmann|first4=W. K.|last5=Masursky|first5=Harold|last6=Milton|first6=D. J.|last7=Sharp|first7=R. P.|last8=Wilhelms|first8=D. E.|date=1972-10-01|title=Preliminary mariner 9 report on the geology of Mars|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103572900036|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=289–327|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(72)90003-6|issn=0019-1035}}</ref> In 2004, [[European Space Agency|ESA's]] [[Mars Express|Mars Express orbiter's]] [[HRSC]] observed the volcanoes in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRSC Bildserie #011 - Albor Tholus (Mars Express Orbit 0032); Fachrichtung Planetologie und Fernerkundung an der FU Berlin|url=http://www.planet.geo.fu-berlin.de/projekte/mars/hrsc011-AlborTholus.php|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.planet.geo.fu-berlin.de}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The InSight Lander landed just south of the province in 2018,<ref name=":3" /> in Elysium Planitia, and has detected [[marsquake]]s emanating from this region.<ref>{{cite arxiv|last=Horvath|first=David G.|last2=Moitra|first2=Pranabendu|last3=Hamilton|first3=Christopher W.|last4=Craddock|first4=Robert A.|last5=Andrews-Hanna|first5=Jeffrey C.|date=2020-11-11|title=Evidence for geologically recent explosive volcanism in Elysium Planitia, Mars|arxiv=2011.05956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lognonné|first=P.|last2=Banerdt|first2=W. B.|last3=Giardini|first3=D.|last4=Pike|first4=W. T.|last5=Christensen|first5=U.|last6=Laudet|first6=P.|last7=de Raucourt|first7=S.|last8=Zweifel|first8=P.|last9=Calcutt|first9=S.|last10=Bierwirth|first10=M.|last11=Hurst|first11=K. J.|date=2019-01-28|title=SEIS: Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|volume=215|issue=1|pages=12|doi=10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6|issn=1572-9672|pmc=6394762|pmid=30880848}}</ref>
The Elysium volcanic province was first noticed as a distinct martian region as a result of data obtained from the [[Mariner 9]] mission, in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=David A.|last2=Greeley|first2=Ronald|last3=Manfredi|first3=Leon|last4=Raitala|first4=Jouko|last5=Neukum|first5=Gerhard|date=2010-06-01|title=The Circum-Hellas Volcanic Province, Mars: Assessment of wrinkle-ridged plains|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X09006062|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|series=Mars Express after 6 Years in Orbit: Mars Geology from Three-Dimensional Mapping by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Experiment|language=en|volume=294|issue=3|pages=492–505|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.007|bibcode=2010E&PSL.294..492W|issn=0012-821X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McCauley|first1=J. F.|last2=Carr|first2=M. H.|last3=Cutts|first3=J. A.|last4=Hartmann|first4=W. K.|last5=Masursky|first5=Harold|last6=Milton|first6=D. J.|last7=Sharp|first7=R. P.|last8=Wilhelms|first8=D. E.|date=1972-10-01|title=Preliminary mariner 9 report on the geology of Mars|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2872%2990003-6|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=289–327|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(72)90003-6|issn=0019-1035}}</ref> In 2004, [[European Space Agency|ESA's]] [[Mars Express|Mars Express orbiter's]] [[HRSC]] observed the volcanoes in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRSC Bildserie #011 - Albor Tholus (Mars Express Orbit 0032); Fachrichtung Planetologie und Fernerkundung an der FU Berlin|url=http://www.planet.geo.fu-berlin.de/projekte/mars/hrsc011-AlborTholus.php|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.planet.geo.fu-berlin.de}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The InSight Lander landed just south of the province in 2018,<ref name=":3" /> in Elysium Planitia, and has detected [[marsquake]]s emanating from this region.<ref>{{cite arxiv|last1=Horvath|first1=David G.|last2=Moitra|first2=Pranabendu|last3=Hamilton|first3=Christopher W.|last4=Craddock|first4=Robert A.|last5=Andrews-Hanna|first5=Jeffrey C.|date=2020-11-11|title=Evidence for geologically recent explosive volcanism in Elysium Planitia, Mars|class=astro-ph.EP|eprint=2011.05956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lognonné|first1=P.|last2=Banerdt|first2=W. B.|last3=Giardini|first3=D.|last4=Pike|first4=W. T.|last5=Christensen|first5=U.|last6=Laudet|first6=P.|last7=de Raucourt|first7=S.|last8=Zweifel|first8=P.|last9=Calcutt|first9=S.|last10=Bierwirth|first10=M.|last11=Hurst|first11=K. J.|date=2019-01-28|title=SEIS: Insight's Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|volume=215|issue=1|pages=12|doi=10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6|issn=1572-9672|pmc=6394762|pmid=30880848|bibcode=2019SSRv..215...12L}}</ref>


==Volcanoes of Elysium==
==Volcanoes of Elysium==

Revision as of 14:52, 4 April 2021

This article is about the volcanic province on Mars. For other uses, see Elysium (disambiguation).
Elysium
Colorized topographic map of Elysium and its surroundings, from the MOLA instrument of Mars Global Surveyor. The shield volcano Elysium Mons is at center, with the smaller volcanoes Hecates Tholus and Albor Tholus to its upper and lower right, respectively.
Coordinates24°42′N 150°00′E / 24.7°N 150.0°E / 24.7; 150.0

Elysium, located in the Elysium and Cebrenia quadrangles,[1] is the second largest volcanic region on Mars, after Tharsis.[note 1] The region includes the volcanoes (from north to south) Hecates Tholus, Elysium Mons and Albor Tholus.[2] The province is centered roughly on Elysium Mons at 24°42′N 150°00′E / 24.7°N 150°E / 24.7; 150. Elysium Planitia is a broad plain to the south of Elysium, centered at 3°00′N 154°42′E / 3.0°N 154.7°E / 3.0; 154.7.[3] Another large volcano, Apollinaris Mons, lies south of Elysium Planitia and is not part of the province. Besides having large volcanoes, Elysium has several areas with long trenches, called fossa or fossae (plural) on Mars. They include the Cerberus Fossae, Elysium Fossae, Galaxias Fossae, Hephaestus Fossae, Hyblaeus Fossae, Stygis Fossae and Zephyrus Fossae.

Composition

The southeastern portion of the province is geochemically distinct from the northwest.[4] The southeast is composed of sedimentary and porous rocks.[5] The majority of the southeastern portion is made up of Amazonian-Hesperian volcanic units. Most of the remaining southeastern volcanic units are late Amazonian in nature.[4] In recent history, there were significant groundwater deposits in the region.[6]

It has been hard to study the composition of this province, due to the layer of dust that sits on top of the crust. Investigations in relatively dust-free regions indicate that it is made primarily of high-calcium pyroxene and olivine.[7][8] To a lesser degree, the province is made up of hematite and hydrated silica, among other things.[7] There are no strong magnetic fields in the region.[8] There are some extant near-surface glacial deposits in the caldera of Hecates Tholus, a volcano in the province.[9]

Formation

The southeastern portion of the province is approximately 0.85 billion years younger than the northwestern.[4] The region as a whole has been volcanically active for at least 3.9 billion years, with a peak 2.2 billion years ago, although activity has decreased considerably in the last billion years.[10] The most recent volcanic activity dates to 2 million years ago.[5] The southeastern portion overlaps with Cerberus Fossae; features in this region are thought to have formed due to volcanic and water-related processes, such as phreatomagmatism, relict ice flows, and interactions between lava and water.[4] In general, many flow units in Elysium Planitia (such as Rahway Valles and Marte Vallis) are thought to have their origins in lava originating from this region.[11]

Hecates Tholus erupted ~350 million years ago, with glacial deposits in the resulting caldera dating between 5 and 24 million years ago.[9] Craters in the region are not generally typical of impacts; rather, they are thought to have formed due to explosive volcanism or collapse due to subsurface lava withdrawal.[2]

Observation history

The Elysium volcanic province was first noticed as a distinct martian region as a result of data obtained from the Mariner 9 mission, in the 1970s.[12][13] In 2004, ESA's Mars Express orbiter's HRSC observed the volcanoes in the region.[14][9] The InSight Lander landed just south of the province in 2018,[8] in Elysium Planitia, and has detected marsquakes emanating from this region.[15][16]

Volcanoes of Elysium

Troughs (fossae) in Elysium

  • Troughs to the east of Albor Tholus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
    Troughs to the east of Albor Tholus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
  • Portion of a trough (fossa) in Elysium, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program (blue indicates probably seasonal frost)
    Portion of a trough (fossa) in Elysium, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program (blue indicates probably seasonal frost)
  • A Cerberus Fossae trough, as seen from THEMIS
    A Cerberus Fossae trough, as seen from THEMIS
  • Wind-blown material darkens areas around a Cerberus Fossae trough (scale bar for HiRISE image is 500 m)
    Wind-blown material darkens areas around a Cerberus Fossae trough (scale bar for HiRISE image is 500 m)
  • The Cerberus Fossae, as seen by HiRISE (scale bar is 1.0 km)
    The Cerberus Fossae, as seen by HiRISE (scale bar is 1.0 km)
  • The Elysium Fossae, as seen by HiRISE (click on image to see layers)
    The Elysium Fossae, as seen by HiRISE (click on image to see layers)
  • Two views of the Hephaestus Fossae, as seen by HiRISE (picture on right lies to the top (north) of other picture). Fossae often form by material moving into an underground void.
    Two views of the Hephaestus Fossae, as seen by HiRISE (picture on right lies to the top (north) of other picture). Fossae often form by material moving into an underground void.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Officially, "Elysium" is an albedo feature.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b "Elysium". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  2. ^ a b https://jpl.nasa.gov. "Elysium Mons Volcanic Region". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 2021-02-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  3. ^ "Elysium Planitia". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
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External links

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