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| protein_bound =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = >120 hours (>5 days)<ref name="OettelSchillinger2012" />
| elimination_half-life = >120 hours (>5 days)<ref name="Sitruk-Ware_2012" />
| excretion =
| excretion =


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'''Quinestrol''', also known as '''ethinylestradiol cyclopentyl ether''' ('''EECPE'''), sold under the brand name '''Estrovis''' among others, is an [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]] medication which has been used in [[menopausal hormone therapy]], [[hormonal birth control]], and to treat [[breast cancer]] and [[prostate cancer]].<ref name="Zink1988">{{cite book|author=Christoph Zink|title=Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQlvzV9V7xIC&pg=PA204|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-085727-6|pages=204–}}</ref><ref name="Meikle1999">{{cite book|author=A. Wayne Meikle|title=Hormone Replacement Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ja2nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381|date=1 June 1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-700-0|pages=381–}}</ref> It is taken once per week to once per month [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name="Buchsbaum2012" /><ref name="HorskyPresl2012" /><ref name="HawkinsElder2013" /><ref name="Macmillan1974" />
'''Quinestrol''', also known as '''ethinylestradiol cyclopentyl ether''' ('''EECPE'''), sold under the brand name '''Estrovis''' among others, is an [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]] medication which has been used in [[menopausal hormone therapy]], [[hormonal birth control]], and to treat [[breast cancer]] and [[prostate cancer]].<ref name="Zink_1988">{{cite book| vauthors = Zink C | chapter = Quinestrol |title=Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQlvzV9V7xIC&pg=PA204|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-085727-6|pages=204–}}</ref><ref name="Peterson_1999" /> It is taken once per week to once per month [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name="Quirk_2012" /><ref name="HorskyPresl2012" /><ref name="HawkinsElder2013" /><ref name="Bennett_1974" />


==Medical uses==
==Medical uses==
Quinestrol has been used as the estrogen component in [[menopausal hormone therapy]] and in [[combined hormonal birth control]].<ref name="Zink1988" /><ref name="Meikle1999" /> It has also occasionally been used in the treatment of [[breast cancer]] and [[prostate cancer]], as well as to suppress [[lactation]].<ref name="Zink1988" /><ref name="Meikle1999" /><ref name="Vorherr2012">{{cite book|author=Helmuth Vorherr|title=The Breast: Morphology, Physiology, and Lactation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYxirvD2X2IC&pg=PA201|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-15726-1|pages=201–203}}</ref> On its own as an estrogen, quinestrol was taken once per week [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name="Buchsbaum2012">{{cite book|author=H.J. Buchsbaum|title=The Menopause|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0LuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-5525-3|pages=60–}}</ref> As a [[combined birth control pill]], it was used together with [[quingestanol acetate]] and was taken once per month by mouth.<ref name="HorskyPresl2012">{{cite book|author1=J. Horsky|author2=J. Presl|title=Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA367|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8195-9|pages=85,358,367}}</ref><ref name="HawkinsElder2013">{{cite book|author1=D F Hawkins|author2=M G Elder|title=Human Fertility Control: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lL0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4831-6361-1|pages=92–94}}</ref><ref name="Macmillan1974">{{cite book|title=Chemical Contraception|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FVdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=18 June 1974|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-02287-8|pages=61–}}</ref>
Quinestrol has been used as the estrogen component in [[menopausal hormone therapy]] and in [[combined hormonal birth control]].<ref name="Zink_1988" /><ref name="Peterson_1999" /> It has also occasionally been used in the treatment of [[breast cancer]] and [[prostate cancer]], as well as to suppress [[lactation]].<ref name="Zink_1988" /><ref name="Peterson_1999" /><ref name="Vorherr_2012">{{cite book| vauthors = Vorherr H |title=The Breast: Morphology, Physiology, and Lactation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYxirvD2X2IC&pg=PA201|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-15726-1|pages=201–203}}</ref> On its own as an estrogen, quinestrol was taken once per week [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name="Quirk_2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Quirk Jr JG, Wendel Jr GD | chapter = Biologic effects of natural and synthetic estrogens. | veditors = Buchsbaum HJ |title=The Menopause| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=z0LuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-5525-3|pages=60–}}</ref> As a [[combined birth control pill]], it was used together with [[quingestanol acetate]] and was taken once per month by mouth.<ref name="HorskyPresl2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Horsky | chapter = Contraception | veditors = Horsky J, Presl J |title=Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA367|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8195-9|pages=85,358,367}}</ref><ref name="HawkinsElder2013">{{cite book| vauthors = Hawkins DF, Elder MG | chapter = Other Hormal Contraception Procedures |title=Human Fertility Control: Theory and Practice| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1lL0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4831-6361-1|pages=92–94}}</ref><ref name="Bennett_1974">{{cite book | vauthors = Bennett JP |title=Chemical Contraception|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FVdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=18 June 1974|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-02287-8|pages=61–}}</ref>


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
[[File:Ethinylestradiol.svg|thumb|right|225px|[[Ethinylestradiol]] (EE), the [[active metabolite|active form]] of quinestrol.]]
[[File:Ethinylestradiol.svg|thumb|right|225px|[[Ethinylestradiol]] (EE), the [[active metabolite|active form]] of quinestrol.]]


Quinestrol is a [[prodrug]] of [[ethinylestradiol]] (EE), with no estrogenic activity of its own.<ref name="Meikle1999" /><ref name="pmid6033895">{{cite journal | vauthors = Epstein JA | title = Prolonged menstrual response of patients with gonadal failure following quinestrol administration | journal = Int. J. Fertil. | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–6 | date = 1967 | pmid = 6033895 }}</ref><ref name="pmid4390151">{{cite journal | vauthors = Giannina T, Meli A | title = Prolonged oestrogenic activity in rats after single oral administration of ethinyloestradiol-3-cyclopentyl ether | journal = J. Pharm. Pharmacol. | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 271–2 | date = April 1969 | pmid = 4390151 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08247.x | s2cid = 19407816 }}</ref> It is taken [[oral administration|orally]] and has prolonged activity following a single dose,<ref name="pmid6033895" /><ref name="pmid4390151" /> with a very long [[biological half-life]] of more than 120&nbsp;hours (5&nbsp;days) due to enhanced [[lipophilicity]] and storage in [[fat]].<ref name="Meikle1999" /><ref name="OettelSchillinger2012">{{cite book|author1=Michael Oettel|author2=Ekkehard Schillinger|title=Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBvyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-60107-1|pages=248–}}</ref> Because of its much longer half-life, quinestrol is two to three times as potent as EE.<ref name="Meikle1999">{{cite book|author=A. Wayne Meikle|title=Hormone Replacement Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ja2nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381|date=1 June 1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-700-0|pages=381–}}</ref> Also because of its long half-life, quinestrol can be taken once a week or once a month.<ref name="Meikle1999" /><ref name="Buchsbaum2012" /><ref name="HorskyPresl2012" /><ref name="HawkinsElder2013" /><ref name="Macmillan1974" />
Quinestrol is a [[prodrug]] of [[ethinylestradiol]] (EE), with no estrogenic activity of its own.<ref name="Peterson_1999" /><ref name="pmid6033895">{{cite journal | vauthors = Epstein JA | title = Prolonged menstrual response of patients with gonadal failure following quinestrol administration | journal = International Journal of Fertility | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–186 | date = 1967 | pmid = 6033895 }}</ref><ref name="pmid4390151">{{cite journal | vauthors = Giannina T, Meli A | title = Prolonged oestrogenic activity in rats after single oral administration of ethinyloestradiol-3-cyclopentyl ether | journal = The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 271–272 | date = April 1969 | pmid = 4390151 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08247.x | s2cid = 19407816 }}</ref> It is taken [[oral administration|orally]] and has prolonged activity following a single dose,<ref name="pmid6033895" /><ref name="pmid4390151" /> with a very long [[biological half-life]] of more than 120&nbsp;hours (5&nbsp;days) due to enhanced [[lipophilicity]] and storage in [[fat]].<ref name="Peterson_1999" /><ref name="Sitruk-Ware_2012">{{cite book| vauthors = Sitruk-Ware R | chapter = Pharmacology of Different Administration Routes-Oral vs Transdermal. | veditors = Oettel M, Schillinger E |title=Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wBvyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 |date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-60107-1|pages=248– | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-60107-1_14 }}</ref> Because of its much longer half-life, quinestrol is two to three times as potent as EE.<ref name="Peterson_1999">{{cite book | vauthors = Peterson CM, Udoff LC | chapter = Primary and secondary hypogonadism in women. | veditors = Meikle AW |title=Hormone Replacement Therapy| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ja2nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381|date=1 June 1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-700-0|pages=381–}}</ref> Also because of its long half-life, quinestrol can be taken once a week or once a month.<ref name="Peterson_1999" /><ref name="Quirk_2012" /><ref name="HorskyPresl2012" /><ref name="HawkinsElder2013" /><ref name="Bennett_1974" />


Following administration, quinestrol is absorbed via the [[lymphatic system]], is stored in [[adipose tissue]], and is gradually released from adipose tissue.<ref name="WallachHammond1982">{{cite journal|last1=Wallach|first1=Edward E.|last2=Hammond|first2=Charles B.|last3=Maxson|first3=Wayne S.|title=Current status of estrogen therapy for the menopause|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=37|issue=1|year=1982|pages=5–25|issn=0015-0282|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45970-4|pmid=6277697|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Following administration, quinestrol is absorbed via the [[lymphatic system]], is stored in [[adipose tissue]], and is gradually released from adipose tissue.<ref name="WallachHammond1982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hammond CB, Maxson WS | title = Current status of estrogen therapy for the menopause | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | date = January 1982 | pmid = 6277697 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45970-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


{{Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors}}
{{Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors}}
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{{See also|List of estrogens#Estradiol derivatives|List of estrogen esters#Ethers of steroidal estrogens}}
{{See also|List of estrogens#Estradiol derivatives|List of estrogen esters#Ethers of steroidal estrogens}}


Quinestrol, also known as ethinylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether (EE2CPE), is a [[synthetic compound|synthetic]] [[estrane]] [[steroid]] and a [[chemical derivative|derivative]] of [[estradiol (medication)|estradiol]].<ref name="Elks2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /> It is an [[estrogen ether]], specifically the C3 [[cyclopentane|cyclopentyl]] [[ether]] of [[ethinylestradiol]] (17α-ethynylestradiol).<ref name="Elks2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /> Closely related estrogens include [[mestranol]] (ethinylestradiol 3-methyl ether) and [[ethinylestradiol sulfonate]] (EES; Turisteron; ethinylestradiol 3-isopropylsulfonate).<ref name="Elks2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" />
Quinestrol, also known as ethinylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether (EE2CPE), is a [[synthetic compound|synthetic]] [[estrane]] [[steroid]] and a [[chemical derivative|derivative]] of [[estradiol (medication)|estradiol]].<ref name="Elks_2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /> It is an [[estrogen ether]], specifically the C3 [[cyclopentane|cyclopentyl]] [[ether]] of [[ethinylestradiol]] (17α-ethynylestradiol).<ref name="Elks_2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /> Closely related estrogens include [[mestranol]] (ethinylestradiol 3-methyl ether) and [[ethinylestradiol sulfonate]] (EES; Turisteron; ethinylestradiol 3-isopropylsulfonate).<ref name="Elks_2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" />


==History==
==History==
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===Generic names===
===Generic names===
''Quinestrol'' is the [[generic term|generic name]] of the drug and its {{abbrlink|INN|International Nonproprietary Name}}, {{abbrlink|USAN|United States Adopted Name}}, and {{abbrlink|BAN|British Approved Name}}.<ref name="Elks2014">{{cite book|author=J. Elks|title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA522|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3|pages=522–}}</ref><ref name="IndexNominum2000">{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA905|date=January 2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=905–}}</ref><ref name="MortonHall2012">{{cite book|author1=I.K. Morton|author2=Judith M. Hall|title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-4439-1|pages=243–}}</ref><ref name="Drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/quinestrol.html ]{{dead link|date=September 2022}}</ref> It is also known by its former developmental code name ''W-3566''.<ref name="Elks2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /><ref name="MortonHall2012" /><ref name="Drugs.com" />
''Quinestrol'' is the [[generic term|generic name]] of the drug and its {{abbrlink|INN|International Nonproprietary Name}}, {{abbrlink|USAN|United States Adopted Name}}, and {{abbrlink|BAN|British Approved Name}}.<ref name="Elks_2014">{{cite book| vauthors = Elks J |title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA522|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3|pages=522–}}</ref><ref name="IndexNominum2000">{{cite book | chapter = Quinestrol |title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA905|date=January 2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=905–}}</ref><ref name="Morton_2012">{{cite book| vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-4439-1|pages=243–}}</ref><ref name="Drugs.com">{{cite web | title = Quinestrol | work = Drugs.com | url = https://www.drugs.com/international/quinestrol.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020003656/https://www.drugs.com/international/quinestrol.html | archive-date = 20 October 2015}}</ref> It is also known by its former developmental code name ''W-3566''.<ref name="Elks_2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /><ref name="Morton_2012" /><ref name="Drugs.com" />


===Brand names===
===Brand names===
Quinestrol has been marketed under brand names including Agalacto-Quilea, Basaquines, Eston, Estrovis, Estrovister, Plestrovis, Qui-Lea, Soluna, and Yueketing, among others.<ref name="Elks2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /><ref name="MortonHall2012" /><ref name="Drugs.com" />
Quinestrol has been marketed under brand names including Agalacto-Quilea, Basaquines, Eston, Estrovis, Estrovister, Plestrovis, Qui-Lea, Soluna, and Yueketing, among others.<ref name="Elks_2014" /><ref name="IndexNominum2000" /><ref name="Morton_2012" /><ref name="Drugs.com" />


===Availability===
===Availability===
Quinestrol was marketed as ''Estrovis'' in the [[United States]] by [[Parke-Davis]] and as ''Qui-Lea'' in [[Argentina]],<ref name="IndexNominum2000" /> but is reportedly not currently marketed.<ref name="Meikle1999" /> However, it does appear to still be available as an [[oral contraceptive]] in combination with [[progestin]]s in Argentina and [[China]].<ref name="Drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/quinestrol.html ]{{dead link|date=September 2022}}</ref>
Quinestrol was marketed as ''Estrovis'' in the [[United States]] by [[Parke-Davis]] and as ''Qui-Lea'' in [[Argentina]],<ref name="IndexNominum2000" /> but is reportedly not currently marketed.<ref name="Peterson_1999" /> However, it does appear to still be available as an [[oral contraceptive]] in combination with [[progestin]]s in Argentina and [[China]].<ref name="Drugs.com" />


One tablet form available in China consists of 6&nbsp;mg levonorgestrel and 3&nbsp;mg quinestrol; it is used as a prescription "long-term" oral contraceptive, with one dose taken each month.<ref name="Drugs.com"/><ref name="tmall_levono_quin_tab">{{cite web|url=https://detail.yao.95095.com/item.htm?id=528371420852|title=悦可婷 左炔诺孕酮炔雌醚片 6片/盒|website=Tmall|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180716053328/https://detail.yao.95095.com/item.htm?id=528371420852|archive-date=2018-07-16|access-date=2018-07-16|quote=初次服药时，于月经来潮的当天算起第五天午饭后服药一次，间隔20天服第二次，以后就以第二次服药日为每月的服药日期，每月服一片。原服用短效口服避孕药改服长效避孕药时，可在服完22片后的第二天接服长效避孕药一片，以后每月按开始服长效避孕药的同一日期服药一片。 }}</ref> It is sold under various brand names including Yuèkětíng ({{zh|悦可婷}}) and Àiyuè ({{zh|艾悦}}). A version with the racemic [[norgestrel]] in place of levonorgestrel also appears to be available.<ref name="Drugs.com"/>
One tablet form available in China consists of 6&nbsp;mg levonorgestrel and 3&nbsp;mg quinestrol; it is used as a prescription "long-term" oral contraceptive, with one dose taken each month.<ref name="Drugs.com"/><ref name="tmall_levono_quin_tab">{{cite web|url=https://detail.yao.95095.com/item.htm?id=528371420852|title=悦可婷 左炔诺孕酮炔雌醚片 6片/盒 | trans-title = Yueketing Levonorgestrel Ethinylestradiol Tablets 6 Pieces/Box |language = Chinese |website=Tmall|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180716053328/https://detail.yao.95095.com/item.htm?id=528371420852|archive-date=2018-07-16|access-date=2018-07-16|quote=When taking the medicine for the first time, take the medicine once after lunch on the fifth day counting from the day of menstrual cramps, and take the second medicine at an interval of 20 days. Afterwards, take the second medicine taking day as the monthly medicine taking date, and take one tablet every month. When changing from short-acting oral contraceptives to long-acting contraceptives, you can take one long-acting contraceptive the next day after taking 22 tablets, and then take one tablet every month on the same day you started taking long-acting contraceptives. }}</ref> It is sold under various brand names including Yuèkětíng ({{zh|悦可婷}}) and Àiyuè ({{zh|艾悦}}). A version with the racemic [[norgestrel]] in place of levonorgestrel also appears to be available.<ref name="Drugs.com"/>


==Veterinary use==
==Veterinary use==


===Rodents===
===Rodents===
The Chinese levonorgestrel/quinestrol 2:1 formula is known as EP-1 in veterinary practice. It is known to have some organ-specific effects on the [[Mongolian gerbil]] as measured by receptor mRNA expression.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lv |first1=Xiaohui |last2=Shi |first2=Dazhao |title=Combined Effects of Levonorgestrel and Quinestrol on Reproductive Hormone Levels and Receptor Expression in Females of the Mongolian Gerbil |journal=Zoological Science |date=January 2012 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=37–42 |doi=10.2108/zsj.29.37 |pmid=22233494 |s2cid=22347486 }}</ref> Incorporated into baits at a concentration of 50&nbsp;ppm, EP-1 has been used to control wild Mongolian gerbil populations with some success.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=FU |first1=Heping |last2=ZHANG |first2=Jinwei |last3=SHI |first3=Dazhao |last4=WU |first4=Xiaodong |title=Effects of levonorgestrel-quinestrol (EP-1) treatment on Mongolian gerbil wild populations: a case study |journal=Integrative Zoology |date=September 2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=277–284 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12018 |pmid=24020466}}</ref>
The Chinese levonorgestrel/quinestrol 2:1 formula is known as EP-1 in veterinary practice. It is known to have some organ-specific effects on the [[Mongolian gerbil]] as measured by receptor mRNA expression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lv X, Shi D | title = Combined effects of levonorgestrel and quinestrol on reproductive hormone levels and receptor expression in females of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) | journal = Zoological Science | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22233494 | doi = 10.2108/zsj.29.37 | s2cid = 22347486 }}</ref> Incorporated into baits at a concentration of 50&nbsp;ppm, EP-1 has been used to control wild Mongolian gerbil populations with some success.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu H, Zhang J, Shi D, Wu X | title = Effects of levonorgestrel-quinestrol (EP-1) treatment on Mongolian gerbil wild populations: a case study | journal = Integrative Zoology | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 277–284 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24020466 | doi = 10.1111/1749-4877.12018 }}</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}



{{Estrogens and antiestrogens}}
{{Estrogens and antiestrogens}}

Revision as of 08:25, 16 June 2023

Quinestrol
Clinical data
Trade namesEstrovis, others
Other namesQuinoestrol; Quinestrenol; Quinoestrenol; Ethinylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether; EECPE; EE2CPE; W-3566; 3-(Cyclopentyloxy)-17α-ethynylestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classEstrogen; Estrogen ether
ATC code
  • None
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life>120 hours (>5 days)[1]
Identifiers
  • (8R,9S,13S,14S,17R)-3-cyclopentyloxy-17-ethynyl-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-ol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.005.277 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC25H32O2
Molar mass364.529 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O(c1ccc2c(c1)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]4CC[C@](C#C)(O)[C@@]4(C)CC[C@H]23)C5CCCC5
  • InChI=1S/C25H32O2/c1-3-25(26)15-13-23-22-10-8-17-16-19(27-18-6-4-5-7-18)9-11-20(17)21(22)12-14-24(23,25)2/h1,9,11,16,18,21-23,26H,4-8,10,12-15H2,2H3/t21-,22-,23+,24+,25+/m1/s1 checkY
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Quinestrol, also known as ethinylestradiol cyclopentyl ether (EECPE), sold under the brand name Estrovis among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy, hormonal birth control, and to treat breast cancer and prostate cancer.[2][3] It is taken once per week to once per month by mouth.[4][5][6][7]

Medical uses

Quinestrol has been used as the estrogen component in menopausal hormone therapy and in combined hormonal birth control.[2][3] It has also occasionally been used in the treatment of breast cancer and prostate cancer, as well as to suppress lactation.[2][3][8] On its own as an estrogen, quinestrol was taken once per week by mouth.[4] As a combined birth control pill, it was used together with quingestanol acetate and was taken once per month by mouth.[5][6][7]

Pharmacology

Ethinylestradiol (EE), the active form of quinestrol.

Quinestrol is a prodrug of ethinylestradiol (EE), with no estrogenic activity of its own.[3][9][10] It is taken orally and has prolonged activity following a single dose,[9][10] with a very long biological half-life of more than 120 hours (5 days) due to enhanced lipophilicity and storage in fat.[3][1] Because of its much longer half-life, quinestrol is two to three times as potent as EE.[3] Also because of its long half-life, quinestrol can be taken once a week or once a month.[3][4][5][6][7]

Following administration, quinestrol is absorbed via the lymphatic system, is stored in adipose tissue, and is gradually released from adipose tissue.[11]

Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors
Estrogen Other names RBATooltip Relative binding affinity (%)a REP (%)b
ER ERα ERβ
Estradiol E2 100 100 100
Estradiol 3-sulfate E2S; E2-3S ? 0.02 0.04
Estradiol 3-glucuronide E2-3G ? 0.02 0.09
Estradiol 17β-glucuronide E2-17G ? 0.002 0.0002
Estradiol benzoate EB; Estradiol 3-benzoate 10 1.1 0.52
Estradiol 17β-acetate E2-17A 31–45 24 ?
Estradiol diacetate EDA; Estradiol 3,17β-diacetate ? 0.79 ?
Estradiol propionate EP; Estradiol 17β-propionate 19–26 2.6 ?
Estradiol valerate EV; Estradiol 17β-valerate 2–11 0.04–21 ?
Estradiol cypionate EC; Estradiol 17β-cypionate ?c 4.0 ?
Estradiol palmitate Estradiol 17β-palmitate 0 ? ?
Estradiol stearate Estradiol 17β-stearate 0 ? ?
Estrone E1; 17-Ketoestradiol 11 5.3–38 14
Estrone sulfate E1S; Estrone 3-sulfate 2 0.004 0.002
Estrone glucuronide E1G; Estrone 3-glucuronide ? <0.001 0.0006
Ethinylestradiol EE; 17α-Ethynylestradiol 100 17–150 129
Mestranol EE 3-methyl ether 1 1.3–8.2 0.16
Quinestrol EE 3-cyclopentyl ether ? 0.37 ?
Footnotes: a = Relative binding affinities (RBAs) were determined via in-vitro displacement of labeled estradiol from estrogen receptors (ERs) generally of rodent uterine cytosol. Estrogen esters are variably hydrolyzed into estrogens in these systems (shorter ester chain length -> greater rate of hydrolysis) and the ER RBAs of the esters decrease strongly when hydrolysis is prevented. b = Relative estrogenic potencies (REPs) were calculated from half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) that were determined via in-vitro β‐galactosidase (β-gal) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) production assays in yeast expressing human ERα and human ERβ. Both mammalian cells and yeast have the capacity to hydrolyze estrogen esters. c = The affinities of estradiol cypionate for the ERs are similar to those of estradiol valerate and estradiol benzoate (figure). Sources: See template page.
Potencies of oral estrogens[data sources 1]
Compound Dosage for specific uses (mg usually)[a]
ETD[b] EPD[b] MSD[b] MSD[c] OID[c] TSD[c]
Estradiol (non-micronized) 30 ≥120–300 120 6 - -
Estradiol (micronized) 6–12 60–80 14–42 1–2 >5 >8
Estradiol valerate 6–12 60–80 14–42 1–2 - >8
Estradiol benzoate - 60–140 - - - -
Estriol ≥20 120–150[d] 28–126 1–6 >5 -
Estriol succinate - 140–150[d] 28–126 2–6 - -
Estrone sulfate 12 60 42 2 - -
Conjugated estrogens 5–12 60–80 8.4–25 0.625–1.25 >3.75 7.5
Ethinylestradiol 200 μg 1–2 280 μg 20–40 μg 100 μg 100 μg
Mestranol 300 μg 1.5–3.0 300–600 μg 25–30 μg >80 μg -
Quinestrol 300 μg 2–4 500 μg 25–50 μg - -
Methylestradiol - 2 - - - -
Diethylstilbestrol 2.5 20–30 11 0.5–2.0 >5 3
DES dipropionate - 15–30 - - - -
Dienestrol 5 30–40 42 0.5–4.0 - -
Dienestrol diacetate 3–5 30–60 - - - -
Hexestrol - 70–110 - - - -
Chlorotrianisene - >100 - - >48 -
Methallenestril - 400 - - - -
Sources and footnotes:
  1. ^ [12][13][14][15][16][17] [18][19][20][21] [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
  1. ^ Dosages are given in milligrams unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ a b c Dosed every 2 to 3 weeks
  3. ^ a b c Dosed daily
  4. ^ a b In divided doses, 3x/day; irregular and atypical proliferation.

Chemistry

See also: List of estrogens § Estradiol derivatives, and List of estrogen esters § Ethers of steroidal estrogens

Quinestrol, also known as ethinylestradiol 3-cyclopentyl ether (EE2CPE), is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of estradiol.[31][32] It is an estrogen ether, specifically the C3 cyclopentyl ether of ethinylestradiol (17α-ethynylestradiol).[31][32] Closely related estrogens include mestranol (ethinylestradiol 3-methyl ether) and ethinylestradiol sulfonate (EES; Turisteron; ethinylestradiol 3-isopropylsulfonate).[31][32]

History

Quinestrol was developed and introduced for medical use in the 1960s.[33]

Society and culture

Generic names

Quinestrol is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, and BANTooltip British Approved Name.[31][32][34][35] It is also known by its former developmental code name W-3566.[31][32][34][35]

Brand names

Quinestrol has been marketed under brand names including Agalacto-Quilea, Basaquines, Eston, Estrovis, Estrovister, Plestrovis, Qui-Lea, Soluna, and Yueketing, among others.[31][32][34][35]

Availability

Quinestrol was marketed as Estrovis in the United States by Parke-Davis and as Qui-Lea in Argentina,[32] but is reportedly not currently marketed.[3] However, it does appear to still be available as an oral contraceptive in combination with progestins in Argentina and China.[35]

One tablet form available in China consists of 6 mg levonorgestrel and 3 mg quinestrol; it is used as a prescription "long-term" oral contraceptive, with one dose taken each month.[35][36] It is sold under various brand names including Yuèkětíng (Chinese: 悦可婷) and Àiyuè (Chinese: 艾悦). A version with the racemic norgestrel in place of levonorgestrel also appears to be available.[35]

Veterinary use

Rodents

The Chinese levonorgestrel/quinestrol 2:1 formula is known as EP-1 in veterinary practice. It is known to have some organ-specific effects on the Mongolian gerbil as measured by receptor mRNA expression.[37] Incorporated into baits at a concentration of 50 ppm, EP-1 has been used to control wild Mongolian gerbil populations with some success.[38]

References

  1. ^ a b Sitruk-Ware R (6 December 2012). "Pharmacology of Different Administration Routes-Oral vs Transdermal.". In Oettel M, Schillinger E (eds.). Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 248–. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60107-1_14. ISBN 978-3-642-60107-1.
  2. ^ a b c Zink C (1 January 1988). "Quinestrol". Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-3-11-085727-6.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Peterson CM, Udoff LC (1 June 1999). "Primary and secondary hypogonadism in women.". In Meikle AW (ed.). Hormone Replacement Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 381–. ISBN 978-1-59259-700-0.
  4. ^ a b c Quirk Jr JG, Wendel Jr GD (6 December 2012). "Biologic effects of natural and synthetic estrogens.". In Buchsbaum HJ (ed.). The Menopause. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-4612-5525-3.
  5. ^ a b c Horsky (6 December 2012). "Contraception". In Horsky J, Presl J (eds.). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 85, 358, 367. ISBN 978-94-009-8195-9.
  6. ^ a b c Hawkins DF, Elder MG (22 October 2013). "Other Hormal Contraception Procedures". Human Fertility Control: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Science. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-1-4831-6361-1.
  7. ^ a b c Bennett JP (18 June 1974). Chemical Contraception. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-1-349-02287-8.
  8. ^ Vorherr H (2 December 2012). The Breast: Morphology, Physiology, and Lactation. Elsevier Science. pp. 201–203. ISBN 978-0-323-15726-1.
  9. ^ a b Epstein JA (1967). "Prolonged menstrual response of patients with gonadal failure following quinestrol administration". International Journal of Fertility. 12 (2): 181–186. PMID 6033895.
  10. ^ a b Giannina T, Meli A (April 1969). "Prolonged oestrogenic activity in rats after single oral administration of ethinyloestradiol-3-cyclopentyl ether". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 21 (4): 271–272. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08247.x. PMID 4390151. S2CID 19407816.
  11. ^ Hammond CB, Maxson WS (January 1982). "Current status of estrogen therapy for the menopause". Fertility and Sterility. 37 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45970-4. PMID 6277697.
  12. ^ Lauritzen C (September 1990). "Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 199–214. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(90)90004-P. PMID 2215269.
  13. ^ Lauritzen C (June 1977). "[Estrogen thearpy in practice. 3. Estrogen preparations and combination preparations]" [Estrogen therapy in practice. 3. Estrogen preparations and combination preparations]. Fortschritte Der Medizin (in German). 95 (21): 1388–92. PMID 559617.
  14. ^ Wolf AS, Schneider HP (12 March 2013). Östrogene in Diagnostik und Therapie. Springer-Verlag. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-3-642-75101-1.
  15. ^ Göretzlehner G, Lauritzen C, Römer T, Rossmanith W (1 January 2012). Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-3-11-024568-4.
  16. ^ Knörr K, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (17 April 2013). Lehrbuch der Gynäkologie. Springer-Verlag. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-3-662-00942-0.
  17. ^ Horský J, Presl J (1981). "Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle". In Horsky J, Presl J (eds.). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 309–332. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_11. ISBN 978-94-009-8195-9.
  18. ^ Pschyrembel W (1968). Praktische Gynäkologie: für Studierende und Ärzte. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 598–599. ISBN 978-3-11-150424-7.
  19. ^ Lauritzen CH (January 1976). "The female climacteric syndrome: significance, problems, treatment". Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 51: 47–61. doi:10.3109/00016347509156433. PMID 779393.
  20. ^ Lauritzen C (1975). "The Female Climacteric Syndrome: Significance, Problems, Treatment". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 54 (s51): 48–61. doi:10.3109/00016347509156433. ISSN 0001-6349.
  21. ^ Kopera H (1991). "Hormone der Gonaden". Hormonelle Therapie für die Frau. Kliniktaschenbücher. pp. 59–124. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95670-6_6. ISBN 978-3-540-54554-5. ISSN 0172-777X.
  22. ^ Scott WW, Menon M, Walsh PC (April 1980). "Hormonal Therapy of Prostatic Cancer". Cancer. 45 (Suppl 7): 1929–1936. doi:10.1002/cncr.1980.45.s7.1929. PMID 29603164.
  23. ^ Leinung MC, Feustel PJ, Joseph J (2018). "Hormonal Treatment of Transgender Women with Oral Estradiol". Transgender Health. 3 (1): 74–81. doi:10.1089/trgh.2017.0035. PMC 5944393. PMID 29756046.
  24. ^ Ryden AB (1950). "Natural and synthetic oestrogenic substances; their relative effectiveness when administered orally". Acta Endocrinologica. 4 (2): 121–39. doi:10.1530/acta.0.0040121. PMID 15432047.
  25. ^ Ryden AB (1951). "The effectiveness of natural and synthetic oestrogenic substances in women". Acta Endocrinologica. 8 (2): 175–91. doi:10.1530/acta.0.0080175. PMID 14902290.
  26. ^ Kottmeier HL (1947). "Ueber blutungen in der menopause: Speziell der klinischen bedeutung eines endometriums mit zeichen hormonaler beeinflussung: Part I". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 27 (s6): 1–121. doi:10.3109/00016344709154486. ISSN 0001-6349. There is no doubt that the conversion of the endometrium with injections of both synthetic and native estrogenic hormone preparations succeeds, but the opinion whether native, orally administered preparations can produce a proliferation mucosa changes with different authors. PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD (1939) was able to show that 90% of the folliculin taken up in the blood of the vena portae is inactivated in the liver. Neither KAUFMANN (1933, 1935), RAUSCHER (1939, 1942) nor HERRNBERGER (1941) succeeded in bringing a castration endometrium into proliferation using large doses of orally administered preparations of estrone or estradiol. Other results are reported by NEUSTAEDTER (1939), LAUTERWEIN (1940) and FERIN (1941); they succeeded in converting an atrophic castration endometrium into an unambiguous proliferation mucosa with 120–300 oestradiol or with 380 oestrone.
  27. ^ Rietbrock N, Staib AH, Loew D (11 March 2013). Klinische Pharmakologie: Arzneitherapie. Springer-Verlag. pp. 426–. ISBN 978-3-642-57636-2.
  28. ^ Martinez-Manautou J, Rudel HW (1966). "Antiovulatory Activity of Several Synthetic and Natural Estrogens". In Robert Benjamin Greenblatt (ed.). Ovulation: Stimulation, Suppression, and Detection. Lippincott. pp. 243–253.
  29. ^ Herr F, Revesz C, Manson AJ, Jewell JB (1970). "Biological Properties of Estrogen Sulfates". Chemical and Biological Aspects of Steroid Conjugation. pp. 368–408. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49793-3_8. ISBN 978-3-642-49506-9.
  30. ^ Duncan CJ, Kistner RW, Mansell H (October 1956). "Suppression of ovulation by trip-anisyl chloroethylene (TACE)". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 8 (4): 399–407. PMID 13370006.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 522–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g "Quinestrol". Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 905–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  33. ^ Medical Gynaecology and Sociology. Medical and Scientific Services Limited. 1967. [...] J. Fertil., 1967, 12, 2) contains 23 papers presented at a symposium on QUINESTROL. Quinestrol is a newly-developed synthetic steroid, and is the cyclo-pentyl ether of a ethinyl oestradiol.
  34. ^ a b c Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 243–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  35. ^ a b c d e f "Quinestrol". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015.
  36. ^ "悦可婷 左炔诺孕酮炔雌醚片 6片/盒" [Yueketing Levonorgestrel Ethinylestradiol Tablets 6 Pieces/Box]. Tmall (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2018-07-16. When taking the medicine for the first time, take the medicine once after lunch on the fifth day counting from the day of menstrual cramps, and take the second medicine at an interval of 20 days. Afterwards, take the second medicine taking day as the monthly medicine taking date, and take one tablet every month. When changing from short-acting oral contraceptives to long-acting contraceptives, you can take one long-acting contraceptive the next day after taking 22 tablets, and then take one tablet every month on the same day you started taking long-acting contraceptives.
  37. ^ Lv X, Shi D (January 2012). "Combined effects of levonorgestrel and quinestrol on reproductive hormone levels and receptor expression in females of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)". Zoological Science. 29 (1): 37–42. doi:10.2108/zsj.29.37. PMID 22233494. S2CID 22347486.
  38. ^ Fu H, Zhang J, Shi D, Wu X (September 2013). "Effects of levonorgestrel-quinestrol (EP-1) treatment on Mongolian gerbil wild populations: a case study". Integrative Zoology. 8 (3): 277–284. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12018. PMID 24020466.
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