Jump to content

Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) by country: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
RayHBanks (talk | contribs)
914 edits
→‎Western Sahara: adding entry for Zambia
RayHBanks (talk | contribs)
914 edits
→‎Russian Federation [Asian portion]: adding Altai Republic data
Line 485: Line 485:
A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 [[Mansi people|Mansi]], 4% were G, and among 106 [[Khanty people|Khanty]] none were G.<ref name="Pimenoff2008">{{cite journal |author=Pimenoff VN, Comas D, Palo JU, Vershubsky G, Kozlov A, Sajantila A |title=Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=1254–64 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18506205 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.101}}</ref>
A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 [[Mansi people|Mansi]], 4% were G, and among 106 [[Khanty people|Khanty]] none were G.<ref name="Pimenoff2008">{{cite journal |author=Pimenoff VN, Comas D, Palo JU, Vershubsky G, Kozlov A, Sajantila A |title=Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=1254–64 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18506205 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.101}}</ref>


In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.<ref name="Sengupta2006"/> In a 2011 study of the Altai Republic <ref name="Dulik2011">{{cite journal |author=Dulik M, Osipova LP, Schurr TG |title=Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions |journal=PloSone |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e17548 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21412412 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055870/pdf/pone.0017548.pdf}}</ref>among 119 samples, 3.4% were G1 and 1.7%% were G2a.
In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.<ref name="Sengupta2006"/>


===Sri Lanka===
===Sri Lanka===

Revision as of 07:00, 13 January 2012

In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup

Main article: Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)

None of the sampling done by research studies shown here would qualify as true random sampling, and thus any percentages of haplogroup G provided country by country are only rough approximations of what would be found in the full population. There is evidence, however, that most authors tried to obtain samples primarily from persons with histories of long residences in the locale sampled.

Africa

Algeria

In 46 samples taken in Algeria in a 2008 study, 2% were found to be G. SNP testing was not done, but this one sample was predicted G based on haplotype. When originally tested for SNPs, G was not an available test.[1] In a 2011 study, none of 20 samples from Berber Mozabites in Algeria were G.[2]

Angola

In a 2011 study, no G was found in Angola among 27 Bantus, 11 Ganguela, 25 Kuvale, 74 Nyaneka Nkhumbi, and 93 Umbundus.[2]

Benin

In a 2004 study among 100 samples from Fons in Benin, 0% were G.[3]

Botswana

In a 2011 study, in Botswana no G was found among 30 Kalangas and 20 Tswanas.[2]

Burkina Faso

In a 2011 study, in Burkina Faso no G was found among 40 Bissa and 42 Kassena and 40 Lyela and 33 Marka and 36 Mossi and 33 Nuna and 24 Pana and 79 Samos and 21 Samoyas.[2]

Cameroon

Of 85 samples taken in 2004 among the Bamileke of southern Cameroon none were G, and likewise there were no G samples found among 14 Bantus there.[3] In a 2011 study, in Cameroon no G was found among 5 Bakas, 20 Bakolas, 4 Fangs and 24 Ngumbas.[2]

Central African Republic

In a 2011 study, in the Central African Republic no G was found among 23 Biaka pygmy men.[2]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

In a 2011 srudy, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo no G was found among 12 Mbalas and 11 Mbuti pygmies and 12 Mbuuns and 11 Pende and 13 Yansi.[2]

Egypt

Of 147 samples from among Egyptians in Egypt (2004), 9% were G.[3] And in a 2009 study, among 116 Egyptians, 6.9% were G.[4]

Ethiopia

Among 17 Jews of Ethiopia, none were found to be G.[5] These men were apparently living in Israel at the time of the study.

In a 2011 study, no G found among 98 men of the Omo Valley area in Ethiopia.[2]

Gabon

In a 2011 study, no G found in Gabon among 50 Akele and 33 Baka and 5 Bekwil and 46 Duma and 42 Eshira and 24 Eviya and 60 Fangs and 47 Galoa and 53 Kota and 43 Makinas and 1 Mbaouin and 36 Ndumus and 57 Nzebi and 47 Obambas and 6 Okandes and 21 Orungus and 58 Punus and 43 Shakes and 48 Atekes and 60 Tsogos. But one G person found among 48 Benga.[2]

Guinea-Bissau

Among 282 samples within 7 populations of Guinea-Bissau 0% were G.[6]

Kenya

Of 28 samples from Bantus in Kenya in a 2004 study, 0% were G.[3] In a 2011 study, no G found in Kenya among 10 Bantus and 79 Maasai.[2]

Libya

A survey of the population of Libya based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but a close approximation for the population in Tripoli in the western part of the country based on the STR markers of 63 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 7.9% are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Of 20 Jews of Libya, 10% were found to be G.[5] These men seemingly were then living in Israel.

Madagascar

Among 133 samples from Madagascar, none were reported as G. Of these, 124 samples came from the southeastern coast, and 9 were from the north central highlands.[9]

Morocco

In 147 samples taken in Morocco, 1% were found to be G.[1]

In another study 1% of 312 samples in Morocco were G.[10]

Another study gathered samples only from hamlets in Morocco's Azgour Valley, where none of 33 samples were determined G.[11] These hamlets were selected because they were felt to be typically Berber in composition.

A study of 20 Moroccan Jews found 30% were G.[5] The tested men were then apparently living in Israel. Another study of Jewish men found 19.3% of 83 Jewish men from Morocco belonged to haplogroup G.[12]

Namibia

In a 2011 study, no G found in Namibia among 6 San men.[2]

Nigeria

In a 2011 study, no G found in Nigeria among 12 Yoruba men.[2]

Rwanda

Of 69 samples taken in Rwanda in a 2004 study among the Hutus and 94 among the Tutsis, 0% were G.[3]

São Tomé and Príncipe

Of 138 samples taken in 3 populations within the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe, none were G.[13]

Senegal

In a 2011 study, in Senegal no G was found among 15 Madenka men.[2]

South Africa

In a 2011 study, in South Africa no G was found among 8 Bantu men.[2]

Sudan

Of 445 samples taken among 15 different populations in Sudan, none were reported as G.[14]

Tanzania

Of 43 samples in a 2004 study of Wairaks in Tanzania, 0% were G.[3] In a 2011 study, no G found in Tanzania among 23 Burunge and 31 Datoga and 54 Hadza and 14 Mbugwe and 67 Sandawe and 30 Sukumas and 20 Turu and 2 WaFiome.[2]

Tunisia

In 139 samples taken in Tunisia, 0% were found to be G in a 2008 study.[1] In another study in the same year, 0% of 52 samples were G.[10]

Uganda

In a 2011 study, no G found in n.e.Uganda among 118 Karimojongs.[2]

Western Sahara

In 29 samples taken among the Saharawi in Western Sahara, 0% were found to be G.[1]

Zambia

In a 2011 study, no G was found in Zambia among 10 Bembas and 36 Bisa and 4 Chewa and 36 Kunda and 5 Lundas and 2 Aushi and 5 Chokwe and 6 Kaonde and 8 Luchazi and 16 Luvale and 1 Yauma and 2 Ila and 2 Lenje and 30 Tongas and 2 Tswana and 30 Fwe and 1 Kangala and 2 Lozi and 27 Kwamashi and 134 Luyana and 2 Mambwe and 2 Mbukushu and 40 Mbunda and 1 Ngoni and 29 Nkoya and 2 Nsenga and 11 Nyengo and 29 Shanjo and 11 Subiya and 1 Tebele and 15 Totela and 1 Tumbuka and 1 Umbundu and 1 Yeyi. But 1 of 2 Lala samples was G.[2]

Anatolia, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula

Cyprus

Among 166 samples from Cyprus, 13.3% were G.[10]

Iraq

Among 139 samples taken in Iraq, 2.2% were found to be G.[15]

One study sampled 20 Iraqi Jews (apparently living in Israel), and 10% were found to be G2a (P15+).[5] Another study of Iraqi Jews found 10.1% of 79 men were G.[12]

Israel

Among 738 Jews in Israel 9.8% were found to be G. The G2a (P15+) types were in the majority, with G2c being the next most common type.[16]

Among the Islamic Druze, G was found in 4% of 37 samples on the Golan Heights; in 14% of 183 samples in the Galilee; and in 12% of 35 samples in the Carmel.[17] Another study which sampled 20 Druze men apparently living in Israel, none had the G mutation.[5]

Among Palestinians apparently living in Israel, 75% of 20 samples were found to be G2a (P15+).[5] In the same study, among Samaritans in Israel none of 12 samples was G. In the CEPH-HDGP "Central Israel" Palestinian sample (n=17), 59% (10) were G. These were G2a3b-P303. "Central Israel Palestnians" are very likely to be the Abu Ghosh Palestinian clan of the Jerusalem region, who accepted Israeli citizenship in 1948. This clan is known to have be of Circassian origin from the Caucasus.[citation needed]

A study of 329 Druze men found 12.5% were haplogroup G.[12] This study was not confined to Israel, but was probably mostly Israeli.

Jordan

Among 273 samples taken in Jordan, 5.5% were G.[4]

In another study, 5.9% of 101 Jordanian samples at Amman were G, and 0% of 45 samples in the Dead Sea area in Jordan were G.[18]

Kuwait

In 42 samples taken in Kuwait, 2.4% were G.[4]

In a study confined to Bedouin tribes of Kuwait, among 148 samples 3.4% were G. Most of these were found among the Aniza. All these were G2a (P15+).[19]

Lebanon

In 916 samples from Lebanon, 6% were G.[20]

In 29 samples from another study among the Druze in Lebanon, none were G in contrast to significant percentages of G among them in Syria and Israel.[17]

Oman

Of 121 samples taken among Arabs of Oman, 2% were G.[3]

Palestine

Among 291 samples taken in Palestine 8.9% were G.[10]

Qatar

In 72 samples taken in Qatar, 2.8% were G. All were G2a (P15+).[21]

Saudi Arabia

Among 22 samples taken in Saudi Arabia in a 2005 study, 4.5% were G.[22] In another study from 2009, of 157 Saudi samples, 0.64% were G1 and 2.55% G2.[23]

Syrian Arab Republic

Among 356 samples taken in Syria, 4.8% were G.[4]

In another study of Syria, 5.5% of 200 samples were G.[10] In yet another study, 3.5% of 87 Syrian samples were G.[22]

In another study, among 26 samples taken among the Druze in Syria 14% were G.[17]

Turkey

Among 523 samples from Turkey, 9.2% were G.[24] The G1/G1a samples were found only among the northeastern Turkey samples. The single G2c* was found in Kars Province in the far northeast. Of the 9.2% G total, the G samples were found in each of the following subgroups: (a) G2c*(M377+ M283-) n=1; (b) G1* (M342+) n=1; (c) G1a (P20+) n=4; (d) G2a* (P15+) n=37; (e) G2a1 (P16+) n=5; and (f) G2b (M286+) n=1.

Among 87 Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in southeastern Turkey, 2.3% were found to be G. And among 27 Zazaki-speaking Kurds in the same area, 3.7% were G.[25]

A 2008 doctoral dissertation[26] that sampled 140 men in four towns in central Turkey found 4 of 49 men at Merkez were G2, 1 of 30 at Eskikoy, and none of 31 and 30 men respectively at Dogukoy and Gocmankoy were G2. However, the author only applied prediction software to STR samples to determine the haplogroups. He concluded that the genetic diversity found suggests "multiple ancestral populations contributed to the genetic make-up of the area." One G2 man had known origins in northeastern Turkey.

United Arab Emirates

In 164 samples taken in the United Arab Emirates, 4.2% were G. The majority were of the G1 type.[21]

Yemen

In 62 samples taken in Yemen, 1.6% were G. All were G2a (P15+).[21]

In another study that concentrated on the island of Soqotra, none of 63 samples was G.[27]

In another study among 20 Jewish Yemenis, 5% were G2a (P15+) and another 5% were G1 (M285+).[5] These men were apparently then living in Israel. A 2010 study of Jewish men found 0% of 74 Jewish men from Yemen were haplogroup G.[12]

Caucasus Mountains Region

Armenia

Among 100 samples taken in Armenia for a 2003 study,[28] 11% were G. And a 2011 study.[29] found 11% of 57 Armenian samples were G1 and 11% G2a.

A study that concentrated on Jewish men found 21% of 57 Jewish men from Armenia were haplogroup G.[12]

Azerbaijan

Among 72 samples taken in Azerbaijan 18% were G.[28]

In a study that concentrated on the Talysh of the southern tip of Azerbaijan, 3% of 40 samples were found to be G.[30]

A study that sampled Jews from Azerbaijan found 16% of 57 men were haplogroup G.[12]

Georgia

Among 61 samples taken in Georgia (2001), 30% were G.[31] Among 77 samples taken in Georgia (2003), 31% were G.[28] Georgia has the highest percentage of G among the general population recorded in any country. Among 66 samples taken in Georgia (2009), 31.6% were G2a (P15+).[32] Of this 31.6% figure, 1.5% were G2a3a (M406+), and the remainder were unspecified other types of G2a.

Among 25 Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in Georgia, 0% were found to be G.[25]

Some countries recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia as part of Georgia; others do not. In Abkhazia 55% of 60 samples were found to be G as listed in a 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova.[33] In a 2011 study,[29] 47% of 162 Abkhazians were found G2a. In South Ossetia 48% of 10 samples were found G2a. G1 was absent from both locations. Another 2011 study[34] found among 58 Abkhazians that 12% were G2a1a (P18), 21% were G2a3b1 (P303) and 24% other G2a (P15)

In a study of Jewish men, 4.8% of 62 Jewish men from Georgia were haplogroup G.[12]

Russian Federation (Caucasus Region)

North Ossetia total N % G-M201 % G2a-P15 % G2a1-P16 % G2a1a-P18 % G2a3b1-P303 source year
Zil'ga 23 57% N/A N/A N/A N/A [35] 2004
Zamankul 23 61% N/A N/A N/A N/A [35] 2004
Alagir 24 75% N/A N/A N/A N/A [35] 2004
Ardon 28 21% N/A N/A N/A N/A [36] 2004
Digora 31 74% N/A N/A N/A N/A [36] 2004
Ossetian 166 68% N/A N/A N/A N/A [36] 2004
N. Ossetians 132 69% N/A N/A N/A N/A [33] 2009
Ossets-Iron 230 1% 73% 1% [34] 2011
Ossets-Digor 127 0% 56% 5% [34] 2011

The G concentrations at Alagir and Digora represent the highest reported concentrations of G in any locale in the world. Though not stated in the 2004 studies, most of these were likely typical G2a1a type of G based on corresponding STR marker values.

n.w. Caucasus people total N % G-M201 % G2a-P15 % G2a1-P16 % G2a1a-P18 % G2a3b1-P303 source year
Shapsug 106 81% N/A N/A N/A N/A [33] 2009
Shapsug 100 0% 0% 86% [34] 2011
Cherkessians 126 45% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Karachays 69 32% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Circassians 48 31% N/A N/A N/A N/A [33] 2009
Circassians 142 1% 0% 9% 30% [34] 2011
Adyghe 155 48% N/A N/A N/A N/A [12] 2010
Balkars -- 29% N/A N/A N/A [32] 2009
Balkars 135 32% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Kabardin 59 29% N/A N/A N/A [28] 2003

The reported high G concentration among the Shapsugs of the far northwestern Caucasus represents the highest percentage of G among any group worldwide. This is the highest percentage of G in a single population in the world– slightly higher than among the Madjars of Kazakhstan.


n.e. Caucasus people total N % G-M201 % G2a-P15 % G2a1-P16 % G2a1a-P18 % G2a3b1-P303 source year
Lezgins 31 10% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Lezgins 81 1% 1% 0% [34] 2011
Avars 20 5% N/A N/A N/A N/A [37] 2009
Avars 108 12% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Avars 42 0% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Avars 115 0% 1% 9% [34] 2011
Chechens-Akkins 20 5% N/A N/A N/A N/A [37] 2009
Chechens 19 5% N/A N/A N/A N/A [28] 2003
Chechens 165 2% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Chechen (Chechnya & Ingushetia) 178 6% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Chechen (Dagestan) 72 4% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Chechen (Ingushetia) 112 0% 4% 5% [34] 2011
Chechen (Chechnya) 118 0% 0% 1% [34] 2011
Chechen (Dagestan) 100 0% 6% 1% [34] 2011
Ingush 22 27% N/A N/A N/A N/A [28] 2003
Ingush 142 1% 0% 0% [34] 2011
Dargin 26 4% N/A N/A N/A N/A [28] 2003
Dargin 86 2% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Dargin 68 3% N/A N/A N/A [39] 2006
Dargin 101 1% 0% 0% 1% [34] 2011
Kubachi 14 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A [37] 2009
Kubachi 65 0% 0% 0% 0% [34] 2011
Kubachi 56 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Laks 21 5% N/A N/A N/A N/A [37] 2009
Tabasarans 30 3% N/A N/A N/A N/A [37] 2009
Tabasarans 43 0%% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Andi 49 6% N/A N/A N/A [39] 2006
Lezgin 31 58% N/A N/A N/A [39] 2006
Lezgin 90 6% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Kumyks 76 11% 1% N/A N/A [39] 2006
Kumyks 73 14% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Chamalals 27 18% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Terek Cossacks 86 54% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Kaltagian 30 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A [38] 2009
Kaitak 33 0% 0% 0% 0% [34] 2011
Kuban Nogays 87 14% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Kara Nogays 76 1% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011
Bagvalals 28 0% N/A N/A N/A [29] 2011

Note: The study by Yunusbaev (2006) showed the tiny population of Northeast Caucasian language family Andic-speaking Chamalal to be 19% (N=5/27) G2a-P15, and all of this was an unknown sub-clade of G2a-P15 listed as "G2c" which was not defined in 2006 when this study was conducted (no SNP testing was done for true G2c-M377). Since this study tested only G-M201 and G2a-P15, it is possible that this sub-clade may actually be G2a1-P16, since a number of the likely G haplotypes from Daghestan are actually G2a1-P16. He also reported that 12% (N=76) of the Kumyks tested were G– with that figure composed of 11% G2a (P15+) and 1% (1/76) listed as "G2c", which again at the time a sub-clade of G2a-P15, likely G2a1-P16).


In these Russian tablulations above (1) G2a3a-M406 man among the Avars and (1) G1-M285 man each found among Chechens and Adyghe were omitted to simplify the charts. Also, the 2011 Balanovsky study found 12% G2a3a-M406 among the Lezgins which are not included in the chart entry for them.

Asia

Cambodia

Among 6 samples taken in Cambodia, none were G.[40]

China

These percentages of G were found in the following number of samples from China in a 2006 study:[41] (a) The Turkic Uyghurs who live primarily in far northwestern China 4.5% of 67. (b) The northern Han 2.3% of 44. (c) The southern Han 0% of 40. (d) Tibet 0% of 105. (e) The Zhuang who live in southern China or Vietnam, 0% of 20. (f) The Yao of southern China 0% of 60. (g) In Manchuria or among the Manchus in northeastern China, 0% of 93. (h) The Evenks who live principally along the border of northeastern China 0% of 31. (i) The Oroqen of northeastern China 0% of 22. (j) The Yi who live principally in southern China and who speak a Burmese language 0% of 43. (k) The Tujia of central China, 0% of 47.

A study that sampled five southern Chinese groups found the following percentages of G: (1) The Han less than 1% G in 166 samples. (2) The Miao 0% of 58. (3) The She 0% of 51. (4) The Tujia 0% of 49. (5) The Yao 0% of 60.[22]

A study that concentrated on the island of Hainan off the southeastern Chinese coast found 0% G among 405 men from various island aborigine groups.[42]

A study that concentrated on the Mang of Yunnan Province in southern China found no G among 65 samples.[43]

Another study that sampled Tibet found 0% G among 156 samples[44]

A 2010 study of northwestern China found G (M201) in 2% of 41 Kazakhs; 2% of 31 Tajikes; and 2% of 23 Ozbeks. No G was found among Tu, Xibo, Mongolian, Tataer, Ughur, Yugu, Kirghiz, Russ, Dongxiang, Bao'an and Salar persons.[45]

These studies are inadequate for determining, among other things, the G percentage within the enormous Han population of China. The Athey haplogroup predictor[8] can provide an estimate of the G population when applied to the 8580 STR samples in the YHRD database. This tool, on the one hand, used no Chinese samples to arrive at its algorithms, but on the other hand the results from applying the predictor to those Chinese samples in YHRD supplied by known research studies are generally in close agreement with the predictions.

Within the 5856 Han samples in YHRD, 0.19% are predicted G. This very low percentage, nevertheless, represents about 1.13 million Han men. These 11 Han samples are heavily concentrated in northern China.

The predictor also indicated 4.7% of 321 Xibe samples were G. And 4% of 177 Uyghur samples were G. And 2.3% of 133 Salar samples were G. And 1.7% of 236 Manchu samples were G. And 1.2% of 321 Tibetan samples were G. This latter finding differs from the research studies which found no G there. Less than 1% G was predicted for the Yi, Hui and Mongolian samples. Virtually all these samples from minority Chinese populations were gathered in northern China.

No G at all was predicted for the southern Chinese ethnic groups: the Qiang, Hezhan, Hani, She, Zhuang, Buyi and Yao. In addition, several northern Chinese populations have no predicted G: the Oroqen, Ewenki, Tuva, Daur as well as Koreans in China.

Based on marker values, most YHRD Chinese samples have features of types of G2a. And G1 and G2a1 probably represent the rest. G2c and G2a3a do not seem represented.

Taiwan

In 132 samples taken in Taiwan, 0% were G.[41]

Among 48 samples taken among Taiwanese aboriginals, none were G.[22]

India

In 405 samples taken in India, 1.5% were G.[22]

In another study that concentrated on south Indian locations,[46] less than 1% of 155 samples was G in Tamil Nadu, and the G percentage in Andhra Pradesh was 1% of 167 samples.

A study that sampled 1052 men within 25 diverse populations in India, only one man was G. This person was included in the samples labeled Kash. Pandit.[47]

A study that sampled 1074 men within 77 diverse Indian populations found only one man in central India who was G.[48]

Another study found in 560 samples from northern India that 4% were G.[49] The authors found no G among 96 Bhargavas or 88 Chaturvedis (both Brahmins), but 1.7% of 118 other Brahmins, 9.7% of 154 Shia and 5.8% of 104 Sunni samples were G.

In a study of 286 men belonging to two tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh in southern India, as well as five caste groups from various parts of India, only one man in West Bengal was G.[50]

In a study of 728 Indian samples taken from among 36 populations and 18 castes, 1.2% were G. These were all G2a (P15+) men.[40] In this study many of the G2a men were contained within the samples of the Dravidian upper caste where G persons comprised 11.9% of 59 samples.

In a study sampling 45 Cochin Jews from southern India, none were haplogroup G. This same study found 6.5% of 31 Bene Israel Jews from Mumbai were G.[12]

In the YHRD database, among 44 samples taken among the Afridi Pashtuns in Uttar Pradesh, northern India, 28 (64%) were found to belong to haplogroup G.

Indonesia

In 80 samples taken in Indonesia, 0% were G.[41]

In another study confined to Western New Guinea none of 183 samples were G.[51]

In a study of the northwestern end of the island of New Guinea among 162 samples from 13 populations none were G.[52]

In anoher study confined to the island of Sumba no G was found among 352 samples.[53]

A study that gathered 552 samples in Bali, 21 in western Indonesia and 55 in eastern Indonesia failed to find any G persons.[22]

Iran

Of 33 samples taken in northern Iran, 15.2% were G. Of these 5 samples, 4 were G2a (P15+). And 12.8% of 117 samples from the south of that country were G. In this latter location the percentage of G1 almost equaled the G2a percentage. The authors did not provide information about locations sampled.[54]

Of 91 samples taken at unstated location(s) in northern Iran (2009), 2.2% were G.[4]

Of 50 samples taken from the Mazandarani in northern Iran west of the Caspian Sea, 14% were G. Likewise of 50 samples from the Gilaki in the same area, 10% were G.[55]

Of 50 samples taken from the Talysh along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea in north central Iran, 2% were G.[30]

Samples were taken in another study in Khuzestan Province of west central Iran, and 15% G found among 53 Bakhtiari in Izeh and 6% G among Arabs in Ahvaz.[56]

In a study of Jewish men, there were no haplogroup G men among 49 men with Iranian origins.[12]

Japan

In 259 samples taken among the following groups or locations in Japan: Ainu, Aomori, Okinawa, Shizuoka, Tokushima and Kyushu 0% were G.[41]

In another study, among 23 samples taken in Japan, none were G.[40]

Kazakhstan

In a study of the Madyars in the Torgay area of Kazakhstan, 86.7% of 45 samples were G. This is the highest concentration of G reported anywhere in the world so far. All the samples were G1.[57]

Korea

In 75 samples taken in Korea, 0% were G.[41] Among another 85 samples also taken in 2006 in Korea, 0% were G.[58]

Malaysia

In 32 samples taken among Malays (presumably from Malaysia), 6.3% were G.[22]

Mongolia

In 149 samples taken in Mongolia, 0.7% were G.[41] On 47 samples taken also in 2006 in Mongolia, 0% were G.[58]

Nepal

In 188 samples taken in 3 locations in Nepal, none were G.[44]

Pakistan

Of 638 samples taken in Pakistan, 2.7% were G.[59] This same study found the percentage of G among 96 samples from Pakistani Pathans was 11.5%; among 44 samples from Kalash men was 18.1% and among 97 samples from Burusho men was 1%– all groups of northern Pakistan.

Among 176 Pakistani samples gathered in another study, G2a (P15+) men represented 4.6% of the total. G1 (M285+) men represented 0.6%, and G2c (M377+) men were 1.1%.[40]

Papua New Guinea

In a large study of Northern Island Melanesia within Papua New Guinea (2006) none of 685 samples was G.[60] Most of these were Papuan-speaking persons.

In 46 samples taken in Papua New Guinea (2006), 0% were G.[22]

In another study (2008) 19 samples taken on the island of New Britain none were found to be G, and none of 52 samples in the Trobriand Islands were G.[51] In this same study, on the mainland of Papua New Guinea none of 197 samples were listed as G.

Russian Federation [Asian portion]

In a 2006 study, in Russia among 98 Altai samples, 1% were G.[41] The Altai or Altay are a Turkic group overlapping Mongolia and south central Russia. In this same study among the Buryats, a Mongol people who live principally just north of Mongolia, 1.2% of 81 samples were G, and no G at all was found among 31 samples from the Evens who live principally in the far northeastern area of Russia.

In another 2006 study concentrating on the southern Siberian border region,[58] going from west to east: (a) Of 92 samples from the Turkic Altaian-Kizhi, 1.1% G. (b) Of 47 samples from the Teleuts, 0% G. (c) Of 51 samples from the Turkic Shors 0% G. (d) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Khakassians, 0% G. (e) Of 113 samples from the Mongolized Turkic Tuvinians, 0.9% G. (f) Of 36 samples from the Turkic Todjins, 0% G. (g) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Tofalars, 0% G. (g) Of 34 samples from Sojots, 2.9% G. (h) Of 238 samples from the Mongol Buryats, 0.4% G. Much farther to the north among 50 Evenks, 0% G.

Another 2006 study[61] covered primarily the northeastern area of Siberia where Yakuts and Yakut-speaking Evenks live. The authors did not test for G, but the report suggests the men all belonged instead to the haplogroups shown in the report.

A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 Mansi, 4% were G, and among 106 Khanty none were G.[62]

In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.[40] In a 2011 study of the Altai Republic [63]among 119 samples, 3.4% were G1 and 1.7%% were G2a.

Sri Lanka

In 91 samples taken in Sri Lanka in one study 5.5% were G.[22]

In another study of Sinhalese men, none of 39 samples was G.[50]

Uzbekistan

A study of 15 Jewish men from Uzbekistan found 0% were haplogroup G.[12] This same study, however, referred to a mixture of studies in which 22% of other Uzbek Jewish men samples belonged to haplogroup G.

Vietnam

In 70 samples taken in Vietnam, 0% were G.[22]

Europe

Albania

Among 55 samples taken in Albania, 1.8% were G2a (P15+).[32] None were G2a3a (M406+).

Austria

A survey of the general population of Austria based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 7.0% (n=16) of 230 samples in the Tyrol and none of 66 samples from Vienna and 1.5% (n=1) at Graz are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.

Belgium

A survey of the general population of Belgium based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 113 samples from Leuven in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

A 2010 study of DNA Project Oud-Hertgodom Brabant found that 3.6% of 893 samples were haplogroup G2a among those with eastern Belgian ancestry.[64]

Belarus

In a study of men from "Belorussia", less than 1% of 196 samples was haplogroup G.[12]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Among 81 Serbs in Bosnia, 1.2% were found to be G2a (P15+), and among 90 Croats in Bosnia none were G.[32] And in this same study among 84 Bosnians 3.6% were G2a (P15+). In none of these groups was any G2a3a (M406+) found.

In another study among 69 samples in Bosnia, 4.4% were G, and among 141 samples in Herzegovina none were G.[65]

Bulgaria

A survey of the general population of Bulgaria based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 122 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 4.9% (n=6) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

Croatia

Among 89 samples taken in Croatia, 1.1% were G2a (P15+).[32] In this same study, 29 samples were taken separately in the far eastern city of Osijek, and 13.8% were G2a (P15+). The G2a samples were also tested for G2a3a (M406), and none was found.

In another study, among 108 samples from 5 Croatian mainland locations, 0.9% were G.[65]

In yet another study, among 99 samples on the Croatian mainland, less than 1% were G. On the island of Krk, among 74 samples, none were G; on the island of Brač 6% of 49 samples were G; on the island of Korčula, 10.4% of 134 samples were G; and 1.1% of 91 samples on the island of Hvar were G.[66]

Czech Republic

Among 257 samples from the Czech Republic, 5.1% were G and were overwhelmingly G2a (P15+).[67]

In another study, among 75 samples from Czechs, 4.0% were G2a (P15+).[32] None of these was G2a3a (M406+)

Denmark

A survey of the general population of Denmark based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 247 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.2% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] There are several additional samples that might be G.

Estonia

A survey of the general population of Estonia based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 133 samples from Tartu in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.

Finland

A study found 5% of 40 samples from Ostrobothnia (Osterbotten) in Finland were G.[68]

A survey of the general population of Finland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 399 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 0.5% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

France

In a 2003 study, in 23 samples taken somewhere in France (2003), 0% were G, but 11.8% of 34 samples on the island of Corsica were G.[69]

An approximation method based on use of STR markers from 109 samples from Paris in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] And in 99 similar samples from Strasbourg in the far northeast, 4% (n=4) are G.

Germany

A survey of the general population of Germany based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation method based on STR markers in samples in the YHRD database[7] using the Athey haplogroup predictor[8] indicates the following G percentages among samples from these German cities: (a) Freiburg in the southwest, 433 samples of which 4.4% (n=19) are G; (b) Munich in the southeast, 281 samples of which 5.3% (n=15) are G; (c) Chemnitz in the northeast. 820 samples of which 3.8% (n=31) are G.

Greece

In 76 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2003), 2.6% were G.[69] In 77 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2007), 9.1% were G.[59]

In another study[32] 3.3% of 92 Greek samples were G. This 3.3% was composed of 1.1% G2a3a (M406+) and the remainder other types of G2a.

Among 193 samples (2008) taken on the island of Crete, 10.9% were G. Among 57 samples taken on the Peloponnese, 5.3% were G. And at several mainland Greek sites, 4.4% were G.[70]

Another study that focused on Crete (2007), found 7.7% of 104 samples in the central part of the island were G, and that 6.3% of 64 samples on the eastern end were G.[71]

Greenland

A survey of the general population of Greenland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 342 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

Hungary

In 100 samples taken in Hungary, 3.0% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).[72]

In another study, among 53 samples from Hungary, 1.9% were G2a (P15+).[32] None of these were G2a3a (M406+)

Iceland

A survey of the general population of Iceland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 100 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

Ireland

Among 796 samples taken in all areas of Ireland, none were G.[73] The actual figure in the population is certainly not zero because there are dozens of samples from Irish ancestry persons in various databases.

Italy

In a large 2007 study of 11 regions of peninsular Italy and Elba,[74] 10.7% of 699 samples were G. The authors did not sample the northwestern Milan area and the high mountains of the central north. The Val Badia samples in the far northeast of Italy had an aytpical low 3% of 34 samples. The other areas all ranged 7% to 15% G. Elba had 11% of 95 samples as G.

A 2003 study of Italy had found 11.8% of 51 samples in Sicily; 8.1% of 37 samples in Calabria; 14.1% of 78 samples in Sardinia; and 10% of 50 samples in north central Italy were G.[69]

In another 202 samples taken in Sardinia 13.9% were G.[75] The authors noted the percentage at the sampled sites in the north of the island were 10.4% G, in the central-eastern area 11.1% but only 6.5% in the southwestern area.

And another Sardinian study of 930 males found 12.6% as G. Among a subgroup of these 930 where geographical information was available, the percentage on the southeastern coast was 13.9%; on the northeastern coast 20.9% and 13.9% in the inland central area.[76] This study indicated an unusual percentage of G men there with STR marker value of 23 at DYS390—a percentage not seen in continental Europe where the 23 value is uncommon.

In another Sardinian study confined to towns in the northern sector of the island, 14% of 100 samples were all found to be G2a (P15+) based only on a probability calculation.[77] The G2 category as represented by P15 became G2a in the period in which this study was conducted. The men were predicted just "G2" in the study. But P15 (now G2a) was probably the intended category.

A study that sampled only northeastern Italy found 11.3% G2a (P15+) among 67 samples.[32] None of these were G2a3a (M406+).

A study that focused on the northeastern coast of Italy south of Venice, found among 163 samples that 8.6% were G.[78]

A study that concentrated on 19 upland areas in the Marches region of central Italy found 7.4% G among 162 samples.[79]

A study that concentrated on Sicily found among 236 samples 5.9% were G.[80] This 5.9% figure was divided into 5.5% G2a (P15+) and the remainder other types of G. There were notable high G2a percentages in Caccamo (25% of 16 samples), in Troina (13.3 % of 30 samples) and in Sciacca (10.7% of 27 samples).

A 2011 study found 10% of 40 Albanian-speaking Arbëreshë men in Calabria, Italy were G. [81]

Kosovo

Some countries recognize Kosovo as a country, and others consider it part of Serbia. Among 113 samples taken among Albanians in Kosovo, none were G.[65]

Latvia

A survey of the general population of Latvia based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 145 samples from Riga in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are definitively G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several samples are possibly G.

Lithuania

A survey of the general population of Lithuania based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 157 samples from Vilnius in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.3% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] One additional sample is borderline for being G.

Macedonia

In a study of Greeks in Macedonia 1.8% of 57 samples were found to be G2a3a (M406+).[32] In this same study, a separate sampling of Albanians in Macedonia, 1.6% of 64 samples were G2a (P15+) but not G2a3a (M406+).

In a general study of Macedonia, 5.1% of 79 samples were G.[65] This study also found among 57 Romani in Macedonia none were G.

Malta

In 187 samples taken in Malta, 8% were G.[10]

Moldova

In 89 samples taken among the Turkic-speaking Gagauzes of southern Moldova 13.5% were G.[82]

Netherlands

A survey of the general population of the Netherlands based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 211 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 4.3% (n=9) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

Norway

A survey of the general population of Norway based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 230 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.3% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.

Poland

Among 99 samples taken in Poland, 0% were found to be G.[32]

Additional information is available in the form of approximations based on the Polish STR-marker samples in the YHRD database.[7] The G samples were identified using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Among 182 samples taken in the general population at Bialystok in the northeast, 0.5% (n=1) were G. At this same locale among Belarusians 0.6% (n=1) of 157 samples were G; among 129 Old Believers none were G; among 124 Tatars 0.8% (n=1) were G. In the northwest at Szczecin among 105 samples 1% (n=1) was G. In the south at Krakow among 207 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G. In the southeast at Lublin among 246 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G.

Portugal

In 60 samples taken in northern Portugal, 12% were found to be G, and 9% of 78 samples in the south of the country were G in a 2008 study.[1]

In a 2004 study, among 109 samples taken in northern Portugal, 7.3% were G.[83] In a 2005 study, 5.5% of 657 Portuguese men at 18 locations were G. The highest percentage was recorded in Évora in the east central area (29 samples), and at the other extreme none found at Viscu (30 samples) and Beja (8 samples), north and south respectively of the other town.[84]

In a 2005 Portuguese study that also included the Atlantic islands, 3.1% of samples in Madeira were G, and 8.3% of 121 samples from the Azores were G. In northern Portugal, 5% of 101 samples were G; in central Portugal 7.8% of 102 samples were G; and 7% of 100 samples in southern Portugal.[85]

Romania

In 97 samples taken among Hungarian-speaking Skelzers in Transylvania in Romania, 5.2% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).[72]

In a more general survey of the Romanian population based on 102 samples of STR markers in the YHRD database[7] 2.0% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] One additional sample is borderline for being G.

Russian Federation [European portion]

Western Russia. In a 2008 study,[86] 259 samples taken in three cities in the northernmost third of western Russia, about 1% were G2a (P15+). In 246 samples from three cities south of there closer to Moscow about 1% were G, with more G1 men than G2a found. In 132 samples from two cities near the border with Latvia and Estonia 0% were G. In 107 samples from a city near the border with Belarus, 0% were G. In 394 samples from four cities near the border with the Ukraine about 1% were G2a. And in 90 samples from among the Kuban Cossacks in the south, 1.1% were G2a.

And in a 2006 study[58] of 414 samples presumably from western Russia (according to a map provided) 1.2% were G. In this same study among 68 Kalmyks of Mongolian origin who live near the Caspian Sea in the south of western Russia, none were G. In another study of the Kalmyks in the Russian Republic of Kalmykia the authors found 1% G among 99 samples.[87]

Another study in 2008[88] reported on 545 samples from 12 locations in western Russia. Of these, 1.8% of the samples were G. The highest percentage was 9.5% of 42 samples in Orlovskaja Oblast, east of Belarus and north of the Ukraine.

In a study that sampled 116 men of Chuvash origin, 1.7% were haplogroup G.[12] While the study was not geographically precise as to origins, many Chuvash people live in the region south of Moscow.

Serbia

Among 113 samples taken in Serbia, none were G.[65]

Slovenia

Among 75 samples taken in Slovenia 2.6% were G. This 2.6% was composed of 1.3% G2a3a (M406+) and 1.3% other types of G2a.[32]

Spain

Among 24 samples taken in the northeastern corner of Spain, 8.3% were G.[69] In a larger study covering about 600 mainland Spanish samples outside the Basque area, the average was about 5% G with the highest percentage recorded in Castilla-La Mancha (10%), and the lowest in parts of Andalusia and Castile (3%).[1]

In another study, among 258 samples taken in 5 populations in southern Spain, about 3% were G.[83] This same study found in 3 populations in northwestern Spain among 149 samples, about 7% were G, and in the northeastern quarter of Spain in two populations none of 52 samples were G.

Among 221 samples from Basque people in Spain 1.4% were G.[89] Of these 168 were living in the three Basque provinces. All were G2a (P15+). Another study found 0% of 116 samples in Basque country were G.[1]

In a study only of Cantabria just west of the Basque Autonomous Community in northwestern Spain, 7.6% of 118 samples from 3 groupings were G.[90]

A study only of Andalusia in southern Spain found that 2.1% of Andalusians were G. And of 68 separate samples specifically from the Pedroches Valley (Valle de los Pedroches) in Andalusia 2.9% were G.[11]

In the Balearic Islands 6% of 62 samples in Majorca were G; 0% of 37 samples in Minorca were G, but 13% of 54 samples in Ibiza were G.[1]

Sweden

Among 305 samples taken in seven regions of Sweden 1.6% were G. The authors also found 0% G in 38 samples from nomadic Saami men of Sweden.[68]

Switzerland

A survey of the general population of Switzerland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 348 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 4.3% (n=15) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] An additional sample is borderline for being G.

United Kingdom

A survey of the general population of the United Kingdom for G based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers in the YHRD database[7] indicates 3.4% (n=8) of 285 samples from London are G and 1% (n=1) of 97 samples from Birmingham are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

Ukraine

Among 92 samples taken in the Ukraine, 3.3% were found G2a (P15+).[32] None of these belonged to G2a3a (M406+).

An approximation of SNP results based on the STR markers of 183 samples from Kiev in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.1% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]

Australia & Pacific Islands

Australia

Among 33 samples taken among Australian Aborigines of Australia, 0% were G. [41]

Cook Islands

Among 77 samples taken in the Cook Islands none were G.[51]

Fiji Islands

Among 105 samples taken in Fiji none were listed as G.[51]

Niue

Among 9 samples taken in Niue none were G.[51]

Philippines

In 48 samples taken in the Philippines 0% were G.[22]

Samoa

Among 61 samples taken in Samoa none were G.[51]

Solomon Islands

Among 30 samples gathered in the Solomon Islands none were G.[91]

Tokelau

Among 6 samples taken in Tokelau, none were G.[51]

Tonga

Among 29 samples taken in Tonga, none were G.[51]

Tuvalu

Among 100 samples taken in Tuvalu none were G.[51]

Wallis and Futuna

Among 50 samples taken in East Futuna, none were G.[51]

North America and the Caribbean

Cuba

Among 245 men sampled in Cuba, 6.1% were G.[92]

United States

Among 2517 persons in the United States of America from a wide variety of locales, 2.5% were found to be G. When restricted to those with European ancestry the percentage rises to about 4%. African-Americans were about 1% G, and Native Americans 0.3%.[93]

South America

Brazil

In a study of 48 Apalai men from the Amazon in Brazil none were G.[94]

French Guiana

In a study of 103 men from 4 Native American groups in French Guiana none were G.[94]

Peru

In a study of 28 Machiguenga men from south inland Peru none were G.[94]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL; et al. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–36. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q De Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M; et al. (2011). "Y-Chromosomal Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the History of Niger-Congo Groups". Molecular Biology and Evolution with G data in supplementary material table S-2. 28 (3): 1255–69. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq312. PMID 21109585. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M; et al. (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e El-Sibai M, Platt DE, Haber M; et al. (2009). "Geographical structure of the Y-chromosomal genetic landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 6): 568–81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMID 19686289. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Shen P, Lavi T, Kivisild T; et al. (2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation". Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–60. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 124. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124. PMC 1976131. PMID 17662131.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t YHRD Database Site. http://www.yhrd.org/Search. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)[verification needed]
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Athey Haplogroup Predictor. http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)[verification needed]
  9. ^ Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L; et al. (2009). "On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–24. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d e f Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M; et al. (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Alvarez L, Santos C, Montiel R; et al. (2009). "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: insights into the North African contribution". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 407–9. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888. PMID 19213004. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Behar,D., Yunusbayev, B., Metspalu, M.; et al. (2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people". Nature. 466 (7303): 238–242. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..238B. doi:10.1038/nature09103. PMID 20531471. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Trovoada MJ, Tavares L, Gusmão L; et al. (2007). "Dissecting the genetic history of São Tomé e Príncipe: a new window from Y-chromosome biallelic markers". Annals of Human Genetics. 71 (Pt 1): 77–85. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00309.x. PMID 17227478. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G; et al. (2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM; et al. (2009). "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood". Human Genetics. 126 (5): 707–17. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5. PMC 2771134. PMID 19669163. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b c Shlush LI, Behar DM, Yudkovsky G; et al. (2008). Gemmell, Neil John (ed.). "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2105. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2105S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105. PMC 2324201. PMID 18461126. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (9): 435–41. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith C (2009). "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity. 103 (5): 425–33. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.72. PMC 2869035. PMID 19639002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J; et al. (2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ a b c Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Karafet TM, Lansing JS, Redd AJ; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, Gonzalez AM; et al. (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome Diversity and Its Relationship with Nearby Regions" (PDF). BMC Genetics. 10 (59): 1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T; et al. (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ a b Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, Stoneking M (2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 401–12. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Gökcümer, Ömer, Ethnohistorical and Genetic Gurvey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements, a Ph.D. doctoral dissertation, 2008, University of Pennsylvania.
  27. ^ Cerný V, Pereira L, Kujanová M; et al. (2009). "Out of Arabia-the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome" (PDF). Human Genetics. 112 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yunusbayev, B.; Metspalue, M.; Jarve, M.; Kutuev, I.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, E.; Behar, D.; Varendi, K.; Sahakyan, R.; Khusainova, R.; Yepiskoposyan, L.; Khusnutdionova, E.; Underhill, P.; Kivisild, T.; Villems; et al. (2011). "The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 Sep 2011 (29(1)): 359–65. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221. PMID 21917723. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  30. ^ a b Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M; et al. (2009). "mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Talysh of Iran and Azerbaijan". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (1): 82–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20903. PMID 18711736. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ; et al. (2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N; et al. (2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ a b c d "Haplogroup G in Ossetians from the Alans or from the local Caucasus peoples?" (rough translation from Russia) The poster was presented at the V Congress of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Selectionists (June 21–27, 2009, Moscow, Russia). |url=http://www.rodstvo.ru/forum/index.php?s=f3d6e88a3f096cf8699b22f14387f393&showtopic=393&st=740&p=25847&#entry25847 |url=http://s61.radikal.ru/i173/0906/4a/aebc4e0b4f13.jpg |url=http://zarava.livejournal.com/11078.html[unreliable source?]
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Balanovsky; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; Schurr, T.; et al. (2011). "Parallel evolution of genes and language in the Caucasus region". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (10): 2905–20. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMID 21571925. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ a b c Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I; et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 6): 588–99. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. PMID 15598217. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ a b c Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 205–21. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ a b c d e Caciagli L, Bulayeva K, Bulayev O; et al. (2009). "The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (12): 689–94. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.94. PMID 19911015. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h Khadizhat Dibirova presentation: "Haplogroup G in Ossetians from the Alans or from the local Caucasus peoples?"
  39. ^ a b c d Yunusbaev, B., НАРОДОВ ДАГЕСТАНА ПО ДАННЫМ О ПОЛИМОРФИЗМЕ Y-ХРОМОСОМЫ И ALU-ИНСЕРЦИЙ, Работа выполнена в Институте биохимии и генетики Уфимского научного центра Российской академии наук[verification needed]
  40. ^ a b c d e Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R; et al. (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H; et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Li D, Li H, Ou C; et al. (2008). MacAulay, Vincent (ed.). "Paternal Genetic Structure of Hainan Aborigines Isolated at the Entrance to East Asia". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2168. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2168L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002168. PMC 2374892. PMID 18478090. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  43. ^ Tan S, Yang M, Yu H; et al. (2007). "Y-chromosome polymorphisms define the origin of the Mang, an isolated population in China". Annals of Human Biology. 34 (5): 573–81. doi:10.1080/03014460701492237. PMID 17786593. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ a b Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M; et al. (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Shou W, Qiao, E, Dong, Y; et al. (2010). "Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians". J of Human Genetics. e-pub ahead of print (5): 314–22. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30. PMID 20414255. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Watkins WS, Thara R, Mowry BJ; et al. (2008). "Genetic variation in South Indian castes: evidence from Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal polymorphisms". BMC Genetics. 9: 86. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-86. PMC 2621241. PMID 19077280. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  47. ^ Reich D, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Price AL, Singh L (2009). "Reconstructing Indian Population History". Nature. 461 (7263): 489–94. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R. doi:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G; et al. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ Zhao Z, Khan F, Borkar M, Herrera R, Agrawal S (2009). "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes". Annals of Human Biology. 36 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1080/03014460802558522. PMC 2755252. PMID 19058044.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ a b Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M; et al. (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M; et al. (2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Mona S, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Brauer S, Sudoyo H, Marzuki S, Kayser M (2007). "Patterns of Y-chromosome diversity intersect with the Trans–New Guinea hypothesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (11): 2546–55. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm187. PMID 17846104. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ Lansing JS, Cox MP, Downey SS; et al. (2007). "Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (41): 16022–6. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416022L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704451104. PMC 2042155. PMID 17913885. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (2006). "Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA in South Caspian populations of Iran". Current Biology. 16 (7): 668–73. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021. PMID 16581511. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (2008). "Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 241–52. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00413.x. PMID 18205892. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Bíró AZ, Zalán A, Völgyi A, Pamjav H (2009). "A Y-chromosomal comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 139 (3): 305–10. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20984. PMID 19170200. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ a b c d Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova GA; et al. (2006). "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics. 118 (5): 591–604. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y. PMID 16261343. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ a b Nielsen FH (1990). "New essential trace elements for the life sciences". Biological Trace Element Research. 26–27: 599–611. doi:10.1007/BF02992716. PMID 1704767.
  60. ^ Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J; et al. (2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M (2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics. 120 (3): 334–53. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Pimenoff VN, Comas D, Palo JU, Vershubsky G, Kozlov A, Sajantila A (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–64. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ Dulik M, Osipova LP, Schurr TG (2011). "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions" (PDF). PloSone. 6 (3): e17548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMID 21412412. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  64. ^ |url=http://www.brabant-dna.org/joomla/
  65. ^ a b c d e Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM; et al. (2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ Barać L, Pericić M, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijević B; et al. (2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates" (PDF). Eur J of Human Genetics. 11 (7): 535–42. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T; et al. (2007). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. PMID 17078035. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ a b Karlsson AO, Wallerström T, Götherström A, Holmlund G (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden - a long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (8): 963–70. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ a b c d Francalacci P, Morelli L, Underhill PA; et al. (2003). "Peopling of three Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) inferred by Y-chromosome biallelic variability". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 121 (3): 270–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10265. PMID 12772214. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ King, R.; et al. (2008). "A Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt.2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  71. ^ Martinez, L.; et al. (2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". Eur J Human Genetics. 15 (4): 485–93. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. PMID 17264870. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  72. ^ a b Csányi B, Bogácsi-Szabó E, Tömöry G; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosome analysis of ancient Hungarian and two modern Hungarian-speaking populations from the Carpathian Basin". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 4): 519–34. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. PMID 18373723. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 334–8. doi:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F; et al. (2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 228–39. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID 17275346. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Zei G, Lisa A, Fiorani O; et al. (2003). "From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (10): 802–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201040. PMID 14512971. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F (2008). Hawks, John (ed.). "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans". PLoS ONE. 3 (1): e1430. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1430C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMC 2174525. PMID 18183308.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  77. ^ Ghiani ME, Mameli A, Piras G, Berti A, Calo CM, Vona G (2009). "Population data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by AmpFlSTR YFiler PCR amplification kit in North Sardinia (Italy)". Collegium Antropologicum. 33 (2): 643–51. PMID 19662792. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ Ferri G, Ceccardi S, Lugaresi F; et al. (2008). "Male haplotypes and haplogroups differences between urban (Rimini) and rural area (Valmarecchia) in Romagna region (North Italy)". Forensic Science International. 175 (2–3): 250–5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.06.007. PMID 17629646. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C; et al. (2007). "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (3): 234–7. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0153-y. PMID 17287987. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F; et al. (2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ Boattini A, Luiselli D, Sazzini M; et al. (2011). "Linking Italy and the Balkans. A Y-Chromosome Perspective from the Arbereshe of Calabria". Annals of Human Biology. 38 (1): 59–68. doi:10.3109/03014460.2010.491837. PMID 20569043. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ Varzari A, Kharkov V, Stephan W; et al. (2009). "Searching for the origin of Gagauzes: inferences from Y-chromosome analysis". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 326–36. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20863. PMID 19107901. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ a b Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, González AM; et al. (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–63. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A; et al. (2005). "Micro-Phylogeopgraphic and Demographic History of Portuguese Lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 2): 181–94. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M; et al. (2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–54. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. PMID 15996172. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A; et al. (2008). "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Kokshunova L, Stoneking M (2005). "Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 128 (4): 846–54. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20159. PMID 16028228. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ Fechner A, Quinque D, Rychkov S; et al. (2008). "Boundaries and clines in the West Eurasian Y-chromosome landscape: insights from the European part of Russia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (1): 41–7. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20838. PMID 18470899. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ Alonso S, Flores C, Cabrera V; et al. (2005). "The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (12): 1293–302. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201482. PMID 16094307. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ Maca-Meyer N, Sánchez-Velasco P, Flores C; et al. (2003). "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA characterization of Pasiegos, a human isolate from Cantabria (Spain)". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (Pt 4): 329–39. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x. PMID 12914567. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ Cox MP, Mirazón Lahr M (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  92. ^ Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G; et al. (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  93. ^ Hammer MF, Chamberlain VF, Kearney VF; et al. (2006). "Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013. PMID 16337103. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ a b c Mazières S, Guitard E, Crubézy E; et al. (2008). "Uniparental (mtDNA, Y-chromosome) polymorphisms in French Guiana and two related populations--implications for the region's colonization". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 1): 145–56. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00392.x. PMID 17725814. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)_by_country&oldid=471099184"