Bagvalal language
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Bagvalal | |
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Bagualal, Bagwalal | |
багвалал мисӀсӀ | |
Pronunciation | [bagwalal mis’ː] |
Native to | North Caucasus |
Region | Southwestern Dagestan[1] |
Ethnicity | Bagvalal people |
Native speakers | 2,300 (2020 census)[2] |
Northeast Caucasian
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kva |
Glottolog | bagv1239 |
ELP | Bagvalal |
Bagvalal | |
Bagvalal is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) |
The Bagvalal language (Bagulal) is an Avar–Andic language spoken by the Bagvalals in southwestern Dagestan, Russia, along the right bank of the river Andi-Koisu and the surrounding hills, near the Georgian border. It is fairly similar to Tindi, its closest relative. The 2020 Russian census recorded 2,297 Bagvalal speakers.[2]
Dialects
[edit]Bagvalal has three dialects which are named after the names of the villages in which they are spoken in, being Kwanada, Khushtada, and Tlisi. Only the Tlisi dialect has been studied to a certain significance, because of its similarities to the Tindi language.[citation needed]
Speakers
[edit]Bagvalal has been suffering severe problems and is in serious danger of extinction. The schooling and cultural revolution have contributed to Bagvalal's serious decline. Bagvalal pupils are taught in Avar in primary school, and in secondary school they are taught in Russian. Between 1950 and 1970, Bagvalals migrated to different districts in the Astrakhan province of Russia, and this also affected the Bagvalal language.[citation needed] Despite this, most of the Bagvalal are supportive towards the language, and around 30~50% of children are fluent in the language.[3] While it is still being used for everyday communication, the younger speakers do not speak it as well as the older speakers.
History
[edit]Bagvalal was first mentioned in the 19th century, but very few recordings of the language have been made. There has been very little linguistic research done on the language, with the exception of a 2001 book.[4]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental | Lateral | Sibilant | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||||
Plosive & affricate | voiced | b | d | dʷ | d͡ʒ | g | gʷ | ||||||||||||
voiceless | p | t | tʷ | t͡s | t͡sʷ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ||||||||
ejective | tʼ | tʷʼ | tɬʼ | tɬʷʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡sʷʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ʔ | ||||||
Fricative | voiced | z | zʷ | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʁ | ʁʷ | ʕ | |||||||||||
voiceless | lenis | ɬ | s | sʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | χ | χʷ | ħ | h | hʷ | |||||||
fortis | ɬ̄ | s̄ | s̄ʷ | ʃ̄ | χ̄ | χ̄ʷ | |||||||||||||
ejective | sʼ | sʷʼ | ʃʼ | ʃ̄ʷʼ | |||||||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||||||||
Liquid | r | rʷ | l | lʷ | |||||||||||||||
Glide | w | j |
Lexicon
[edit]Bagvalal has numerous loanwords from such languages as Arabic, Russian, Turkish, and Avar.[citation needed] It is only used as an oral language; Avar or Russian are used as written languages. Nowadays Bagvalal is only used in family settings, using Avar or Russian for every other area of communication.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Ethnologue language map of European Russia, with Bagvalal in the inset indicated by reference number 6
- ^ a b Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ^ Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
- ^ Kibrik, A. E.; Kazenin, K. I.; Li︠u︡tikova, E. A.; Tatevosov, S. G.; Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M.V. Lomonosova, eds. (2001). Bagvalinskiĭ i︠a︡zyk: grammatika, teksty, slovari. Moskva: IMLI RAN, "Nasledie". ISBN 978-5-9208-0048-0. OCLC 49211943.
- ^ Bagvalal language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)