COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China: Difference between revisions
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Since then, the virus has spread to all provinces of Mainland China and overseas. <ref name=":37" /> By 2 February, in Mainland China, over 490 had died of the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 24,313 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 16,678 cases of infections and 479 related deaths.<ref name=":32" /> WHO declared the outbreak a “[[Public Health Emergency of International Concern|public health emergency of international concern]]” on 31 January,<ref name=":5" /> for fear that the virus spread beyond China to where there is no robust healthcare system, despite its confidence in China's efforts.<ref name=":33" /> |
Since then, the virus has spread to all provinces of Mainland China and overseas. <ref name=":37" /> By 2 February, in Mainland China, over 490 had died of the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 24,313 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 16,678 cases of infections and 479 related deaths.<ref name=":32" /> WHO declared the outbreak a “[[Public Health Emergency of International Concern|public health emergency of international concern]]” on 31 January,<ref name=":5" /> for fear that the virus spread beyond China to where there is no robust healthcare system, despite its confidence in China's efforts.<ref name=":33" /> |
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Early cases surrounding the animal market suggests potential animal-to-human transmission, while later the virus is found to be able to transmit from ill people to others.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/index.html|title=About Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-03|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> There have been cases where asymptomatic patients transmit the virus to others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rothe|first=Camilla|last2=Schunk|first2=Mirjam|last3=Sothmann|first3=Peter|last4=Bretzel|first4=Gisela|last5=Froeschl|first5=Guenter|last6=Wallrauch|first6=Claudia|last7=Zimmer|first7=Thorbjörn|last8=Thiel|first8=Verena|last9=Janke|first9=Christian|last10=Guggemos|first10=Wolfgang|last11=Seilmaier|first11=Michael|date=2020-01-30|title=Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany|url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001468|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=0|issue=0|pages=null|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2001468|issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html|title=Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-01-31|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> According to China NHC, the virus transmit by droplets or close contact,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202001/4294563ed35b43209b31739bd0785e67/files/7a9309111267475a99d4306962c8bf78.pdf|title=新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第四版）|last=|first=|date=|website=National Health Commission|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> while some proposed that feces could also be where the virus hides and transmit from.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/02/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/coronavirus-feces-risk-of-spread/|title=Coronavirus lurking in feces may be a hidden source of spread|date=2020-02-02|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=5cb2d650-4827-11ea-8da5-5dc76b190664&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMC0wMi0wMS9jb3JvbmF2aXJ1cy1sdXJraW5nLWluLWZlY2VzLW1heS1yZXZlYWwtaGlkZGVuLXJpc2stb2Ytc3ByZWFk|title=Coronavirus Lurking in Feces May Reveal Hidden Risk of Spread|last=Gale|first=Jason|date=2020-02-01|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> |
Early cases surrounding the animal market suggests potential animal-to-human transmission, while later the virus is found to be able to transmit from ill people to others.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/index.html|title=About Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-03|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> There have been cases where asymptomatic patients transmit the virus to others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rothe|first=Camilla|last2=Schunk|first2=Mirjam|last3=Sothmann|first3=Peter|last4=Bretzel|first4=Gisela|last5=Froeschl|first5=Guenter|last6=Wallrauch|first6=Claudia|last7=Zimmer|first7=Thorbjörn|last8=Thiel|first8=Verena|last9=Janke|first9=Christian|last10=Guggemos|first10=Wolfgang|last11=Seilmaier|first11=Michael|date=2020-01-30|title=Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany|url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001468|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=0|issue=0|pages=null|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2001468|issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html|title=Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-01-31|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> According to China NHC, the virus transmit by droplets or close contact,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202001/4294563ed35b43209b31739bd0785e67/files/7a9309111267475a99d4306962c8bf78.pdf|title=新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第四版）|last=|first=|date=|website=National Health Commission|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> while some proposed that feces could also be where the virus hides and transmit from.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/02/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/coronavirus-feces-risk-of-spread/|title=Coronavirus lurking in feces may be a hidden source of spread|date=2020-02-02|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=5cb2d650-4827-11ea-8da5-5dc76b190664&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMC0wMi0wMS9jb3JvbmF2aXJ1cy1sdXJraW5nLWluLWZlY2VzLW1heS1yZXZlYWwtaGlkZGVuLXJpc2stb2Ytc3ByZWFk|title=Coronavirus Lurking in Feces May Reveal Hidden Risk of Spread|last=Gale|first=Jason|date=2020-02-01|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> Typical symptoms of the viral infection includes fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache, and pneumonia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Peng|last2=Yang|first2=Xing-Lou|last3=Wang|first3=Xian-Guang|last4=Hu|first4=Ben|last5=Zhang|first5=Lei|last6=Zhang|first6=Wei|last7=Si|first7=Hao-Rui|last8=Zhu|first8=Yan|last9=Li|first9=Bei|last10=Huang|first10=Chao-Lin|last11=Chen|first11=Hui-Dong|date=2020-02-03|title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2012-7|journal=Nature|language=en|pages=1–4|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> which are usually developed after an incubation time lasting as long as 2 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|title=Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-01-31|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> But there exists mild but infectious cases, which complicates the epidemic control efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahase|first=Elisabeth|date=2020-01-28|title=China coronavirus: mild but infectious cases may make it hard to control outbreak, report warns|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m325|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m325|issn=1756-1833|pmid=31992570}}</ref> It is also noticed that patients might be able to transmit the virus even during the incubation period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/health/coronavirus-symptoms-germany.html|title=Even Without Symptoms, Wuhan Coronavirus May Spread, Experts Fear|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2020-02-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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== Early response by Wuhan == |
== Early response by Wuhan == |
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Revision as of 18:24, 5 February 2020
 | This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. (January 2020) |
Mainland China refers to the part of Greater China excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
The outbreak of 2019-nCoV was first manifested by a cluster of mysterious pneumonia in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province in Mainland China. After a Wuhan hospital notified local center for disease control and prevention (CDC) and health commissions on 27 On 31 December, Wuhan CDC admitted there was a cluster of unknown pneumonia regarding Huanan Seafood Market, as unverified documents appeared on the Internet. The potential disease outbreak soon drew nationwide attention, including that of the National Health Commission (NHC) in Beijing, who sent experts to Wuhan on the following day. On 8 January, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of the pneumonia.[6] The sequence of the virus was soon published on an open-access database.[7] Measures taken by China were widely praised by many including the World Health Organization (WHO).[8][9][10] China's response appeared to be much more transparent, especially when compared to how the country responded to SARS in 2003.[9][11]
However, delayed and controversial response by the Wuhan and Hubei authorities failed to contain the outbreak in the early stage, which has led to criticism from the public and the media.[12] By 29 January, the virus had been spread to all provinces of Mainland China.[13][14][15] By 2 February, over 300 had died of the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 14,380 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 9074 cases of infections and 224 related deaths.[16] All provinces of Mainland China had initiated the highest response level to public health emergency.[17] WHO declared the outbreak a “public health emergency of international concern” on 31 January,[15] for fear that the virus spread beyond China to where there is no robust healthcare system, despite its confidence in China's efforts.[18]
President Xi Jinping warned a 'grave situation' facing China.[19] The Central Politburo formed a special leading group for epidemic control led by Premier Li Keqiang. Chinese New Year celebrations were cancelled. Passengers were checked for their temperatures.[20] Commands for epidemic control (CEC) have been formed in different regions including Wuhan and Hubei. Many inter-province bus services[21] and railway services have been suspended.[22] By 29th, all Hubei cities had been quarantined. [23] Curfew laws are in practice in Huanggang, Wenzhou[24] and other Mainland cities.[25] The region also sees a huge shortage of face masks and other protective gears, despite itself being the world's manufacturing hub for these products. [26]
With the increasing reported cases of infections, fear upgraded along with regional discrimination in China and racial discrimination beyond China, despite calls for stopping the discrimination by many governments.[27][28] Rumors circulated across Chinese social media, along with counter-rumor efforts by multiple Chinese media and governments.[29][30]
Context
Fear of another Sars outbreak
New infectious diseases impose a serious threat to the health of the general public. Their origins are often mysterious despite intensive research efforts.[31] Although human coronaviruses (CoVs) had been known as major pathogens to cause common cold,[32][33] a new species of coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV, caused an epidemic involving 29 countries during 2002-03, which infected 8098 and killed 774 of them.[33]Evidence shows that the virus might have originated from an animal coronavirus but somehow entered human population.[33][34][35] Its outbreak also implies that animal coronaviruses could be a potential danger to humans.[33]
Since 2003 Sars outbreak, the general public and the science community in China have been worried about the potential return of the deadly virus, which motivated the Chinese government to reform its public health system in order to handle next public health crisis.[36][37][38] As part of the reform, China expanded the laboratory networks to handle pathogens of infectious diseases, which include a newly-built BSL-4 laboratory in Wuhan and a national key laboratory to investigate into pneumonia with unclear causes.[39] Zeng Guang, Chief Scientist at China CDC, believes a quicker publication of epidemic information was a lesson China learnt from the SARS outbreak, as lack of information release worsened the outbreak.[39]
With the improvement in public health system, China managed to handle several public health emergencies. In coping with 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak in Mexico, China developed and distributed vaccines to 100 million people within months. [38] During the H7N9 outbreak in East China in 2013, the country's health system identified the pathogen within 5 days since the outbreak and shared the viral genome data to the world. Test kits for diagnosis were designed and distributed to all Mainland China's provinces within 3 days after the identification. Within months, effective vaccines were developed. Besides, Chinese academic Li Lanjuan's group was the first to reveal the virus' transmission method, molecular mechanism and effective treatment.[40]
However, as Southern Metropolis Daily pointed out, although people paid more attention to public health, the government funding to health system was far from enough, as CDCs in smaller municipalities had to reduce their staff. 10 years after the Sars outbreak, few people wore a face mask when they had respiratory symptoms and hospitals were cutting off fever clinics. [41] Despite enhanced public health system, Zhong Nanshan, who earned a fame in fighting the Sars outbreak in 2003, still held a conservative attitude to whether Chinese officials would lie about the situation of an epidemic.[38]
Mainland China refers to the part of Greater China excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
On 1 December 2019, a viral pneumonia patient with an unknown cause was hospitalized at Jinyintan Hospital, a specialized hospital for infectious diseases in Wuhan, China. This patient was the earliest known case of 2019 nCoV infections. Although the patient had not had any exposure to Huanan Seafood Market, a wholesale market selling seafood and living animals, an outbreak of the virus began to happen among people who had been exposed to the market since 10 December. [42][43] The outbreak was not noticed until a cluster of unknown pneumonia was noticed by a Wuhan doctor who notified her hospital on 27 December. [44] The first sample with the virus was sent to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Shanghai PHC) on 26 December, where it was identified and sequenced. The outbreak was made public on 31 December, after rumor about it circulated on the Internet. [42]
Since then, the virus has spread to all provinces of Mainland China and overseas. [42] By 2 February, in Mainland China, over 490 had died of the coronavirus infection-associated pneumonia and 24,313 were confirmed to be infected. In Hubei alone, there were 16,678 cases of infections and 479 related deaths.[16] WHO declared the outbreak a “public health emergency of international concern” on 31 January,[15] for fear that the virus spread beyond China to where there is no robust healthcare system, despite its confidence in China's efforts.[18]
Early cases surrounding the animal market suggests potential animal-to-human transmission, while later the virus is found to be able to transmit from ill people to others.[45] There have been cases where asymptomatic patients transmit the virus to others.[46][47] According to China NHC, the virus transmit by droplets or close contact,[48] while some proposed that feces could also be where the virus hides and transmit from.[49][50] Typical symptoms of the viral infection includes fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache, and pneumonia,[51] which are usually developed after an incubation time lasting as long as 2 weeks.[52] But there exists mild but infectious cases, which complicates the epidemic control efforts.[53] It is also noticed that patients might be able to transmit the virus even during the incubation period.[54]
Early response by Wuhan
Mysterious pneumonia outbreak
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On 1 December 2019, a viral pneumonia patient with an unknown cause was hospitalized at Jinyintan Hospital, a specialized hospital for infectious diseases in Wuhan, China. This patient was the earliest known case of 2019 nCoV infections. Although the patient had not had any exposure to Huanan Seafood Market, a wholesale market selling seafood and living animals, an outbreak of the virus began to happen among people who had been exposed to the market since 10 December. [42][43] On 26 December, Shanghai PHC received a sample of a patient with unknown pneumonia from Wuhan CDC and Wuhan Central Hospital and started investigation to the sample, which was later confirmed to contain a new coronavirus.[42]
However, the outbreak was not being aware of until a cluster of unknown pneumonia was noticed by a Wuhan doctor who notified her hospital on 27 December. [44] Zhang Jixian, an ICU doctor at Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (also known as Xinhua Hospital) in Wuhan, discovered unusual changes in the lungs of her four patients, which were different from those in any known viral pneumonia. One of these patients was from Huanan Seafood Market. She reported her discovery to her hospital and the hospital soon informed Jianghan District's CDC. On the following two days, three more patients with similar conditions came to the clinic of the hospital, all of whom were from Huanan Seafood Market. The hospital then notified the provincial and municipal health commissions. The health commissions appointed Wuhan and Jianghan CDC and Jinyintan Hospital to undertake epidemiological research for the seven patients on 29th December. Six of them were then transferred to Jinyintan, a specialized facility for infectious diseases. Only one patient refused the transfer.[44]
On the evening of 30th, two emergent notice letters from the Municipal Health Commission of Wuhan began to circulate on the Internet, which were soon confirmed by Wuhan CDC, who admitted there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown cause,[55] on the following day. The letters required all hospitals in Wuhan to report any pneumonia patient with unknown cause and related to Huanan Seafood Market and asked the hospitals to give proper treatment to these patients. Wuhan CDC told The Beijing News the investigation was still underway and that experts from NHC were on the way to help the investigation,[56] after rumor about it circulated on the Internet.[42]
On 1 January 2020, the seafood market was closed down by Jianghan District's Health Agency and Administration for Market Regulation due to a "environment improvement." According to China Business, workers in hazmat suits were inspecting all around the market and collecting samples. Storekeepers at the market said they were not told what the people were collecting and detecting. Urban Management officers and police officers were on the spot to ask the storekeepers to finish up and leave the market.[57]
Several doctors were warned by Wuhan police for "spreading misinformation" and eight "rumormongers" were summoned by police on 3 January.[58][59] According to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO, eight so-called rumormongers are all doctors at Wuhan hospitals who "are still fighting at the frontline".[60] The Supreme Court defended eight "rumormongers" and pointed out in a WeChat article on 28 January,[60] delay and opacity in public information are the root of fake news and the information that is mostly factual and not subjectively malicious, and causes no objectively severe consequences should be tolerated.[61] They were also praised by Zeng Guang, Chief Scientist at China CDC, on 29th.[62]
Human-to-human transmission
As the early cases were mostly people with exposure to Huanan Seafood Market that sold seafood and animals, which might suggest animal-to-human transmission.[45] Despite the expert-led investigation and early signs of human-to-human transmission, including a hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial) case confirmed on 10 January according to Caixin,[55] the local government of Wuhan denied any case of nosocomial infection and kept claiming that "there was no clear sign of human-to-human transmission" until 15 January when Wuhan's Municipal Health Commission (MHC) said on its website that "the result of present investigation shows no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission, but this does not rule out the possibility of such transmission. The risk of continuous human-to-human transmission is low."[63] The reported case number froze at 41 in Hubei Lianghui and Wuhan Lianghui, the local parliament sessions between 6–17 January, which the local authorities of Hubei and Wuhan claimed to be due to lack of PCR test kits for the new virus. Despite lack of PCR kits, other detection techniques can still be used for diagnosis and usually takes two days, according to Caixin.[64] Meanwhile, an Imperial College group[65][66] and a Hong Kong University group[67] both estimated over 1,000 cases in Wuhan as cases were being exported and confirmed overseas. As more and more cases were confirmed overseas, Chinese netizens began to sneer that the new virus was so "patriotic" that only infected Chinese overseas as a criticism to the government.[68][69]
On 20 January, the number of reported new cases soared to 136, as major Mainland cities including Beijing and Shenzhen reported their first cases.[70][71] Only then did the Wuhan authorities stop claiming that the virus had a limited ability to transmit between humans.[72] On the same day, the city formed specialized Command for Epidemic Control (CEC) to upgrade measures to cope with the epidemic, including enhanced protection over medical workers[73] and free treatment for all patients at fever clinics.[74] On the evening of that day, Zhong Nanshan, one of the NHC experts sent to Wuhan, who was well-known for fighting against SARS in 2003, exemplified human-to-human transmission of the new virus with a cluster of 14 hospital-acquired infections in Wuhan and two familial clusters in Guangdong.[75] However, NHC still insisted that the epidemic be "manageable and preventable." At that time, BBC said that not much public attention was drawn to the virus outbreak.[55] On 19th, despite the virus outbreak, over 40,000 Wuhan families joined a banquet to celebrate the Kitchen God Festival, which was a community tradition observed for over two decades. The community leaders told The Beijing News that "everything is normal now," when asked about the virus outbreak.[76]
On 20th, Guan Yi, an expert in SARS epidemiology, told Caixin that the local government should not play on words about the transmissibility and that he hoped we could learn from 2003 SARS outbreak. He continued, "transmissibility, adaptability, incidence and virulence of the virus highly resembles those of SARS at the early stage [of 2003 outbreak]". [77] Guan's team came to Wuhan on 21 January and returned to Hong Kong the next day. He said to media that "epidemiology experts and scientists do not seem to be welcomed in the city."[78] On 22 January, Wuhan was still "an open city" to the virus outbreak, where most people did not wear a mask, although NHC had announced the coronavirus-associated pneumonia as a notifiable disease. He believed that a pandemic was unavoidable as the virus had spread with the migration flow of Chunyun.[79][80] The statements of Guan, which were apparently different from that in other Chinese media, became highly controversial as journalists of state media reposted his statement on 15 January where he said he believed the disease was manageable and the news that his lab was fined by Chinese authorities in 2005. Wang Duan, the Caixin journalist who made the interview, described such behavior as "personal attacks" and complained that no expert had so far come forward to refute what Guan said.[81]
Hubei lockdowns
On 19 January, according to Wuhan Radio Television, the city authorities said it would monitor anyone leaving the city as a measure to contain the epidemic. Staff of Hankou Railway Station told The Beijing News on 20th that they would check the temperature of every passengers moving into and out of the station. If the temperature was above 38℃, further examinations would be made and they would notify the hospital if necessary.[84] Although the local government claimed that such measures were claimed to be taken at the airport, railway stations, coach stations and piers in Wuhan since 14 January,[84][85] reports by Hong Kong-based Now News and Mainland-based Caixin indicated such measures were not taken at that time.[84][86] Caixin believed this to be a cause of the surge of confirmed cases.[84]
On 22 January, Wuhan MHC said the city would have a random check on any private cars in and out of the city to see whether they carried any kinds of living poultry or wildlife.[87] The city authority began to require all citizens to wear a mask in public places. [88] On 20th, in a NHC press conference in Wuhan, Zhong Nanshan advised the public to avoid visiting Wuhan unless extremely urgent and to wear face masks. He also advised the city to perform a temperature check for anyone to leave the city and take compulsory measures to stop fever patients from leaving.[89] On the following day, Zhou Xianwang, Mayor of Wuhan, urged Wuhan citizens not to leave the city and non-Wuhan citizens to avoid coming in an interview by state media.[87] NHC also warned that a coronavirus outbreak had happened in Wuhan.[90] China Railway and Civil Aviation Administration announced that passengers were allowed to cancel stays or change dates for free if they had booked a ticket from/to Wuhan.[87][91] Wuhan-bound railway tickets purchased via Hong Kong's MTR could also be refunded.[92] Wuhan announced to postpone its tourism promotion activities for the Chinese New Year. [87]
Lockdown of Wuhan
On 22 January, Li Lanjuan, one of the NHC experts sent to Wuhan, flew to Beijing and advised the quarantine of Wuhan, which was soon adopted.[93][94] On the early morning of 23 January, the government of Wuhan announced a sudden lockdown at around 2 o'clock, which said, "Since 10:00 AM on 23 January 2020, the city's bus, metro, ferry, coach services will be suspended. Without a special reason, citizens should not leave Wuhan. Departure from the airport and railway stations will be temporarily prohibited. Recovery time of the services will be announced in a further notice."[95] Thus, Wuhan became a locked down area of a Class A Infectious Disease according to The law on Prevention and Treatment of Infections Diseases.[96]
Railway
China Railway announced later on the day of lockdown (23 January) that departure from railway stations in Wuhan would be stopped in order to assist the epidemic control, but transferring trains at Wuchang Station, Wuhan Station, and Hankou Station would be still allowed.[97][98] It also extended free refund and changing policy that originally applied to Wuhan to all parts of Mainland China, so as to reduce population movement.[99] On 24th, China Railway Wuhan (CRW) announced suspension of all its own train services. The company further announced suspension of most corporate train services it provided, except 6.5 pairs of trains that only runs within Henan Province. Only Jiangan Motive Power Depot, Jiangan Rail Yard, and Wuhanbei Station would be fully in service, while only a small number of people are reserved for other CRW facilities, and all the other employees would be on vacation. [100]
Flight
Tianhe International Airport, Wuhan's only civil airport, stopped anyone from leaving from 13:00 on 23 January. Cathay Dragon, Spring Airlines, Juneyao Airlines, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines and ANA changed or cancelled their scheduled Wuhan-bound flights. On 24 January, the airport was only open to international flights inbound which were required to leave without any passengers. Two cargo planes of SF Express, which carried supplies for epidemic control, were also allowed to land at the airport.[101]
Road and waterway
Shanghai, Sichuan and Jiangsu had cancelled all waterway and road passenger transport services to Wuhan and stopped approval of any chartered coaches to Wuhan,[102] before the Ministry of Transport called off all passenger transport services for Wuhan and asked the transport sectors to refund the affected tickets for free on 23 January.[103][104][105]
Although the announcement of lockdown did not mention whether citizens were allowed to leave Wuhan in their own cars, 30 entries to highways were cut by 14:00.[106] Roadblocks were said to be used in some areas according to BBC.[107] At 23:00, Wuhan CEC decided to stop P2P ridesharing services by 12:00 on 24th and to halve the number of street taxis.[108] Since 26th, private cars were prohibited from driving in downtown Wuhan.[109][110]
Fleeing Wuhan
On the morning of Wuhan's lockdown (23 January), hashtag #逃离武汉, which literally means "fleeing Wuhan", hit the top of Weibo topics.[111][112] People were sharing how they managed to leave the city before the lockdown.[113] Wuhan citizens rushed to railway stations to leave the city before lockdown, leading to long queues.[114] Some said they successfully cheated the temperature check by taking antipyretics, which led to criticism for their lack of social responsibility.[115] Around 30 thousands left the city by train on the day, according to China Railway Wuhan.[111][113]
Zhou Xianwang, Mayor of Wuhan, said that by 23 January, 5 million Wuhan citizens had left the city for the Chinese New Year vacation, while 9 million remained in the city.[116] Data analysis by China Business Network showed that each year, only around half of the residents celebrate the Chinese New Year in the city, while 2/3 of those who leave the city go to other parts of Hubei. The rest leaves for other Chinese provinces and overseas. Henan, Hunan, Anhui are top 3 domestic destinations for them, while Bangkok, Singapore and Tokyo are the top 3 oversea destinations.[117]
Lockdowns and isolation
Soon after Wuhan's lockdown, Huanggang and Ezhou, two Hubei cities bordering Wuhan, followed suit, suspending their public transport systems.[120] By 24th, Huangshi, Chibi, Jinzhou, Yichang, Xiaogan, Jingmen, Zhijiang, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Xianning, Dangyang and Enshi had restricted the inbound and outbound traffic sequently, affecting over 40 million residents.[121] As Xiangyang became the last Hubei city to declare lockdown of city, all Hubei cities had been quarantined by 27th, with local access to road and railway networks temporarily shut down.[23] Forest-covered Shennongjia is the only part of Hubei that has not been locked down.[119]
At least 56 million Hubei residents were isolated. All public places, except hospitals, supermarkets, farmers' market, gas stations and drug stores, were closed, according to Hubei Daily. [122] Starting from 1 February, Hubei city of Huanggang introduced a curfew, which allows only one member of a local family to shop on the streets for every two days, making the city the first to restrict people from going outdoors.[24]
Hubei after lockdown
After lockdown, Wuhan's streets became silent, excepts those around hospitals.[123][124] Witness described that a "once-bustling city became a ghost town overnight". Although grocery stores and shops remained open, most people stayed at home. Food supply is steady despite a shortage in the early stage and the local government promised to provide enough vegetables, rice, and meat.[124] Similar scenes were observed in other Hubei cities after lockdown, including Enshi[125] and Shiyan[126].
Overcrowded hospitals
On the first day of lockdown (23 January), masses of fever patients were queuing outside hospitals, waiting for examinations,[115] while medical workers and hospitals were struggling with the surge of patients.[127] Wuhan MHC admitted they had a shortage of beds and long outpatient queues.[128] Multiple major Hubei hospitals began to request medical supplies, including surgical masks and other protective equipment, via social media almost at the same time when Wang Xiaodong, Governor of Hubei, promised to the people that there would be no shortage of supplies in a press conference after lockdown.[55]
On the same day, to relieve the shortage, the municipal government invited China Construction Third Engineering Bureau to built a makeshift hospital that resembled Xiaotangshan Hospital in Beijing during 2003 SARS outbreak in Caidian, Wuhan. The hospital was later named Huoshenshan Hospital,[129][130] and was expected to be finished by 3 February.[131] On the afternoon of 25th, Wuhan CEC anounced the building of another makeshift hospital with at least 1,300 beds called Leishenshan Hospital.[132]
Food supplies
Wuhan's local markets saw spikes in food prices shortly after lockdown. Despite call for price control, Wuhan CEC stated that commodities, food, medical protection equipment were well-stocked and in smooth supply and appeal to the public not to hoard the goods or buy them at exorbitant prices.[133] According to Wuhan CEC, there were 5 million kilograms of finished rice, 4,000 tons of edible oil, 5,500 tons of pork, 2,000 tons of halal beef, 1,500 tons of sugar in Wuhan's market, while the Government also prepared 16.3 million kilograms of finished rice, 8,000 tons of edible oil, arranged 1.55 million kilograms of eggs, 5 million kilograms of vegetables, 1 million kilograms of fresh fish, 200 tons of halal beef and 6,000 head of pork, which would be released orderly though 300 plus supply outlets across the city.[134] After interviewed by the local market regulation administrators, the supermarkets that was reported to have raised food prices normalized the prices.[135]
Community services
6,000 taxis were allocated to downtown communities. Since noon of 25 January, they will provide free service for residents under the command of community committees. Each community are expected to have 3-5 taxis under command. The committees are responsible for offering food and medicine for those with inconvenience in the community.[136]
Impact beyond Hubei
President Xi Jinping warned a 'grave situation' facing China[19] and held a Politburo meeting which guaranteed resources and experts for treatment and supplies to Hubei,[137] as more and more cases of the viral infection, mostly exported from Wuhan, became confirmed in other cities in Hubei[13] and multiple parts in Mainland China.[138] On 29 January, Tibet announced its first confirmed case, a male who travelled from Wuhan to Lhasa by rail on 22–24 January,[139] which marked that the virus had been spread to all parts of Mainland China.[13][14][15]
Copy Henan's homework
At the end of December 2019, Henan Province announced suspension of passenger trains to and from Wuhan. In early January 2020, the local government of Henan Province, with its complete disinfection measures, effective and intensive publicity, strong awareness of epidemic prevention and quarantine among the people, the setting up of return spots at the village entrance, and even the use of garbage trucks, the digging of trenches to block roads connecting Hubei, and the hanging of slogans such as "return home with sickness is to dishonor your parents." #抄河南的作业 (lit. 'copy Henan's homework') once became the most trending Weibo topic hashtag.[140][141][142]
However, cutting off roads without authorization is illegal in Mainland China, as Xinhua and Public Security Ministry have pointed out.[143][144] The Ministry of Transport asked local governments to take the principle of "one to block and three not to block (Chinese: 一断三不断)", that is, to block the virus from spreading but not to block roads, traffic and Internet access, not to block the transport of emergency supplies, not to block the transport of life necessities. [145]
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Public Health Emergency
On 22 January, Hubei launched Class 2 Response to Public Health Emergency.[146] Ahead of the Hubei authorities, Class 1 Response to Public Health Emergency, the highest response level, were announced by the Mainland province of Zhejiang on 23th.[147][148] Guangdong and Hunan followed suit later on the day. On the following day, Hubei[138] and other 13 Mainland provinces[149][150][151][152] launched Class 1 Response. By 29th, all parts of Mainland had initiated Class 1 Response, after Tibet upgraded its response level on the day.[17]
The highest response level authorizes a provincial government to requisition resources under the administration in order to control the epidemic. The government are allowed to organize and coordinate treatment for patients, to make investigations into the epidemic area, to announce certain area in the province to be an epidemic control area, to issues compulsory orders, to manage human movement, to publish information and reports, to sustain social stability and to do other work related to epidemic control. [153]
Cancellations, delays and shutdowns
Chinese New Year celebrations were cancelled in many cities. Passengers were checked for their temperatures to see whether they had a fever.[20] Henan, Wuxi, Hefei, Shanghai, Inner Mongolia suspended trade of living poultry on 21 January.[154]
Sporting events
For the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games Qualifier, the third round of the Group B qualification match for the Asian division of the women's soccer team was planned to be held in Wuhan, later Nanjing[155][156] but the match was finally held in Sydney, Australia for China gave up holding the game. [157] The Boxing Qualifier [158][159] has also been rescheduled to March and the venue has been moved to Amman, Jordan.[160] Group B of the women's basketball qualifiers for the Tokyo Olympic Games, originally scheduled to be held in Foshan, Guangdong, was also moved to Belgrade, Serbia.[161]
As for other major sports events, 2019-20 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, scheduled for 15-16 February 2020, was canceled due to the outbreak, the event was originally the 2022 Winter Olympics's first test, 123. The 2020 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics, originally scheduled to take place in Nanjing from 13 to 15 March, has been postponed to march at the same venue in 2021.[162] The Confederations Cup Asia Pacific Group I, scheduled to be held in Dongguan, Guangdong, was moved to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.[163]
The State General Administration of Sports announced a suspension of all sporting events until April. Mudanjiang Sports Culture Winter Camp,[164] China Rally Championship Changbai Mountains[165] are suspended. The 2020 Chinese FA Super Cup, to be held in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province on 5 February 2020, has been postponed. [166] AFC Champions League's additional match between Shanghai SIPG and Buriram United were played behind closed door.[167] China's 14th Winter Games, originally scheduled for 16-26 February, have also been postponed.[168] The Chinese Football Association has announced that the 2020 season will be postponed from 30 January.[169] China women's national football team is also quarantined at a hotel in Brisbane, Australia. After postponement of national women's basketball games, the Chinese Volleyball Association suspended all volleyball matches and activities.[170]
Tourist attractions
On 21 January, the Wuhan Culture and Tourism Bureau postponed a tourism promotion activity to the city's citizens. All qualified citizens will be able to continue the qualification in the Bureau's next activity.[171] On 23 January, the Bureau announced to temporarily shut down museums, memorials, public libraries and cultural centers in Wuhan will be closed since 23 January to 8 February.[172] All tour groups to and from Wuhan will be cancelled.[173][174]
On 23 January, the City Administration of Dongcheng, Beijing cancelled temple fairs in Longtan and Temple of Earth, originally scheduled for January 25.[175] The Beijing Culture and Tourism Bureau later announced cancellations of all major events including temple fairs.[176] Tourist attractions in Beijing[177] and Tianjin[178], including the Forbidden City and the National Maritime Museum, closed door to the public since 24 January. On the evening of 23 January, the Palace Museum decided to shut down since 25 January,[179] and the West Lake in Hangzhou announced to shut down all paid attractions and the Music Fountain and suspended the services of all large-scale cruise ships since the next day.[180] Since 24 January, many major attractions have been shut down nationwide, including Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing,[181] Shanghai Disneyland, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi, Canton Tower in Guangdong, the Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan and Mount Emei in Sichuan.[182]
Educational institutes
On January 21,2020, the Ministry of Education (MoE) requested the education system to do a good job in the prevention and control of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection. After that, private education providers including New Oriental, NewChannel and TAL Education[183], education departments in Hubei,[184] Zhejiang,[185] Shenzhen,[186] and Shanghai University[187] cancelled all ongoing courses and postponed the new semester. MoE announced on 27 that all higher education institutions should postpone the new spring semester, while all local education departments should determine the starting time of the new semester for K-12 education and local colleges according to the decision of local governments.[188] The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security also decided to put off new semester for all vocational education facilities.[189]
The National Education Examinations Authority cancelled all IELTS, TOEFL, and GRE exams scheduled for February. The decision was first made for tests to be held in Wuhan, and then extended to those in all part of Mainland China.[190][191][192] MoE also urged Chinese students studying abroad to delay their travels. For those who need to go abroad, MoE advised them to arrive earlier in case of any kind of health check and to stop traveling if they have a sign of coughing and fever.[193]
Face mask shortage
As the epidemic accelerated, more authorities followed Hubei and Guangdong to announce not wearing a mask in public places illegal. The mainland market saw a shortage of face masks, which will not be relieved until late February when most workers return from the New Year vacation according to Lei Limin, an expert in the industry.[194]
Lockdown and curfew
A curfew law that resembles that of Huanggang began to be in practice by Zhejiang city of Wenzhou, which is second largest epicenter after Hubei.[195]
Response by Central Government
Cross-ministry conferences on 2020 Chunyun
China's Chunyun is the largest human migration in the world. It is a 40-day period when people return home to spend the Chinese New Year with their families. [197] It starts on 10 January and ends on 18 February in 2020. Before the coronavirus outbreak, the government estimated 3 billion trips to be made during the period. [198]
On 9 January, in a cross-ministry press conference, Wan Xiangdong, chief pilot of the Civil Aviation Administration, said the agency would keep a close watch on the incident and strengthen ties with the health authorities. Li Wenxin, deputy general manager of China Railway, said the railway authorities were paying attention to the situation and doing a good job in the prevention and control of transport links to prevent the spread of the epidemic through railway stations and trains and to safeguard the health and safety of passengers. Wang Yang, chief engineer of the Ministry of Transport, said the ministry would carry out disinfection monitoring and protection measures in areas with heavy passenger traffic, including transport hubs, passenger stations and cargo terminal factory stations.[199]
However, on 22 January, as the coronavirus outbreak escalated, Li Bin, deputy president of NHC, warned in a press conference that Chunyun might speed up the transmission of the new virus. Li repeated the government's previous advice to the people, that is, stay away from Wuhan. Gao Fu, director of China CDC, also admitted on the conference that the virus can transmit between humans and that there were also cases of community-acquired infections. The Chinese health officials also promised to take strict measures to stop the virus from spreading and to release information as soon as possible. [200]
Central Politburo's leadership
On 20 January, the Party leader Xi Jinping, ordered that great attention be paid to prevention and control. We will strengthen public opinion guidance, intensify publicity and interpretation of relevant policies and measures, and resolutely safeguard social stability. Premier Li Keqiang urged relevant ministries and localities to take a highly responsible attitude towards the People's health and resolutely prevent the spread of the epidemic.[201] The State Council held a teleconference on 20 January.[202] Premier Li Keqiang called a meeting of the China State Council Executive Meeting and deployed the work of epidemic prevention and control.[203] On 21 January, Li visited a local hospital during a visit to Xining, Qinghai, where he urged protection and encouraged health care workers. The State Medical Security Bureau has decided to adopt a special reimbursement policy for confirmed patients and temporarily bring relevant drugs and medical services into the reimbursement scope of medical insurance.[204] On 22 January, Vice Premier Sun Chunlan went to Wuhan to inspect the prevention and control of the epidemic.[205]
On 26 January, Li Keqiang chaired the first meeting of the Central Leading Group for the Response to the Epidemic of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV infection. The meeting prioritized the provision of urgently needed medical and health forces, protective clothing and face masks for prevention and control in Hubei Province and Wuhan, and attached importance to the transport of daily necessities for residents and relief supplies to Hubei. It urge local governments to enhance epidemic control, including cancelling meetings and events, strictly quarantining confirmed and suspected infection cases, extending the Chinese New Year holiday and supporting online office and teaching. The Central Government promised to crack down on hoarding and profiteering in materials for disease prevention and control. Public Finance at all levels should fully guarantee such funds as prevention and control of epidemic situations and treatment of patients. [206]
On 27 January, Premier Li Keqiang, assigned by Party leader Xi Jinping according to Xinhua[207], arrived in Wuhan to inspect and guide the epidemic prevention and control work.[208][209] According to The Wall Street Journal, the appointment of Li who is considered a technocrat surprised some observers, given that he had been sidelined in recent years as Xi concentrated power and cultivated a populist ideological image, however some suggest that Xi was "more at risk to the political fallout of the coronavirus" while Li could be a convenient "political scapegoat".[210] Li's visit to Wuhan has earned high popularity on Chinese social media.[211] Xi Jinping claimed that he personally commanded the fight against coronavirus outbreak when meeting with WHO director general in Beijing on 28 January, but according to a report by The Guardian he has not made any public presence since then; social media posts mocking Xi's absence were prompted deleted by censors.[212][213]
Epidemic control efforts by NHC
NHC, with the approval of the State Council, announced 2019-nCoV-associated pneumonia as Category B Infectious Diseases with control measures of Class A infectious diseases as stipulated in The Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases.[214]
From 20 January, NHC will publish daily data on confirmed and suspected cases in all provinces of the country (including during the Spring Festival) until no longer necessary.[215]
On 20 January, NHC set up a working group to deal with pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection.[202] On 28 January NHC sent seven supervision teams to seven provinces and cities in Beijing, Hebei, Shanghai, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong and Sichuan to supervise the epidemic control measures in the areas. [216]
Holiday extension and postponement
On 26 January, the State Council approved, in order to strengthen the new type of coronavirus infection of pneumonia prevention and control work, effectively reduce the number of people gathered to block the spread of the epidemic. Extension of the 2020 Spring Festival holiday to 2 February (Sunday, the ninth day of the first lunar month), 3 February (Monday) starting normal work, colleges and universities, primary and secondary schools, kindergartens postponed the start of school.[217] The Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange announced that with the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the closing time for the Chinese New Year will be extended to 2 February and trading will resume on 3 February.[218][219]
On 28 January, the National Civil Service Bureau said that it would postpone the 2020 civil service recruitment examination, public selection and public selection interview time.[220]
Financial supports and tax reduction
On 1 February, the People's Bank of China and other five departments jointly issued the notice on further strengthening financial support for the prevention and control of the epidemic of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection, making it clear that relevant financial services will be further strengthened during the period affected by the epidemic. For those who are temporarily affected by the epidemic and facing difficulties, the document requires financial institutions to tilt their credit policies appropriately, flexibly adjust their loan repayment arrangements and reasonably postpone the repayment period. Those overdue due to inconvenient repayment during the epidemic period shall not be included in the record of credit investigation and breach of trust [221].
On 30 January, the Ministry of Finance and NHC issued a notice on the financial guarantee policy for the prevention and control of the new type of pneumonia. The Central Government shall grant a subsidy of 300 yuan per person per day to those who are in direct contact with the cases to be investigated or confirmed, who are involved in the diagnosis, treatment, nursing, hospital infection control, case specimen collection and pathogen detection For other medical personnel and epidemic prevention workers who take part in epidemic prevention and control, the Central Financial Department shall subsidize them at a rate of 200 yuan per person per day.[222]
The Ministry of Finance, the General Administration of Customs and the General Administration of Taxation issued a joint announcement that from 1 January to 31 March 2020, more preferential import tax policies will be implemented for imported materials used for epidemic prevention and control.[223]
International and regional relations
Information sharing
Foreign ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said on 21 January that Chinese authorities would share information of the epidemic "with the WHO, relevant nations and China's Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions in a timely manner, including the genome sequence of the new coronavirus."[225] During the sidelines of the World Economic Forum, Germany’s health minister Jens Spahn praised China for its improved transparency since 2003.[10] US officials and WHO also praised China for sharing data about the epidemic and keeping transparent. US experts had been invited by China's NHC.[9] On 23 January, WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom and WHO regional director for the Western Pacific, Takeshi Kasai, arrived in Beijing to discuss the new coronavirus outbreak with Chinese authorities and health experts.[226] China agreed on 28 January that WHO send international experts to China.[227]
Evacuations
Multiple countries have evacuated or are trying to evacuate their citizens from Wuhan, including South Korea, Japan, the US, the UK, Kazakhstan, Germany, Spain, Canada, Russia, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, France, Switzerland, and Thailand.[228] Korean media Channel A said that China asked the evacuation flights to arrive in the evening and leave Wuhan in the next morning so that the evacuation would not be seen by the public.[229] According to BBC, Chinese nationals, even with a UK citizenship, are not allowed to be evacuated by the UK.[230]
Despite controversy over One-China policy,[231] China allowed Taiwan to evacuate its citizens from Wuhan, with the assistance of the local Taiwan Affairs Office.[232] There were around 500 Taiwanese trapped in Wuhan. The first flight to help them leave left Wuhan on 3 February.[233] All of them would be quarantined for two weeks after they enter Taiwan.[232]
Immigration control
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Exit and entry of Mainland China
The State Administration of Immigration promised that the border inspection agencies at all ports of entry and exit in China would continue to provide necessary facilities and services for Chinese citizens returning home.[235] On 25 January, the General Administration of Customs decided to reactivate the health declaration system, where people entering or exiting Mainland China should write a health declaration. Border control staff shall also cooperate in health and quarantine work such as body temperature monitoring, medical inspection and medical check-up.[236]On 31 January, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was arranging charter flights to take Chinese citizens from Hubei and Wuhan back to Wuhan 124, given the practical difficulties they face overseas.[237]
Hubei has suspended the processing of applications from mainland Chinese residents for entry and exit of Mainland China. For those with a valid visa to enter Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan but fail to enter the areas due to the coronavirus outbreak, the Immigration Administration will issue a new visa for free on requestl of the visa holder after the outbreak is lifted. Some of automated border clearance systems will be shut down according to the needs of the epidemic prevention. After Wuhan declared lockdown on January 23, the Tianhe Airport and Hankou River ports have been without passengers for several days.[235]
Entry from Mainland China
Since 25 January[238], Taiwan has already banned anyone from Mainland China entering the island;[233] the ban extended to Mainland Chinese overseas.[239] Although global health officials' advised not to perform travel restrictions on China, the US and Australia restricted all Chinese citizens from China from entering their borders.[240] Travel restrictions were announced by Russia, Japan, Pakistan and Italy and other countries, despite China's criticism of border control.[241][242]
Since 28 February, Hong Kong government began to cut down traffic connecting Mainland China[227][243]. On the same day, China's National Immigration Administration announced that with immediate effect, the application of mainland residents' visa to Hong Kong and Macau would be suspended.[244] On 3 February, Hong Kong closed most of its border to Mainland China.[245][246] However, Hong Kong nurses still held a strike, demanding a complete closure. [247]
Criticism
Hubei and Wuhan governments
The Hubei and Wuhan governments are widely criticized by the public and media. The Supreme Court[61] and China CDC expert Zeng Guang[248] defended 8 "rumormongers" who were warned by Wuhan police for their claim there were SARS cases in Wuhan. Hu Xijin, the editor of the Global Times newspaper, complained about local governments' low tolerance of different online voices and believed this weakened checks-and-balances of government powers through news media.[12]
On 24th, Zhang Ouya, Chief Journalist of Hubei Daily, called for removal of the current leaders of Hubei and Wuhan on Weibo. But he was asked to remove his post, and the newspaper he worked for apologized to the Wuhan authorities.[12] Mayor Zhou of Wuhan said to state media on 27th, "As a local government, I can not disclose information until I get information and authorization, which was not understood at the time."[249] His argument, which hinted at the Central Government's responsibility[249], was refuted by China CDC. Chief Scientist Zeng Guang said to Chinese tabloid The Global Times that what scientists said was "often only part of their decision-making" and praised the eight whistleblowers who were warned by the Wuhan authorities before the epidemic. [248]
Hubei Government's press meeting on 26 January was described as a "scene of a massive car crash" by BBC, which led to widespread dissatisfaction. Despite the compulsory face mask law, Governor Wang Xiaodong did not wear a mask, while the other two official hosts, including Wuhan Mayor Zhou Xianwang and Provincial Party Secretary Bie Bixiong, falsely wore masks. The Governor said Xiantao, a Hubei city, was capable to produce 10.8 billion masks annually, after he made two corrections for the number hinted by someone else' notes. The Governor admitted a severe shortage of medical supplies in Hubei, while Mayor Zhou of Wuhan claimed that the shortage had been fully alleviated. [250]
Science community
On 29 January, the Ministry of Science and Technology issued a notice, urging scientists "to write their papers on the land of the motherland, to use the results to fight the epidemic" and that scientists should not focus on publishing their papers, until the epidemic prevention and control task is completed. [251] DuoWei News believed this was aimed to respond to the academic conflict between Zhang Yongzhen's group from Fudan University, which published the first genomic sequence of 2019-nCoV, and the Gao Shan group from Nankai University, which published an analysis[252] on the sequence without authorization from Zhang. Before the notice, Nankai and Fudan, two China's top universities had a fight over the alleged academic misconduct related to the analysis published by the Gao Shan group. [253]
On 30 January, Wang Liming, a neuroscientist from Zhejiang University, showed anger on a Weibo post at Gao Fu's latest NEJM article[254]. Wang believed that the article indicated that China CDC already knew clear evidence of human-to-human transmission in early January and kept it secret until three weeks later. Although the post had soon been deleted, China CDC became under the spotlight. China CDC had to respond the next day that the research was a retrospective analysis of the 425 cases reported to CDC on 23 January.[255] Jennifer Zeis of NEJM's media Relations department told Chinese media The Paper that it only took two days to publish the article, but refused to give further details.[256]
Nature said at least 54 papers about the new coronavirus in China were published during the 20-day period between 10-30 January, which did not include any Chinese language articles.[257] Yet, Zuofeng Zhang, a public health expert from UCLA, questioned why the published data were not used in epidemic control before being published, when interviewed by Mainland China-based magazine Intellectual. [258] Zheng Yongnian, an oversea Chinese political scientist, believed that China needs a movement to promote science and to integrate science into policy making, where Chinese intellectuals should spread more scientific knowledge instead of more political knowledge.[259]
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