Krasnodar

For other uses of "Krasnodar", see Krasnodar (disambiguation).

Krasnodar (English) Краснодар (Russian)
-  City[citation needed]  -
Location of Krasnodar Krai in Russia
Krasnodar Location of Krasnodar in Krasnodar Krai
Coordinates: 45°02′N 38°58′E
Coat of arms	Flag
City Day	Last non-working day of September[citation needed]
Administrative status (as of December 2001)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Krasnodar Krai
Administratively subordinated to	City of Krasnodar
Administrative center of	Krasnodar Krai, City of Krasnodar
Municipal status (as of February 2012)
Urban okrug	Krasnodar Urban Okrug
Administrative center of	Krasnodar Urban Okrug
Head[citation needed]	Vladimir Yevlanov[citation needed]
Representative body	City Duma[citation needed]
Statistics
Area	841.36 km2 (324.85 sq mi)[citation needed]
Population (2010 Census, preliminary)	744,933 inhabitants
- Rank in 2010	17th
Population (2002 Census)	646,175 inhabitants
- Rank in 2002	18th
Density	885 /km2 (2,290 /sq mi)
Time zone	MSD (UTC+04:00)
Founded	January 12, 1794[citation needed]
City status since	1867[citation needed]
Previous names	Yekaterinodar (until 1920)[citation needed]
Postal code(s)	350000–350090[citation needed]
Dialing code(s)	+7 861[citation needed]
Official website
Krasnodar on WikiCommons

Krasnodar (Russian: Краснода́р) is a city in Southern Russia, located on the Kuban River about 148 kilometers (92 mi) northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. It is the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai (also known as Kuban). Population: 744,933 (2010 Census preliminary results); 646,175 (2002 Census); 620,516 (1989 Census).

Name

A 19th century photo depicting Kuban Cossacks obelisk in Yekaterinodar

It was founded on January 12, 1794 (Gregorian calendar) as Yekaterinodar (Екатеринода́р). The original name meant "Catherine's Gift" simultaneously in recognition of Catherine the Great's grant of land in the Kuban region to the Black Sea Cossacks (later the Kuban Cossacks) and in recognition of Saint Catherine, the Martyr, who is considered to be the patron of the city. After the October Revolution, Yekaterinodar was renamed Krasnodar (December 1920). There is meaning for the new communist name of the city: Krasno- (Красно-), meaning 'red' (especially relevant considering the political atmosphere of the time); and -dar (-дар), meaning 'gift'. Thus, the city's name means red gift (i.e. 'gift of the reds').

History

Yekaterinodar in the early 20th century

The origin of the city starts with a fortress built by the Cossacks in order to defend imperial borders and claim Russian ownership over Circassia, which was contested by Ottoman Turkey. In the first half of the 19th century Yekaterinodar grew into a busy center of the Kuban Cossacks. It was granted town status in 1867. By 1888, about 45,000 people lived in the city and it became a vital trade center of southern Russia. In 1897, an obelisk commemorating 200 year old history of Kuban Cossack Host was built in Yekaterinodar.

During the Russian Civil War the city changed hands several times between the Red Army and Volunteer Army, many Kuban Cossacks were committed anti-Bolsheviks who supported the White Movement.

During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Krasnodar was occupied by the German Army between August 12, 1942 and February 12, 1943. The city sustained heavy damage in the fighting but was rebuilt and renovated after the war.

In the summer of 1943, the Soviets began trials, including of their own citizens, for collusion with the Nazis and participation in war crimes. The first such trial was held at Krasnodar on July 14–17, 1943. This was the first public trial of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. The Krasnodar tribunal pronounced eight death sentences, which were summarily conducted in the city square in front of a crowd of about thirty thousand people.

Administrative and municipal status

Administratively, along with twenty-nine rural localities, it is incorporated as the City of Krasnodar—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. Municipally, the City of Krasnodar is incorporated as Krasnodar Urban Okrug.

Main sights

Shukhovs Hyperboloid Tower near Krasnodars Circus

The Splash Fountain in Krasnodar

Krasnodar is home to the steel lattice hyperboloid tower built by the Russian engineer and scientist Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov in 1928; it is located near Krasnodar Circus.

Other attractions include St. Catherine's Cathedral, the State Arts Museum, a park and theater named after Maxim Gorky, the beautiful concert hall of the Krasnodar Philharmonic Society, which is considered to have some of the best acoustics in southern Russia, State Cossack Choir and the Krasnodar circus

The most interesting place of Krasnodar is Krasnaya Street (which translates as "Red, Beautiful Street"). There are situated many sights of Krasnodar. In the beginning of this street one can see the Central Concert Hall; at the other end one can see the Avrora cinemacenter. A "Triumphal Arch" is situated in the middle of Krasnaya Street.

Theater Square is home to the largest splash fountain in the Europe. This fountain was officially inaugurated on 25 September 2011 along with the official ceremony to celebrate the City Day in Krasnodar.

Economy

Encompassing 14 billion RUB, Krasnodar is the economic center of southern Russia. For several years, Forbes magazine named Krasnodar the best city for business in Russia. In the industrial sector of the city has more than 130 large and medium-sized enterprises.

The main industries of Krasnodar:

• Agriculture and food industry - 42.8%;
• Energy sector - 13.4%;
• Fuel industry - 10.5%;
• Machine construction - 9.4%;
• Forestry and chemical industries - about 4%.

In Krasnodar a highly developed commercial area. Krasnodar has the largest turnover in the SFD. Retail trade turnover in 2010 reached 290 billion RUB. Krasnodar is the first in Russia in the number of malls (per capita). Note that in the crisis year 2009 turnover of Krasnodar continued to grow, while most of the cities showed a negative trend of circulation of goods.

Tourism comprises a large part of Krasnodar's economy. There is more than 80 hotels in Krasnodar.

Transportation

A tram in Krasnodar

Like many other major cities in Russian Federation, the primary mode of local transportation in Krasnodar is the automobile, though efforts have been made to increase the availability of alternative modes of transportation, including the construction of light rail lines (projected), biking paths, wide sidewalks. Public transportation within Krasnodar consists of city buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas. Trolleybuses and trams, both powered by overhead electric wires, are the main form of transportation in Krasnodar. Unlike Moscow and Saint Petersburg, Krasnodar does not have a metro system.

The main airline is Kuban Airlines (at Krasnodar International Airport), and the largest hotels in the city include the Intourist, Hotel Moskva, and Hotel Platan. Krasnodar uses a 220 V/50 Hz power supply with two round-pin outlets, like most European countries.

Culture

The oldest part of the city is Old Downtown Krasnodar, which consists of many historic buildings, several from the 19th century. Buildings have been preserved, restored or reconstructed, and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction.

There are several major theater venues for Krasnodar:

• The Krasnodar State Academic Drama Theater named after Gorky
• The Krasnodar Ballet Theater
• The Krasnodar State Academic Drama Theater
• The Krasnodar Regional Puppet Theater
• The Krasnodar Musical Theater
• The Children's Ballet Theater "Fugitives"
• The Krasnodar State Circus
• The Krasnodar Youth Theater
• The Krasnodar Philharmonic named after Ponomarenko
• The state creative institution "Kuban Cossack Choir"
• The Creative association "Premiere"
• The New Puppet Theater

Krasnodar has several major museums. The Krasnodar Regional Art Museum named after Kovalenko, the oldest public art museum North Caucasus, is one of the finest.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Yekaterinodar was introduced in 1841 by the Cossack yesaul Ivan Chernik. The royal letter "E" in the middle is for Ekaterina II (Russian for Catherine II). It also depicts the date city was founded, the Imperial double headed eagle (symbolizing Tsar's patronage of Black Sea Cossacks), a bulawa of a Cossack ataman, Yekaterinodar fortress, and flags with letters "E", "P", "A", and "N" standing for Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I. Yellow stars around the shield symbolized 59 Black Sea stanitsas around the city.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification Krasnodar has a humid subtropical climate Mediterranean-type climate (Cfa). Winters are cold and damp, with unstable snow cover. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32 °F (0.3 °C). But temperatures in winter can for a few days be as low as 24.6 °F (−4 °C) and as high as 38.1 °F (3,4 °C). Summers are typically hot with a July average of 75.2 °F (24.0 °C).

The city receives 28.26 inches (718 mm) of precipitation annually, fairly spread throughout the year. Hurricanes are rare in the Krasnodar area. Extreme temperatures have ranged from -28,66 to 104 °F (-33,7 to 40 °C), recorded on January 23, 2006, and August 15, 2006, respectively.

Climate data for Krasnodar
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	22.2 (72.0)	22.6 (72.7)	28.8 (83.8)	33.8 (92.8)	32.8 (91.0)	37.2 (99.0)	40.0 (104.0)	40.0 (104.0)	38.5 (101.3)	33.3 (91.9)	27.4 (81.3)	22.2 (72.0)	40.0 (104.0)
Average high °C (°F)	3.3 (37.9)	4.7 (40.5)	9.8 (49.6)	17.6 (63.7)	22.5 (72.5)	26.8 (80.2)	29.7 (85.5)	29.9 (85.8)	24.5 (76.1)	17.7 (63.9)	10.0 (50.0)	5.3 (41.5)	16.8 (62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.3 (32.5)	1.1 (34.0)	5.4 (41.7)	12.1 (53.8)	17.0 (62.6)	21.2 (70.2)	24.0 (75.2)	23.6 (74.5)	18.4 (65.1)	12.2 (54.0)	6.0 (42.8)	1.9 (35.4)	11.9 (53.4)
Average low °C (°F)	−3.7 (25.3)	−3.8 (25.2)	0.6 (33.1)	6.8 (44.2)	11.4 (52.5)	15.8 (60.4)	17.9 (64.2)	17.3 (63.1)	12.6 (54.7)	7.0 (44.6)	1.8 (35.2)	−1.6 (29.1)	6.8 (44.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−33.7 (−28.7)	−32.2 (−26.0)	−28.1 (−18.6)	−6.1 (21.0)	−1.1 (30.0)	5.0 (41.0)	9.0 (48.2)	5.4 (41.7)	−2.2 (28.0)	−7.2 (19.0)	−20 (−4)	−27.8 (−18.0)	−33.7 (−28.7)
Precipitation mm (inches)	64 (2.52)	52 (2.05)	54 (2.13)	50 (1.97)	67 (2.64)	87 (3.43)	54 (2.13)	44 (1.73)	43 (1.69)	57 (2.24)	71 (2.8)	77 (3.03)	718 (28.27)
Avg. precipitation days	9	7	7	8	8	7	5	5	5	6	8	10	85
Sunshine hours	71.3	87.0	136.4	180.0	248.0	276.0	303.8	285.2	237.0	173.6	87.0	55.8	2,141.1
Source: World Meteorological Organization, Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours

International relations

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns and sister cities

Krasnodar has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):

• Tallahassee, United States
• Karlsruhe, Germany
• Burgas, Bulgaria
• Harbin, China
• Ferrara, Italy

Notable people

Soprano Evgenia Kononova and counterrevolutionary Andrei Shkuro were born in Krasnodar. Another notable native of Krasnodar is Greece basketball international Lazaros Papadopoulos, who emigrated to Greece with his Pontic Greek parents when he was 10 years old.

• Anna Netrebko (b. 1971), opera singer
• Alexei Shatskyi (b. 1971), Russian - Montenegrin conductor, principal conductor of the Montenegrin Philharmonic
• Alexander Tamanian (1878–1936), Armenian neoclassical architect
• Gennady Padalka (b. 1958), cosmonaut
• Alexandre Bondar (b. 1972), writer and novelist
• Sergei Tiviakov (b. 1973), chess Grandmaster
• Eduard Kokcharov (b. 1975), handball player
• Natalia Chernova (b. 1976), gymnast
• Lazaros Papadopoulos (b. 1980), Greek basketball player
• Inna Zhukova (b. 1986), rhythmic gymnast

References

Sources

• Департамент по взаимодействию с правоохранительными органами администрации Краснодарского края. Справочная информация №20-2969/11-03 от 9 декабря 2011 г. «Выписка из реестра административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края». (Department of Cooperation with the Public Safety Organs of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Reference Information #20-2969/11-03 of December 9, 2001 Excerpt from the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai. ).
• Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №670-КЗ от 10 марта 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Краснодар и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №2435-КЗ от 3 февраля 2012 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №37–38, 13 марта 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #670-OZ of March 10, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Krasnodar and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #2435-KZ of February 3, 2012 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

External links

• Official website of Krasnodar City Administration and City Duma
• Krasnodar photographs
• Krasnodar news
• Old pictures of Yekaterinodar