Eyepatch

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"Eye pad" and "Eyepad" redirect here. For the product by Apple Inc., see iPad.
A child wearing an adhesive eyepatch to correct amblyopia

An eyepatch or eye pad is a small patch that is worn in front of one eye. It may be a cloth patch attached around the head by an elastic band or by a string, or an adhesive bandage. It is often worn by people to cover a lost or injured eye, but it also has a therapeutic use in children for the treatment of amblyopia. (See orthoptics and vision therapy.) Eyepatches used to block light while sleeping are referred to as a sleep mask.

Contents

History[edit]

In the years before advanced medicine and surgery, eyepatches were common. They were particularly prevalent among members of dangerous occupations, such as blacksmiths who used them to cover one eye for protection from sparks while working. Sailors may have also worn them over one eye above deck and then switch it over in order to be able to see in the dark below deck.[1]

Stereotypical depiction of a pirate with eyepatch

Sailors and pilots[edit]

It has been speculated that sailors who often went above and below deck might have used an eyepatch to keep one eye adjusted to the darkness below decks.[2] The strong sunlight while above deck on an oceangoing vessel could require minutes of adaptation to the dim lighting below deck. With virtually no light sources below deck, sailors would have to rely heavily upon their eyes to adjust. In the critical moments of modifying the rigging, navigating, and especially during battle, those minutes were too precious. A simple switch of the patch from one eye to the other might have saved time when going between decks. But however this is defined as a vision disorder known as anisocoria since for adaptation of sight it is necessary the expansion and contraction of the pupils which in a healthy individual should be equal for both eyes regardless of the difference in light receiving each, the anisocoria is caused by problems in the nervous system and because of the off chance that all pirates have experienced this problem it remains only as a myth.

It has also been speculated that covering one eye will prevent or mitigate Seasickness

Similarly, pilots at one time would also do the same, when flying at night over brightly lit cities, so that one eye could look out, and the other would be adjusted for the dim lighting of the cockpit to read unlit instruments and maps.[3] Some military pilots have worn a lead-lined or gold-lined eyepatch, to protect against blindness in both eyes, in the event of a nuclear blast or laser weapon attack.[4][5][6]

Eyepatches are not currently used by military personnel; modern technology has provided an array of other means to preserve and enhance night vision, including red-light and low-level white lights, and night vision devices.[7][8][9]

Eyecare treatment[edit]

Amblyopia[edit]

Eye patching is used in the orthoptic management[10] of children at risk of lazy eye (amblyopia), especially strabismic or anisometropic[11] amblyopia. These conditions can cause visual suppression of the dissimilar images by the brain, resulting in blindness in an otherwise functional eye. By patching the good eye, the amblyopic eye is forced to function, causing vision to be retained.[10][11]

Extraocular muscle palsy[edit]

To initially relieve double vision (diplopia) caused by an extra-ocular muscle palsy, an eye care professional may recommend using an eyepatch. This can help to relieve the dizziness, vertigo and nausea that are associated with this form of double vision.[12][13][14]

Notable eyepatch-wearers[edit]

See also[edit]

Eyepatches in popular culture[edit]

Many anime and manga characters are depicted wearing eyepatches, such as Badou Nails from Dogs: Bullets & Carnage, and Rikka Takanashi from Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai!, and Mei Misaki from Another and Ciel Phantomhive from "Black Butler" .

Some movies feature characters wearing eyepatches, such as Elle Driver from Kill Bill, and Snake Plissken from Escape from New York and Escape from L.A..

Characters in the Metal Gear video games wear eyepatches, including Big Boss and Solidus Snake. Solid Snake's device dubbed the "Solid Eye" is worn like an eyepatch.

The Governor, one of the main antagonists from the Walking Dead television series uses an eyepatch.

References[edit]

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  2. ^ Mythbusters, episode 71 Mythbusters
  3. ^ Roy Brocklebank (2005). WORLD WAR III – The 1960s Version. Journal of Navigation, 58, pp 341-347 doi:10.1017/S0373463305003413
  4. ^ Nuclear flash eye protection, Steen Hartov
  5. ^ Les Frazier
  6. ^ Laser Weapons
  7. ^ Luria, S. M.; D. A. Kobus (26 AprIl 1985). "IMMEDIATE VISIBILITY AFTER RED AND WHITE ADAPTATION". Naval Submarine Research Laboratory. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2011-06-01. 
  8. ^ "A Guide to the U. S. Naval Air Station at Vero Beach". Indian River County Main Library,. July 1999. Retrieved 2011-06-01. 
  9. ^ "We Own The Night". Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD). Retrieved 2011-06-01. 
  10. ^ a b Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J. Orthoptists' management of amblyopia - a case based survey. Strabismus, 2007, 15(3): 197-203. [Pubmed Link]
  11. ^ a b Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J. Fixation behaviour in the treatment of amblyopia using atropine. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2008; 36 (Suppl 2): A764–A765. [Link]
  12. ^ O'Sullivan, S.B & Schmitz, T.J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-1247-1.
  13. ^ Kernich, C.A. (2006). Diplopia. The Neurologist, 12(4): 229-230
  14. ^ Edlow, Jonathan; Selim, Magdy (2010). Neurology Emergencies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538858-9. 
  15. ^ [1]Sightseeing Madrid - The Princess of Eboli
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  17. ^ St. Louis Post Dispatch
  18. ^ Los Angeles Times
  19. ^ Indianapolis Star
  20. ^ Bruce Peterson BioLee Majors Online
  21. ^ a b c d Our favorite eyepatch heroes Maxim magazine
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  23. ^ Lord Mowbray and StourtonThe Telegraph
  24. ^ Is Horrible 'Valkyrie' Tom Cruise's Nazi Apologia?Fox News
  25. ^ Dale Chihuly opens Rhode Island school gallery MSNBC
  26. ^ NASA Oral History TranscriptNASA
  27. ^ Sohachi Yamaoka, Date Masamune.
  28. ^ a b c d e Great Moments in Eye PatchesThe New York Times
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  31. ^ New York Day by Day Miami Herald
  32. ^ Colombia 1993 Lions Club International Amblyopia Prevention Campaign Digital Disability
  33. ^ UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF WHITE BIRD'S FLIGHT Boston Globe Mar 8, 1987
  34. ^ a b Scorsese's film `Journey' whirls through magnificent obsession The San Diego Union
  35. ^ Dreams come true again The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Jan 31, 2000
  36. ^ Fluxus Reader by Ken Friedman publisher Academy Editions ISBN 978-0-471-97858-9
  37. ^ Jazz singer George Melly dies ABC News
  38. ^ Ziss, Robert F. (Spring 2001). "Author-artist Jack Coggins". Historical Review of Berks County 66 (2): 76–82. ISSN 0018-2524. OCLC 1589887. Retrieved July 13, 2009. 
  39. ^ Jan Syrový
  40. ^ Vojenské osobnosti předválečné armády - Armádní generál Jan Syrový
  41. ^ José Millán and Terreros Base documental d'Història de Catalunya Contemporary. Biografies.(1800–1931) Biografies. (1800–1931)
  42. ^ Luis Vaz de Camões Catholic Encyclopedia
  43. ^ The Milwaukee Journal - Jun 27, 1983
  44. ^ Parkinson, Roger. The Fox of the North: The Life of Kutuzov, General of War and Peace. (London: Peter Davies, 1976), 11-17.
  45. ^ Momus (April 1998). "Story Of An Eye". Retrieved 2008-05-29. 
  46. ^ A LIFE OF PRAYER FOR EWTN STAR STROKES BRING MOTHER ANGELICA FULL CIRCLE Saint Paul Pioneer Press - May 3, 2003
  47. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/13/newspaper-apologizes-mocking-congressional-hopeful-iraq-war-injury/
  48. ^ Nicolas-Jacques Conté This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "article name needed". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne. 
  49. ^ [2]
  50. ^ The Scourge of the Pirate Coast QatarVisitor
  51. ^ TV: Focus on Directors; Raoul Walsh Is Rewarding Subject in Channel 13's 'Men Who Made Movies' The New York Times
  52. ^ Ray Sawyer The Spokesman-Review , Dec 22, 1978
  53. ^ Richard W. Rahn, Cato Institute. Accessed December 4, 2008.
  54. ^ Kansas '70s superstars lead lineup of Celebration bands By DAVID BURKE The Herald & Review August 4, 1999
  55. ^ Interview with Ron Hamilton (Patch the Pirate) The Baptist Voice
  56. ^ Sheila Gish Renowned British actress of stage and screen by Carole woods Herald Scotland March 14, 2005
  57. ^ Weir, Henry VIII, p. 262.
  58. ^ The Con Movie
  59. ^ Without Bad Luck, He'd Have No Luck at All by John Branch The New York Times March 24, 2006
  60. ^ POST, WILEY HARDEMAN Texas State Historical Association
  61. ^ 魏略曰：時夏侯淵與惇俱為將軍，軍中號惇為盲夏侯。惇惡之，照鏡恚怒，輒撲鏡於地。
  62. ^ Sound of Bounce on Free Throw Anime News Network

External links[edit]

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