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International Shooting Sport Federation

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International Shooting Sport Federation
SportShooting sport
JurisdictionInternational
Membership150 regions
AbbreviationISSF
Founded1907; 117 years ago (1907)
HeadquartersMunich, Germany
PresidentLuciano Rossi [it]
SecretaryAlexander Ratner (Secretary-General)
Official website
www.issf-sports.org

The International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) is the governing body of the Olympic shooting events in rifle, pistol and shotgun (clay target) disciplines, and of several non-Olympic shooting sport events. ISSF's activities include regulation of the sport, Olympic qualifications and organization of international competitions such as the ISSF World Cup Series, the ISSF World Cup Finals, the ISSF Separate World Championship in Shotgun events and the ISSF World Championship in all events.[1]

Founded in 1907 as the International Shooting Union (French: Union Internationale de Tir), and then changing its name in 1998, the ISSF affiliates nowadays over 150 National Shooting Federations from Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania.[2] Since 2018, the ISSF Presidency has been held by Vladimir Lisin,[3] a Russian steel tycoon and former President of the European Shooting Confederation. The ISSF headquarters is in Munich, Germany.[4]

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the ISSF banned Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from its competitions.[5]

Competitions and records

The ISSF recognizes the following competitions as ISSF Championships:

These are the only competitions that have direct supervision from ISSF committees, and the only competitions where world records can be set. This leads to many national records in fact being higher than the world records.[6]

Events

Number Events First Last
1 ISSF World Shooting Championships 1897 2022 (53rd)
2 ISSF World Cup 1986 2022 (36th)
3 ISSF Junior World Cup 2016 2022 (6th)
4 ISSF Junior World Championships 2017 2021 (2nd)
5 World University Shooting Championships 2003 2018 (7th)
6 World Military Shooting Championships 1957 2017 (50th)

Disciplines

Main article: ISSF shooting events

The ISSF currently sanctions five groups of shooting sport disciplines: Pistol, Rifle, Shotgun, Running Target and Target Sprint.[7] Running Target and Target Sprint both utilise rifles, but are contested separately from the conventional Rifle events as Running Target uses moving targets, and Target Sprint uses hit/miss scoring in a biathlon-like event. Many ranges equipped for conventional rifle and pistol events are not equipped for Running Target or Target Sprint.

The Olympic shooting programme consists of subsets of Rifle, Pistol and Shotgun events.

The overview of disciplines includes only the distinct discipline itself. Some may have both men's and women's events, just one or the other, or else have variations including team shoots. These are not listed separately.

Pistol

10 Metre Air Pistol

ISSF Pistol events use a mix of cartridge and air pistols. Targets are static black circles, with scoring based on scoring rings. Timed events originally used turning frames to show or hide targets. However these now use static targets with red and green lights to indicate when shots may be fired. As most high level events now use electronic target systems, the target system will ignore or penalise shots fired early or late. This reduces the incidence of mechanical faults with the frame mechanism, which could require reshoots and affect the competition programme.

Olympic Events

  • 10M Air Pistol - Slow-fire precision event using a .177 calibre air pistol
  • 25M Pistol - Timed shooting at a single target using a .22lr pistol (Women only)
  • 25M Rapid Fire Pistol - Timed shooting at five targets using a .22lr pistol (Men only)

Non-Olympic Events

Rifle

10 Metre Air Rifle

ISSF Rifle events use a mix of cartridge and air rifles. Targets are static black circles, with scoring based on scoring rings.

Olympic Events

  • 10M Air Rifle - Slow-fire precision event using a .177 calibre air rifle
  • 50M Three-Position Rifle - Slow-fire precision event using a .22lr single-shot rifle with Kneeling, Prone and Standing phases

Non-Olympic Events

  • 50M Prone Rifle - Slow-fire precision event using a .22lr single-shot rifle
  • 300M Prone Rifle - Slow-fire precision event using a single-shot centre-fire rifle
  • 300M Three-Position Rifle - Slow-fire precision event using a single-shot centre-fire rifle with Kneeling, Prone and Standing phases

Shotgun

Skeet at the 2020 Olympic Games

Olympic Events

Non-Olympic Events

Running Target

ISSF Running Target events uses a mix of cartridge and air rifles. Targets are moving black circles, with scoring based on scoring rings. No Running Target events are contested at the Olympic Games.

Target Sprint

Target Sprint uses 0.177 air rifles. Targets are static black circles, with scoring based on hits/misses. Similar to Biathlon, Target Sprint involves running phases, interspersed with shooting. Unlike Biathlon, all shooting is done standing with no prone shoots. Additionally, rifles are not carried by the athlete whilst running and are left in a rack on the firing point. No Target Sprint events are contested at the Olympic Games.

History

First Olympiad and early 20th century

Shooting sports have been part of the modern Olympic Games since its first steps in 1896. In the first Olympic Games, held in Athens in 1896, 39 shooters from seven nations competed in three pistol and two highpower rifle events; they grew to 139 shooters from 13 nations in the following edition of the Games, held in Paris in 1900.

On 17 July 1907, representatives of seven national shooting federations, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, and the Netherlands met in Zurich, Switzerland, to formally establish L'Union Internationale des Fédérations et Associations nationals de Tir, International Union of National Shooting Federations and Associations in English.[8] That meeting would be remembered as the first ISSF General Assembly. Daniel Mérillon, a French lawyer from Paris, was elected as the first ISSF President.

Following the desire of the first ISSF leaders to make their organization a world sport institution, more national federations joined L'Unione Internationale in the ensuing years: in 1912, 284 shooters coming from 16 different countries participated in the Games of the V Olympiad. In 1916, World War I caused the cancellation of the Olympic Games and every shooting international event, and under the influence of President Mérillon, the Union of National Shooting folded.

In 1920 President Mérillon invited representative of the previous members and from the countries established after the world war to come to a meeting in Paris on 16 April 1920, with the intent to renew ISSF activities. Delegates from 14 countries attended the meeting and agreed to re-establish the ISSF under the name L'Union Internationale de Tir, and Daniel Mérillon was re-elected President of the Union. In the first Olympic Games after the hiatus, held in Antwerp in the same year, 233 athletes from 18 nations participated in 21 shooting events. The following year, 1921, the International Olympic Committee, declared that the ISSF regulations were to govern the shooting events in the next Olympic Games: this was the first concrete step in forging a union between the ISSF and the IOC, a step that was to have such a profound impact on the Federation's future.

A crisis between the ISSF and the IOC happened between years 1926 and 1928: the practice of awarding money prizes in ISSF Championships clashed with the rigid amateur standards of the IOC, causing the Committee to exclude shooting from the 1928 Games in Amsterdam. After a formal appeal, in 1932 shooting was re-included in the Olympic program, but the number of events was widely reduced and many of the world's best marksmen were missing because they were labeled incompatible with the IOC amateur standards. A small sample of shooting events was present in the 1936 Berlin Olympic program, while the following year Catherine Woodring became the first woman to fire in a UIT World Championship event.

1940 marks another break in the history of Olympic Games and shooting, as the 2nd World War exploded. The federal books, with records and archives were transported from Paris to Stockholm, in a neutral country. After the conclusion of the world conflict, in 1947, eight members agreed on holding a World Championship and a General Assembly in Stockholm, where Erik Carlsson was elected as the third president of the ISSF history.[9]

Late 20th century

The Pan-American Games and the Asian Games were both created, on their respective continents, as multi-sport international competitions, in 1951, and shooting was accepted in both. Since that year, Pan-Am Games and Asian Games have been staged every four years, with shooting always present in the program. Since 1954, the ISSF started adopting a four-year cycle for its World Championship.[citation needed] In 1966 the UIT decided to recognize its events as mixed ones, allowing women to compete alongside men in every official competition, including the 1968 Olympic Games and their three following editions.[citation needed]

Olegario Vázquez Raña at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

In 1976 Hasler, after serving the ISSF for sixteen years, stepped down from the presidency, opening the way for his First Vice President George Vichos, whose administration lasted four years: during the ISSF General Assembly of the XXII Olympiad, held in Mexico City, Olegario Vázquez Raña emerged as the leading candidate for the presidency. The Mexican, an active shooter with four Olympic Games and five World Championship participations, was elected in February 1980, with 125 out of 132 votes in his favor. The 1980 General Assembly also elected Horst G. Schreiber, a prominent attorney in Munich, Germany, as the new Secretary General.[citation needed]

The constant growth of the member federations to over 100 changed the needs of the ISSF, leading the new leadership to the promotion of a new ISSF Constitution, drafted and approved in an Extraordinary General Assembly happened in Moscow in 1980. The new Constitution transferred the technical rule making authority to the Administrative Council, increased the authority of the ISSF Section Committees and strengthened the Federation's financial accountability. It also established the ISSF Women's Committee, that replaced the provisional 1977's Ladies Committee.[citation needed]

In 1984 Unni Nicolaysen became the first woman in the 77-year-old history of the Federation to be elected as a member of the Administrative Council. That same year, the IOC added three women's events to the Olympic shooting program.[citation needed]

Two years later, at the suggestion of the IOC, the ISSF developed an Olympic qualification system, establishing a new series of World Cups, including them in the system and recognizing their scores as potential World Records. The first ISSF Rifle and Pistol World Cup was held in Mexico City in March 1986, followed by the first ISSF Shotgun World Cup, held in Montecatini, Italy, in April. Since 1986, ISSF World Cup has been played on a yearly basis, always leading to an ISSF World Cup Final where shooters with the best scores were invited to compete in an elite competition at the end of each season. 25 junior events were added to the Championship programs in 1994.[citation needed]

During the General Assembly held in Barcelona in 1998, the word sport was formally incorporated into the Federation's name, changing it into the current International Shooting Sport Federation. Between 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games, three women's events were added to the program.[9]

21st century

At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, 390 shooters, representing 106 countries, competed in 17 events. After that two categories were removed from the program, reducing it to 15 events. Another record setting participation was recorded in 2006 in Zagreb for the ISSF World Championship in all events: 1,932 senior and junior athletes represented 97 nations, and competed in 54 individual events and 51 team events. Also in 2006, Olegario Vázquez Raña and Horst Schreiber were voted and re-elected respectively as President and Secretary General of the ISSF.[citation needed]

On July 17, 2007 the International Shooting Sport Federation celebrated the 100th anniversary of the initial meeting in Zurich. Currently counting 158 members from 146 countries, the Federation started as the governing body of two shooting events, growing to 15 Olympic and 23 World Championship ones, and becoming an Olympic organ.[citation needed]

In 2008, in Beijing, 390 athletes from 103 countries competed in 15 events for three disciplines: Pistol, Rifle and Shotgun. Following what the IOC President Jacques Rogge called "a tradition", the first gold medal of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad was awarded on August 9 to Katerina Emmons, a Czech shooter competing in the 10 m Air Rifle Women event.[9]

In 2017, ISSF Vice-President Luciano Rossi [it] (also head of the Italian Clay Pigeon Federation (FITAV)) was referred to the ISSF Ethics Committee, accused of conflicts of interest and disloyalty. Rossi had criticised the changes to the Olympic Shooting Programme, which included dropping the Prone Rifle, 50 meter Pistol and Double Trap shotgun events.[10][11] The ISSF alleged that Rossi had an undisclosed business interest in a manufacturer of traps, which motivated his lobbying in favour of the Double Trap event. Rossi was also accused of spreading misinformation and disloyalty when he claimed that ISSF Secretary General Franz Schreiber and Vice President Gary Anderson had discussed the use of laser guns with the IOC "as possible future of the shooting sports", which the ISSF vehemently denied.[12][13] In May 2018, the Ethics Committee found that the allegations were "predominantly justified" and banned Rossi from any shooting-related activities for three years.[14][15] A number of athletes wore black armbands at the following World Cup match in support of Rossi.[16] Rossi appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport who reduced the three-year suspension to just 20 weeks, whilst increasing his fine from CHF30,000 to CHF50,000.[17][18] In the full ruling, the Court considered the three-year ban to have been "clearly disproportionate" and found personal and political motivations within the ISSF had been a factor in his suspension, which would have excluded him from running for the ISSF Presidency at the end of 2018.[19][20][21]

In 2018, Olegario Vázquez Raña stepped down after 38 years as president of the federation.[22][23] At the 68th ISSF General Assembly, Russian oligarch Vladimir Lisin was elected over Italian Luciano Rossi by 148 votes to 144.[24] The election followed a contentious campaign. Having served out his ethics suspension,[21] Rossi claimed to have received death threats aimed at forcing him out of the election.[25][26] He received an escort from Munich police at the Assembly.[27] Lisin had been President of the European Shooting Confederation and the Russian Shooting Union. Alexander Ratner was elected as ISSF Secretary-General, taking over from Franz Schreiber. Ratner had served on the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games Organising Committee, but had since become a naturalised German citizen.[24] He was later elected President of the European Confederation, succeeding Lisin.

In September 2019, Rossi challenged the election result alleging irregularities that prevented two federations from voting - which he claimed would have led to a tie.[28] In December 2019, Rossi withdrew his case and was ordered to pay arbitration costs.[29][30]

Lisin Presidency

Vladimir Lisin

Taking office in November 2018, Lisin immediately announced the formation of a USD$10M Development Fund for the 2019-2022 quadrennium, seeded from his personal wealth.[31][32][33] The fund targeted three groups - Member Federations that needed assistance in developing shooting sports in their countries; Member Federations that had won quota places to the 2020 Olympic Games; and individual athletes who led the ISSF rankings at the end of each year.[34]

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the ISSF banned Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from its competitions.[5] In March, both Alexander Ratner and Vladimir Lisin were barred from attending the 10m European Shooting Championships in any official capacity,[35][36] amid calls for them to step aside.[37][38] Ratner attended privately, insisting that neither he nor Lisin had links with the Russian government.[39][40] In April, Australia added Lisin to its list of sanctioned individuals.[41] In October 2022, the US was urged to sanction Lisin, amid claims that his steel firm had supplied materials to companies connected with Russian nuclear weapon development.[42][43][44][45]

In November, Oleg Volkov (President of the Ukrainian Shooting Federation) called on IOC President Thomas Bach to prevent Lisin from standing for re-election as ISSF President at the 70th General Assembly on November 30th.[46] The Nordic Shooting Region issued an open letter to all ISSF Federations expressing deep concern regarding the development of the sport and calling for stability in the rule book and competition programme.[47] This followed organisational difficulties at the 2022 Rifle & Pistol World Championships in Cairo, backdropped by a recent history of fluid rules. The ISSF Technical Rules are typically updated once every 4 years, in the January following an Olympic Games. However, since 2016 the format of multiple events had been changed and updated, sometimes just weeks before major matches. In 2018 the Women's Three Position Rifle format was changed mid-cycle to a 3x40 format, matching the Mens event.[48] In July 2021 the format was changed back to 3x20 for both Men and Women.

In the November 2022 edition of Deutsche SchützenZeitung (the monthly magazine of Deutscher Schützenbund), Chief Editor Harald Strier also decried the "chaos" of the Cairo World Championships, claiming that the schedules had constantly changed and that rules used in such cases as tie breaks had not been clarified. He went on to claim that threats had been made by ISSF leadership, and criticised the selection of an expensive holiday resort (Sharm El Sheikh) as the destination for the 70th General Assembly.[49]

At the 70th General Assembly, Rossi again stood against Lisin, calling 2022 a "Time for Change".[50] Alexander Ratner - the ISSF Secretary-General - published an open letter in defence of Lisin, which included stinging personal criticism of Rossi.[51][52] On the 30th November, Rossi won the presidential election 136 votes to 127.[53][54]

Shooting at the Commonwealth Games

Main article: Shooting at the Commonwealth Games

In January 2018, the Commonwealth Games Federation confirmed that shooting had been dropped from the programme of the 2022 Commonwealth Games.[55] Shooting had been included at every Commonwealth Games since Christchurch 1974.[56][57] In December 2018 a delegation from British Shooting and the ISSF - including Vladimir Lisin - visited Birmingham and discussed the inclusion of shooting with the Birmingham organising committee.[58] In June 2019 organisers announced that the proposal made had been unsuccessful.[59][60][61] Shooting at the Commonwealth Games has not historically been supervised by the ISSF, and includes disciplines such as Fullbore target rifle which are not governed by the ISSF. The new President however considered it important to ensure the continued participation of shooting in one of the largest multi-sport Games. Shooters were surprised to learn that the ISSF's unsuccessful bid had scrapped the usual Commonwealth shooting programme in favour of bidding the Olympic programme, plus Fullbore rifle.

In July 2022, the organising committee for the 2026 Commonwealth Games released their initial programme, which also did not include shooting. In August 2022, Shooting Australia announced that the ISSF had submitted an Expression of Interest for shooting as an additional sport.[62][63][64][65][66] Like the proposals for the 2022 Games, the proposed programme was significantly restricted, including just four disciplines - Trap, Air Rifle, Air Pistol and Fullbore Rifle. This dropped cartridge pistol, 50m rifle, skeet and double trap. In October 2022, the inclusion of Shooting was confirmed but without Fullbore Rifle.[67][68]

See also

References

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  49. ^ Harald Strier. Strier, Harald (ed.). "Zeit Für Die Wende (Time for the turning point)" (Print). Deutschen Schützenzeitung (in German) (November 2022). Wiesbaden: Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag. (Translated) Anyone who experienced the World Championships in Sport Shooting in Cairo got to know the chaos. Under the direction of the current leadership of the world federation, many things did not work. The schedules were constantly changed, some competitions were not even on the programme. The second round of prone shooting mixed was scheduled for 5 p.m. - by then it is pitch dark in Cairo, the targets are black. And, worst of all, the rules have not been clarified. In case of a ring tie, the number of inner tens was used as a priority, the rules state the better series. Who comes fifth in sport pistol and rapid fire pistol, i.e. who is the best eliminated after the two four-man semi-finals, was decided according to common practice, there is no written rule. Note: this is about quota place winners. Lawsuits could follow. This is all leadership weakness, apart from the totally inappropriate tone adopted by the ISSF leadership, up to and including massive threats. New elections will be held at the end of November, in the Egyptian resort of Sharm El Sheikh. The choice of location and accommodation at ISSF expense in a holiday resort hotel is a scandalous one. But in the meantime things have become serious for the shooting sport. If it is not clear who will win Olympic quota places, it is a case for the IOC - and thus the sport is increasingly in danger of being excluded from the Olympics. There is a glimmer of hope. Luciano Rossi of Italy is standing for election as Lisin's opponent. His credible promise is: respect, transparency, reliability and urgently needed reforms. Everything that has been there before and that should be self-evident. Whether the wind of change will blow through southern Egypt in November remains to be seen. It is desirable.
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  58. ^ "New ISSF leadership: "our first effort for the 2022 Commonwealth Games"". ISSF. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  59. ^ Wells, Chris (20 June 2019). "Archery not to be included on sport programme at Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games". World Archery. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
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  61. ^ Sazali Abdul Aziz (21 June 2019). "Shooting set to be dropped from 2022 Commonwealth Games". The Straits Times. Singapore: SPH Media. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  62. ^ "INTERNATIONAL SHOOTING BODY MAKES SUBMISSION FOR 2026 COMMONWEALTH GAMES INCLUSION". Shooting Australia. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. Overnight, the International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF) submitted an Expression of Interest to the Victorian Government and Commonwealth Games Federation for consideration of the inclusion of Shooting in the 2026 Commonwealth Games program under the Phase 2 intake of sports.
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  65. ^ "Victoria 2026 chief executive Weimar expects "three or four" additional sports to be added programme". insidethegames. Dunsar Media Company. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
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  67. ^ "SHOOTING TO BE INCLUDED IN VIC 2026 COMMONWEALTH GAMES". Shooting Australia. 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022. The Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) has today announced that Shooting will be included in the Victoria 2026 Commonwealth Games event program. The ISSF received confirmation that Shooting's expression of interest (EOI) had been successful and that Clay Target (Trap), 10m Air Pistol, 10m Air Rifle (Small-Bore) and Para Shooting would be included in the competition program for Victoria 2026. Unfortunately, the proposed Full-Bore event could not be accommodated despite being part of Shooting's EOI.
  68. ^ Duncan Mackay (5 October 2022). "Golf and coastal rowing among sports added to Victoria 2026 programme as shooting returns". insidethegames.biz. Dunsar Media Company. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
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