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List of Solar System extremes

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This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.

By feature

Record Data Feature Ref.
Largest canyon 4000 km long, 200 km wide Valles Marineris, Mars [1]
Tallest mountain 22 km (13.6 mi) Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta [2][3]
Tallest volcano 25 km (15.5 mi) Olympus Mons, Mars [4]
Tallest cliff 20 km (12.4 mi) Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus [5]
Largest impact crater 2,700 km (1,700 mi) North Polar Basin, Mars [6]

By class

Type Average density Average temperature Average surface gravity
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 1.4 g/cm3
Sun
[7][8] 		5778 K
Sun
[9][10] 		274 m/s2
Sun
[11]
Major planet 0.7 g/cm3
Saturn
[12][13] 		5.51 g/cm3
Earth
[14][15] 		73 K
Neptune
[16][17][18] 		733 K
Venus
[19] 		3.70 m/s2
Mercury
[18] 		23.1 m/s2
Jupiter
[18]
Dwarf planet 2 g/cm3
Pluto
3 g/cm3
Haumea
30 K
Makemake
167 K
Ceres
0.27 m/s2
Ceres
0.8 m/s2
Eris
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] 0.98 g/cm3
Tethys
3.53 g/cm3
Io
[20][21] 		38 K
Triton
[22] 		250 K
Moon
[23] 		0.064 m/s2
Mimas
1.796 m/s2
Io
Type Escape velocity Mass Volume
(radius)
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 617.7 km/s
Sun
[11] 		332,830 MEarth
Sun
[24][25] 		695,000 km
Sun
[25]
Major planet 4.3 km/s
Mercury
[18] 		59.5 km/s
Jupiter
[18] 		0.055 MEarth
Mercury
[26] 		318 MEarth
Jupiter
[24] 		2500 km
Mercury
[27] 		69911 km
Jupiter
[26]
Dwarf planet 0.51 km/s
Ceres
1.3 km/s
Eris
0.0002 MEarth
Ceres
0.0028 MEarth
Eris
487.3 km
Ceres
1187 km
Pluto
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] 0.16 km/s
Mimas
2.74 km/s
Ganymede 		0.000006 MEarth
Mimas
0.0250 MEarth
Ganymede
[28] 		198 km
Mimas
2634 km
Ganymede
[20][28]
Extreme characteristic Major planet Dwarf planet Major moon
(of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 1]
Densest atmosphere Venus[NB 2]
[29][30] 		Pluto Titan
[29]

By object

Astronomical body Elevation
(height above/below datum) 		Elevation
(height above/below base) 		Surface temperature
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Sun N/A 100,000,000 K
In a solar flare
[31] 		1240 K
In a sunspot
[32]
Mercury 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains
[33][34] 		723 K
Dayside of Mercury
[35] 		89 K
Permanently shaded polar craters
[36]
Venus 11 kilometres (6.8 mi)
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[37][38][39][40] 		3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra
[40][41] 		755 K
lowlands of Venus
[36] 		644 K
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[36]
Earth 8,848 metres (29,029 ft)
Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China
[42] 		10,971 metres (35,994 ft)
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean
[43] 		10,200 metres (33,500 ft)
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America
[42] 		7 kilometres (4.3 mi)
Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean
[44] 		330 K
Furnace Creek Ranch,
Death Valley, United States
(more info) 		184 K
Vostok Station, Antarctica
(more info)
Mars 27 kilometres (17 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[42] 		6 kilometres (3.7 mi)
Hellas Planitia
[45] 		24 kilometres (15 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[46] 		9 kilometres (5.6 mi)
Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris
[47] 		293 K
Martian equator in midsummer day
[48] 		120 K
Martian poles in the depths of winter night
[48]
Jupiter N/A 152 K

[49] 		110 K

[49]
Saturn N/A 143 K

[50] 		82 K

[50]
Uranus N/A 68 K

[51] 		59 K

[51]
Neptune N/A 53 K

[52] 		50 K

[52]
Moon 10,786 metres (35,387 ft)
5.4125°, 201.3665°
[53][54] 		9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi)
Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S)
400 K
midday on the equator
[55] 		26 K
Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice
[55]
Io 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi)
Boosaule Montes
[56][57]
Europa 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W)
[58] 		132 K
Subsolar temperature
[59]
Ganymede 156 K
Subsolar temperature
[59] 		80 K
Nighttime temperature
[60]
Callisto 168 K
Subsolar temperature
[59] 		80 K
Predawn nighttime temperature
[61]
Titan 2 km (1.2 mi)
Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[62]
Mimas
Enceladus 110 K
Tiger Stripes
[63]
Tethys
Dione
Rhea
Iapetus 20 kilometres (12 mi)
Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge
[64][65][66]
Ariel
Umbriel
Titania
Oberon
Miranda
20 kilometres (12 mi) 20 kilometres (12 mi)
Verona Rupes
[5]
Triton
Nereid
Proteus
Charon
Ceres 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi)
Ahuna Mons

[67][68] 		235 K

[69]
Pluto 3.4 km (2.1 mi)
Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[70] 		45 K

[71] 		35 K

[71]
Eris 41 K

[72] 		30 K

[72]
Makemake
Haumea
The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line.

By distance

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c A major moon is a moon that is hydrostatically round.
  2. ^ As the transition from atmosphere to other is unclear for the giant planets, they are not included in this

References

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See also

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