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List of royal saints and martyrs

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This list of royal saints and martyrs enumerates Christian monarchs, other royalty, and nobility who have been beatified or canonized, or who are otherwise venerated as or conventionally given the appellation of "saint" or "martyr". Their names are in English and, where known, in their own language. When the status of a nominee is dubious the whole entry is italicized. Popes are not included in this list, unless they came from nobility themselves. Although they may be considered sovereigns, a list of Papal Saints is enumerated elsewhere.

Monarchs

This section enumerates Christian sovereigns, as opposed to mere consorts, who are enumerated in "Other royalty and nobility" below.

Saints

Image Name Recognized By Sovereignty Notes
Abgar V of Edessa Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Osroene[1] The first Christian monarch in history.
Ælfwald I of Northumbria Locally venerated King of Northumbria
Æthelberht of Kent Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Kent Listed in the 1916 edition of the Roman Martyrology under February 24.[2]
Æthelberht II of East Anglia Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of East Anglia
Alexander Nevsky Eastern Orthodox[3] Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, & Grand Prince of Vladimir
Afonso I of Portugal Catholic[4] King of Portugal
Alfonso V of León Catholic[5] King of León
Alfred the Great Anglican King of Wessex
Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy Catholic Duke of Savoy
Andrey Bogolyubsky Eastern Orthodox Grand Prince of Vladimir
Archil of Kakheti Eastern Orthodox Prince of Kakheti[6] Martyr
Ashot I of Iberia Eastern Orthodox Prince of Iberia Martyr
Boris I of Bulgaria Eastern Orthodox[7] Knyaz of Bulgaria
Brian Boru Catholic[8][9] High King of Ireland
Brychan Brycheiniog[10][11] Catholic,[12][13] Eastern Orthodox[14][15] King of Brycheiniog
Canute IV of Denmark Catholic[16] King of Denmark
Causantín mac Cináeda Catholic Kings of the Picts (Catholic) [17]
Ceolwulf of Northumbria Catholic, Anglican King of Northumbria
Charles I of England and Scotlannd Anglican[18] King of England and King of Scotland Commonly referred to as King Charles the Martyr
Charles the Good Catholic Count of Flanders
Constantin Brâncoveanu Eastern Orthodox[19] Prince of Wallachia Martyr
Constantine of Cornwall Catholic King of Dumnonia Martyr[20]
Constantine of Strathclyde Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Strahclyde
Constantine I Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor Constantine is not revered as a saint but as “the great” in the Latin Catholic Church[21][22] Eastern Catholic Churches such as the Ukrainian Catholic Church recognize him as a saint.[23][24]
Constantine IV Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor
Constantine XI Palaiologos Catholic (Byzantine Rite) Byzantine Emperor Not formally canonized, considered a "National Martyr" (unofficial)
Cormac mac Cuilennáin Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Munster
Cynehelm Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican Kingdom of Mercia His status as co-ruler of Mercia is usually considered to be legendary
Dagobert II Catholic King of Austrasia Son of Sigbert III
David I of Scotland Catholic[25] King of Scotland Son of Saint Margaret of Scotland
David IV of Georgia Eastern Orthodox King of Georgia
David of Trebizond Eastern Orthodox[26] Emperor of Trebizond
Demetrius I of Georgia Eastern Orthodox King of Georgia
Demetrius II of Georgia Eastern Orthodox King of Georgia Martyr, also known as "Demetre the Self-Sacrificer"
Stefan Dragutin Eastern Orthodox King of Serbia
Eberhard of Friuli Catholic[27] Duke of Friuli Son-in-law of Frankish emperor Louis the Pious and ancestor of all contemporary royals (Catholic)
Edmund the Martyr Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of East Anglia
Edgar the Peaceful Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of the English Feast day is 8 July
Edward the Confessor Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of England
Edward the Martyr Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of England Martyr
Edwin of Northumbria Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Deria & Bernicia
Kaleb of Axum Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox King of Ethiopia Also known as Saint Elesbaan
Eric IX of Sweden Catholic King of Sweden Martyr, feast day of May 18.
Ezana of Axum Catholic, Oriental Orthodox King of Axum 4th century King of Axum[28][29]
Fedelmid mac Crimthainn Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Munster
Ferdinand III of Castile Catholic King of Castile and Toledo Known as "Ferdinand III the Saint", in Spanish "San Fernando" and "Fernando III el Santo"
Guntram Catholic King of Orléans, King of the Franks Merovingian king of Burgundy (Catholic); The Catholic Church celebrates his feast day on 28 March.
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Husband of Cunigunde of Luxemburg (see under "Other royalty and nobility" below), known as "Saint Henry II", in German "Heinrich II. der Heilige" ("Henry II the Holy")
Hermenegild of the Visigoths Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Martyr
Hoel, King of Cornouaille Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican King of Cornouaille Hoel appears in Welsh mythology and the Matter of Britain as a "king of Brittany". Mythology states that he was a relative of the legendary King Arthur.
Jadwiga of Poland Catholic Queen of Poland Known as "Saint Hedwig of Poland", "Saint Jadwiga, Queen of Poland" and "Saint Hedwig, Queen of Poland", in Polish "Św. Jadwiga Królowa Polski"
John III Doukas Vatatzes Eastern Orthodox Emperor of Nicaea Died 1254, known as "John the Merciful" and "John III Doukas Vatatzes"
John IV Laskaris[citation needed] Eastern Orthodox Emperor of Nicaea Died 1305, known as "John IV Laskaris" and "John IV Doukas Laskaris"
Judicael of Brittany Catholic King of Domnonée
Justinian I Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran Byzantine emperor Died 565, known as "Justinian the Great"
Justinian II Eastern Orthodox Byzantine emperor Died 711, known as "Justinian Rhinotmetos" ("ὁ Ῥινότμητος", "the slit nosed")
Ladislaus I of Hungary Catholic King of Hungary
Lazar Hrebeljanović Serbian Orthodox Church Knez ("Prince" or "Duke") of Serbia Died 1389, known as "Tsar Lazar", canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as "Свети Косовски Великомученик кнез Лазар" ("Holy Great-Martyr of Kosovo Prince Lazar"), known as "Свети Цар Лазар" ("Holy Tsar Lazar") (Serbian Orthodox)
Leo I the Thracian Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor Died 474
Leopold III Catholic Margrave of Austria
Luarsab II of Kartli Eastern Orthodox King of Kartli Martyr
Lucius of Britain Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of the Britons 2nd century British King, whose historicity is disputed
Louis IX of France Catholic King of France in French "Saint Louis"
Ludwig IV of Thuringia Catholic Landgrave of Thuringia Husband of Elisabeth of Hungary (see under "Other royalty and nobility" below), not canonized but revered as a saint in Thuringia, in German Ludwig IV., der Heilige (Ludwig IV the Holy) (Catholic)
Magnus of Orkney Catholic Church, Anglican Church, Church of Sweden, Church of Norway Earl of Orkney 12th century Earl of Orkney, and Martyr
Malcolm III of Scotland[30] Catholic King of Scotland Scottish Gaelic: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada
Malcolm IV of Scotland Catholic[31] King of Scotland
Manuel II Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor Died 1425, known as "Manuel I Palaiologos" and "Manuel the Monk"
Marcian Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor Died 457
Mikhail of Tver Eastern Orthodox Grand Prince of Vladimir Martyr
Milutin Nemanjic Eastern Orthodox King of Serbia Martyr
Mirian III of Iberia Eastern Orthodox King of Iberia Died 361
Neagoe Basarab Eastern Orthodox King of Wallachia[32]
Nicholas II of Russia Eastern Orthodox Czar of Russia The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia canonized him in 1980 as a saint and martyr, the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church canonized him as a saint and passion bearer on 14 August 2000, in Russian "Царь-Мученик Николай II" ("Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II") and "Святой Страстотерпец Царь Николай II" ("Holy Passion-Bearer Tsar Nicholas II") (Eastern Orthodox);[33] see Canonization of the Romanovs
Nikephoros II Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor Died 969.
Olaf II of Norway Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Norway
Oswald of Northumbria Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Northumbria Martyr; feast day is August 5.
Oswine of Deira Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Deira Martyr, died 651.
Pabo Post Prydain Catholic King from Hen Ogledd Traditionally identified with St. Pabo (Catholic)[34]
Peter of Murom Eastern Orthodox Prince of Murom Husband of Saint Fevronia of Murom
Peter I of Bulgaria Eastern Orthodox Tsar of Bulgaria He was the Tsar of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Salomon Catholic King of Brittany 9th century Martyr and King of Brittany
Sigebert III Catholic King of Austrasia Merovingian king of Austrasia, father of Dagobert II (Catholic)
Sigismund of Burgundy Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of the Burgundians
Solomon II of Imereti Eastern Orthodox King of Imereti
Stefan Lazarević Eastern Orthodox Despot of Serbia Known as "Stefan the Tall." He first ruled as a Prince of Serbia and then became despot.
Stefan Nemanja Eastern Orthodox Grand Prince of Serbia Canonized as Saint Simeon the Myrrh-streaming
Stefan Nemanjić Eastern Orthodox Grand Prince and King of Serbia Known as Stefan the First-Crowned
Stefan Uroš III Eastern Orthodox King of Serbia Known also as Stefan Decanski
Stefan Uroš V Eastern Orthodox Emperor of Serbia
Stephen I of Hungary Catholic, Eastern Orthodox King of Hungary
Stephen the Great, King of Moldavia Eastern Orthodox repaused 2 July 1504
Tamar of Georgia (died 1213) Georgian Orthodox Church (Eastern Orthodox) King of Georgia
Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (died 395) Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor
Theodosius II, Roman Emperor (died 450) Eastern Orthodox Roman Emperor
Tiridates III of Armenia Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Armenian Church King of Armenia [35][36]
Vakhtang I of Iberia Eastern Orthodox King of Iberia
Vakhtang III of Georgia Eastern Orthodox King of Georgia
Vladimir I of Kiev Russian Orthodox Church Grand Prince of Kiev First Christian ruler of Kiev, in the Russian Orthodox Church his title denotes "equal to the Apostles", in Russian "Владимир Святой", in Ukrainian "Володимир Святий" and "Святий рівноапостольний князь Володимир" ("Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Duke Volodymyr") (Catholic,[37] Eastern Orthodox)
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Duke of Bohemia Died 28 September 935, Martyr, patron of the Czech Republic, in Czech "Svatý Václav", in German "Heilige Wenzel"
Wigstan of Mercia King of Mercia Later became a monk.
William of Gellone Catholic Count of Toulouse
Vladislav Eastern Orthodox King of Serbia [38]
Yaroslav the Wise Eastern Orthodox Grand Prince of Kiev [39]

Roman Catholic Beati, Venerabili, and Servants of God

The Roman Catholic Church classifies various holy persons who have not been canonized as saints in the lesser categories of beati, venerabili, and servants of God. These titles indicate grades on the path to canonization in that church.

Image Name Status Sovereignty Notes
Charlemagne Blessed[40] King of the Franks, King of the Romans, & Emperor of the Romans Cultus fully permitted at Aachen[41]
Francis II of the Two Sicilies Servant of God King of the Two Sicilies In December 2020, Cardinal Sepe of Naples announced the opening of the process of beatification and canonization in the case of Francis II.
Henry II the Pious Servant of God[42] High Duke of Poland The Roman Catholic Diocese of Legnica opened up his cause for beatification in October 2015.
Humbert III of Savoy Pre-Congregation Count of Savoy He was venerated right after his death, pre-congregation. In 1838, Charles Albert, King of Sardinia and his descendant, tried and failed to have him beatified by Pope Gregory XVI.
Isabella I of Castile Servant of God Queen of Castile Declared Servant of God in March 1974 & cause initially stopped in 1991.[43] In April 2020, Pope Francis requested that her cause be reopened.[44]
James VII of Scotland Servant of God King of England, King of Ireland, King of Scotland In 1734, spurred on by the English Benedictines of Paris, Archbishop Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc of Paris opened the Cause for the deposed and exiled James VII and II, who had died in France in 1701 after the Revolution of 1688; a 2019 article in the Catholic Herald provoked renewed, though still small-scale, interest in the possibility of the king's eventual canonization.
Henry VI of England Cause opened[45] King of England, Heir and Regent of France, Lord of Ireland He has been declared martyr and wonderworker.
Karl I of Austria Blessed Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, King of Croatia, & King of Bohemia Beatified by Pope John Paul II in October 2004.
Charles I of England Cause partially opened King of England, King of Scotland, King of Wales and King of Ireland A Roman Catholic chapter of the Society of King Charles the Martyr was established by a group in the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter with the blessing of Bishop Steven J. Lopes

Other royalty and nobility

This section enumerates Christian royalty, including consorts but not sovereigns, and nobility. Christian sovereigns, while also "royalty", are exclusively enumerated in "Monarchs" above.

Saints

Roman Catholic Beati, Venerabili, and Servants of God

The Roman Catholic Church classifies various holy persons who have not been canonized as saints in the inferior categories of beati, venerabili, and servants of God. These titles indicate grades on the path to canonization in that church.

Biblical royal saints

Melchizedek, the King of Salem, is venerated as a Saint and appears to be among the earliest Royalty in the Bible. Joseph is venerated as a Saint, within Christianity, with one apocryphal text (Joseph and Asenath) suggesting he may have even become Pharaoh after his work as Vizier in Egypt.[66] Moses is also considered to have been saved, and is sometimes thought to have been a member of the Egyptian Royal family. King David of the united monarchy of ancient Israel and his successors Hezekiah and Josiah of the southern Kingdom of Judah are traditionally considered to be Saints by Catholic teaching.[67][68]

In the New Testament genealogies, Jesus Christ is a descendant of King David and has been proclaimed by the Catholic Church as King of the Universe.[69] His mother, Mary, is also celebrated within Catholic teaching as Queen of Heaven. Within tradition, she too is a descendant of King David, as were both her parents - Sts. Joachim and Anne. Medieval traditions would include within this number some of the Apostles, as part of a broader kinship to Christ.[70]

See also

References

  1. ^ Leclercq, Henri. "The Legend of Abgar." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 19 February 2013.
  2. ^ The Roman Martyrology (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1916): 57.
  3. ^ "Sant' Alessandro Nevskij"
  4. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Alphonsus I. (40)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  5. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Alphonsus (13)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  6. ^ Machitadze, Archpriest Zakaria. 2007. "Holy Royal Martyrs Archil and Luarsab" Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Lives of the Georgian Saints. Pravoslavie.Ru. Accessed on 11 November 2007.
  7. ^ "San Boris Michele I"
  8. ^ "San Brian Bòruimhe". Santiebeati.it. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  9. ^ Major, Tom (23 April 2012). "Major's Saint of the Day: April 23 -- Feast of Blessed Brian Boru". Major's Saint of the Day. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  10. ^ "BRYCHAN, saint (fl. mid 5th century)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  11. ^ "EBK: King Brychan Brycheiniog of Brycheiniog". www.earlybritishkingdoms.com. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  12. ^ "St. Brychan: King and Saint of Wales". Catholic Exchange. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  13. ^ "Saint Brychan of Brycheiniog". CatholicSaints.Info. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  14. ^ "Brychan of Brecknock - OrthodoxWiki". orthodoxwiki.org. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  15. ^ "St. Brychan Gododdin, Brenin Brycheiniog". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  16. ^ "St. Canute IV".
  17. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Constantinus II, S. (5)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Worship > Common Worship > The Calendar > Holy Days". Prayer & Worship. Church of England. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  19. ^ "San Costantino Brancoveanu".
  20. ^ "San Costantino".
  21. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantine the Great". www.newadvent.org.
  22. ^ "St. Constantine". faith.nd.edu.
  23. ^ http://www.stconstantine.org/OurParish/OurPatronSaint/index.php
  24. ^ "Saint Constantine Ukrainian Catholic Church - Patron Saint". www.stconstantine.org.
  25. ^ Thurston & Attwater, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, pp. 383–4.
  26. ^ "Canonization of New Saints by the Ecumenical Patriarchate". Ecumenical Patriarchate - Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and South East Asia. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  27. ^ "St. Eberhard of Friuli - Saints & Angels".
  28. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Abreha, SS.«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  29. ^ a b "Abrehā von Äthiopien und Gefährten - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon". www.heiligenlexikon.de (in German). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  30. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Malcolmus (1)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  31. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Malcolmus (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  32. ^ "San Neagoe Basarab".
  33. ^ "Nicholas II and Family Canonized for Passion". New York Times. 12 August 2000.
  34. ^ "St. Pabo - Saints & Angels".
  35. ^ a b Łysakowska, Elżbieta. "Święci: Tiridates III i królowa Aszchen". www.ordynariat.ormianie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  36. ^ a b c Łysakowska, Elżbieta. "Wspomnienia świętych w 5. tygodniu po Zesłaniu Ducha Świętego". www.ordynariat.ormianie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  37. ^ "St. Vladimir - Saints & Angels".
  38. ^ "Благоверный князь Владисла́в Сербский". azbyka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  39. ^ "Благоверный князь Яросла́в Мудрый". azbyka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Blessed Charlemagne". 19 July 2009.
  41. ^ Shahan, Thomas, and Ewan Macpherson. "Charlemagne." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 19 February 2013.
  42. ^ "Thirteenth Century".
  43. ^ "Cause for Canonization of Servant of God Queen Isabel the Catholic". www.queenisabel.com. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  44. ^ "Pope Pleads the Cause of Isabelle the Catholic". 9 May 2020.
  45. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Henricus (45)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 2. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  46. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Adelheidis (6)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  47. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Adelheidis, S. (1)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  48. ^ Online, Catholic. "St. Adela - Saints & Angels". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  49. ^ "Blanka". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  50. ^ "San Bojan detto Enravota".
  51. ^ The Coming of the Saints, Artisan Sales, 1985, p. 160-161
  52. ^ "Благоверная Дина́ра Грузинская, царица". azbyka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  53. ^ "Britannia Biographies: St. Edith of Wilton". 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  54. ^ Online, Catholic. "St. Edith of Wilton - Saints & Angels". Catholic Online. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  55. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Edmundus (10)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 2. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  56. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Mathildis, S. (1)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  57. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Mathildis (8)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  58. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Mathildis (6)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  59. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Maria, V. (64)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 4. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  60. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Sazan, S.«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 5. Augsburg 1882, ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  61. ^ "St. Vartan and the Battle of Avarayr". The Armenian Church. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  62. ^ Łysakowska, Elżbieta. "ŚW. WARTAN MAMIKONIAN WOJOWNIK (387-451)". www.ordynariat.ormianie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  63. ^ García, Cristina Huete (17 July 2015). "HAGIOPEDIA: Beata CONSTANZA DE ARAGÓN. (1247-1300)". HAGIOPEDIA. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  64. ^ See link: http://www.reinacatolica.org/causa.html
  65. ^ "Rycheza". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  66. ^ Joseph and Asenath. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1918. p. 78.
  67. ^ "Litany to Old Testament Saints"
  68. ^ This Rock Quick Questions, Volume 14, Issue 5.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100114045922/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/quickquestions/keyword/Old%20Testament/page4 Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ Pius XI, Quas Primas. Vatican, 1925
  70. ^ "The Holy Kinship".
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