Arno Allan Penzias

Arno Allan Penzias
Born	April 26, 1933 (1933-04-26) Munich, Germany
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Bell Labs
Alma mater	CCNY Columbia University
Known for	Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Notable awards	Henry Draper Medal (1977) Nobel Prize in Physics (1978)

Arno Allan Penzias (born 26 April 1933) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.

Early life and education

Penzias was born in Munich, Germany. At age six he was among the Jewish children evacuated to Britain as part of the Kindertransport rescue operation. Some time later, his parents also fled Nazi Germany for the U.S., and the family settled in the Garment District of New York City in 1940. In 1946, Penzias became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1951 and received a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1954. From Columbia University, he received his Master's degree in 1958 and his Ph.D. in 1962.

Career

He went on to work at Bell Labs in Holmdel, New Jersey, where, with Robert Woodrow Wilson, he worked on ultra-sensitive cryogenic microwave receivers, intended for radio astronomy observations. In 1964, on building their most sensitive antenna/receiver system, the pair encountered radio noise which they could not explain. It was far less energetic than the radiation given off by the Milky Way, and it was isotropic, so they assumed their instrument was subject to interference by terrestrial sources. They tried, and then rejected, the hypothesis that the radio noise emanated from New York City. An examination of the microwave horn antenna showed it was full of pigeon droppings (which Penzias described as "white dielectric material"). After the pair removed the guano buildup, and the pigeons were shot (each physicist says the other ordered the deed), the noise remained. Having rejected all sources of interference, the pair published a paper announcing their findings. This was later identified by Robert Dicke as the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), the radio remnant of the Big Bang. This allowed astronomers to confirm the Big Bang, and to correct many of their previous assumptions about it.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975. Penzias and Wilson received the 1978 Nobel Prize, sharing it with Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Kapitsa's work was unrelated to Penzias and Wilson's). In 1977, the two had received the Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences. Penzias is also the recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.

Penzias has been a resident of Highland Park, New Jersey. He has a son, David, and two daughters, Mindy Penzias Dirks, PhD, and Rabbi Shifra (Laurie) Weiss-Penzias. He currently serves as a venture partner at New Enterprise Associates^{[citation needed]}.

See also

• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

• Wilson, R. W.; Penzias, A. A. (1967). "Isotropy of Cosmic Background Radiation at 4080 Megahertz". Science 156 (3778): 1100–1101. Bibcode 1967Sci...156.1100W. doi:10.1126/science.156.3778.1100. PMID 17774056. 
• Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1970). "Microwave Noise from Rainstorms". Science 169 (3945): 583–584. Bibcode 1970Sci...169..583P. doi:10.1126/science.169.3945.583. PMID 17746031. 
• Penzias, Arno A. (1979). "The Origin of the Elements". Science 205 (4406): 549–554. Bibcode 1979Sci...205..549P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4406.549. PMID 17729659. 
• Penzias, Arno A. (1980). "Nuclear Processing and Isotopes in the Galaxy". Science 208 (4445): 663–669. Bibcode 1980Sci...208..663P. doi:10.1126/science.208.4445.663. PMID 17771085. 
• Cite Video | BBC/WGBH BOSTON | NOVA #519 | A Whisper From Space | Copyright 1978 | Available With Permission | Consolidated Aircraft - Ronkonkoma, New York

External links

• Autobiographical sketch
• The first part of an an article authored by Arno Penzias that was published in Science Reporter magazine
• The second part of an article authored by Arno Penzias entitled Ideas