Jump to content

President of China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Blue844098 (talk | contribs) at 18:07, 18 October 2017 (→‎Chairmen/Presidents). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the president of Taiwan, formally the Republic of China, see President of the Republic of China. For the de facto leader of China, see Paramount leader.
"President of the PRC" redirects here. For the leader of Guernsey, see President of the Policy and Resources Committee.

President of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国主席
Emblem of the People's Republic of China
StyleMr. President (主席)
(Formal)
His Excellency (阁下)
(In international correspondence)
Typenominal figurehead
StatusHead of State
ResidenceZhongnanhai (informal)
SeatBeijing
Nominatorthe Presidium of the National People's Congress
Appointerthe National People's Congress
Term lengthFive Years, renewable
once consecutively
Constituting instrumentConstitution of the People's Republic of China
Inaugural holderMao Zedong
as the first President under
the 1954 Constitution
Li Xiannian
as the first President under
the 1982 Constitution
Formation27 September 1954
18 June 1983
AbolishedJanuary 1975 - December 1982
DeputyVice President
WebsitePresidency
President of the People's Republic of China
Simplified Chinese中华人民共和国主席
Traditional Chinese中華人民共和國主席
Literal meaningChinese People Republic Chairperson
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese国家主席
Traditional Chinese國家主席
Literal meaningState Chairperson

Template:Contains Chinese text

The President of the People's Republic of China is the head of state of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the PRC's constitution, the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited powers.[1] However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, top leader in one party system.[a] The office is officially regarded as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post; theoretically, the President serves at the pleasure of the National People's Congress, the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative.[b] The current President is Xi Jinping, who took office in March 2013.[c]

Since 1993, apart from brief periods of transition, the top leader of China simultaneously serves as the President, the head of the party, and the commander-in-chief of the military (as Chairman of the Central Military Commission). This individual then carries out different duties under separate titles. For example, the leader meets foreign dignitaries and receives ambassadors in his capacity as President, issues military directives as Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and upholds party rule through the office of General Secretary.

The office was first established in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China in 1954 and successively held by Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi. Liu fell into political disgrace during the Cultural Revolution, after which the office became vacant. The office was abolished under the Constitution of 1975, then reinstated in the Constitution of 1982, but with reduced powers. The official English-language translation of the title was "Chairman"; after 1982, this translation was changed to "President", although the Chinese title remains unchanged.[d] Therefore the title "President" in this case does not mean the same as in the United States or other Presidential systems, but rather as an approximation in terms of its power compared with parliamentary systems.

The President is limited to serve up to two terms of five years each.[1]

Qualifications and election

Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
National leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
National People's Congress (14th)
State representative
Executive organ
Military organ
Supervisory organ
Judicial organs
United front
Historical parties:
Propaganda
Cross-Strait relations
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag China portal

According to the current Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the President must be a Chinese citizen with full electoral rights who has reached the age of 45. The President's term of office is the same as the term of the National People's Congress (currently five years), and the president and vice-president are both limited to two consecutive terms.[2]

The President is elected by the National People's Congress (NPC), China's highest state body, which also has the power to remove the President and other state officers from office. Elections and removals are decided by a simple majority vote.[3]

According to the Organic Law of the NPC, the President is nominated by the NPC Presidium, the Congress's executive organ.[4] In practice, however, the ruling Communist Party of China reserves the post of President for its current General Secretary. Like all officers of state elected by the NPC, the President is elected from a one name ballot.

In the event that the office of President falls vacant, the Vice-President succeeds to the office. In the event that both offices fall vacant, the Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee temporarily acts as President until the NPC can elect a new President and Vice-President.[5]

Powers and duties

Under the current Constitution of the People's Republic of China, instated in 1982 with minor revisions in later years, the President has the power to promulgate laws, select and dismiss the Premier (prime minister) as well as the ministers of the State Council, grant presidential pardons, declares a state of emergency, issue mass mobilization orders, and issue state honours. In addition, the President names and dismisses ambassadors to foreign countries, signs and annuls treaties with foreign entities. According to the Constitution, all of these powers require the approval or confirmation of the National People's Congress. The President also conducts state visits on behalf of the People's Republic. Under the constitution the "state visit" clause is the only presidential power that does not stipulate any form of oversight from the National People's Congress. As the vast majority of presidential powers are dependent on the ratification of the NPC, the President is, in essence, a symbolic post without any direct say in the governance of state. It is therefore conceived to mainly function as an symbolic institution of the state rather than an office with true executive powers.[6]

In theory, the President has discretion over the selection of the Premier, though in practice the Premier has historically been selected through the top-level discussions of the Communist Party of China. Upon the nomination of the Premier, the NPC convenes to confirm the nomination, but since only one name is on the ballot, it can only approve or reject. To date, it has never rejected a personnel nomination.[7] Since the Premier, the head of government in China, is the most important political appointment in the Chinese government, the nomination power, under some circumstances, may give the President real political influence.[8]

Political ranking

Main article: Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China

For President Liu Shaoqi, he was also the first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China, ranked second in the Communist Party of China, behind Chairman Mao Zedong. For President Li Xiannian, he was also the 5th ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee, after CPC General Secretary and Premier. For President Yang Shangkun, he was not a member of Politburo Standing Committee, but he ranked third after General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and Deng Xiaoping. Since Jiang Zemin, the President is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, ranking first in Party and State.

History

Establishment in 1954

The office of State Chairman (the original English translation, as noted above) was first established under China's 1954 Constitution. The ceremonial powers of the office were largely identical to those in the current Constitution.[9]

The powers of the 1954 office differed from those of the current office in two areas: military and governmental. The State Chairman's military powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows: "The Chairman of the People's Republic of China commands the armed forces of the state, and is Chairman of the National Defence Council (Chinese: 国防委员会)."[10] The National Defence Council was unique to the 1954 Constitution, and was mandated as the civil command for the People's Liberation Army. It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution.

The State Chairman's governmental powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows: "The Chairman of the People's Republic of China, whenever necessary, convenes a Supreme State Conference (Chinese: 最高国务会议) and acts as its chairman." The members of the Supreme State Conference included the main officers of state, and its views were to be presented to the main organs of state and government, including the National People's Congress and the State and National Defense Councils.[11] The Supreme State Conference was also unique to the 1954 Constitution. It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution and later Constitutions have not included a similar body.

History up to 1974

Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman. He was elected at the founding session of the National People's Congress in 1955. At the 2nd NPC in 1959, Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi, first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party. Liu was reelected as State Chairman at the 3rd NPC in Jan 1965. However, in 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party Vice Chairman. A few months later Liu was apparently placed under house arrest, and after a prolonged power struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on October 31, 1968, including the post of State Chairman. This was in violation of the Constitution, which required a vote by the NPC to remove the State Chairman.

From Liu's removal in 1968 until 1972, the office of State Chairman was vacant. From 1972 to 1975, however, state media referred to Vice State Chairman Dong Biwu as "acting State Chairman."

Abolition in 1975

When the 4th NPC was convened in 1975, its main act was to adopt a new Constitution which eliminated the office of State Chairman and emphasized instead the leadership of the Communist Party over the state, including an article that made the Party Chairman Supreme Commander of the PLA in concurrence as Chairman of the Party CMC.[12] The 5th NPC was convened two years early, in 1978, and a third Constitution was adopted, which also lacked the office of State Chairman. The office was finally reinstated in the fourth Constitution, adopted by the 5th Session of the 5th NPC in 1982. The title of the office (guojia zhuxi) was unchanged in the Chinese text, but a new English translation of "President of the People's Republic of China" was adopted.

Restoration in 1982

In the 1982 Constitution, the President was conceived of as a figurehead of state with actual state power resting in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Premier, and all three posts were designed to be held by separate people. The President therefore held minor responsibilities such as greeting foreign dignitaries and signing the appointment of embassy staff, and did not intervene in the affairs of the State Council or the Party. In the original 1982 Constitution plan, the Party would develop policy, the state would execute it, and the power would be divided to prevent a cult of personality from forming as it did with the case of Mao Zedong. Thus in 1982, China perceivably had four main leaders: Hu Yaobang, the Party General Secretary; Zhao Ziyang, the Premier; Li Xiannian, the President; and Deng Xiaoping, the "Paramount Leader", holding title of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and was overall commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The current political structure of Vietnam is similar to the structure China followed in the 1980s.

In the 1990s, the experiment of separating party and state posts, which led to conflict during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, was terminated. In 1993, the post of President was taken by Jiang Zemin, who as General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, became the undisputed top leader of the party and the state. When Jiang Zemin stepped down in 2003, the offices of General Secretary and President were once again both given to one man, then Vice-President Hu Jintao, the first Vice President to assume the office. In turn, Hu vacated both offices for Xi Jinping in 2012 and 2013.

List of presidents

Main article: List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China

Timeline

 
↓P. of C.Gov
↓President of China
↓Acting Presidents
↓Honorary President
↓Restored
│
1949.83
│
1959.83
│
1969.83
│
1979.83
│
1989.83
│
1999.83
│
2009.83

Chairmen/Presidents

Other Heads of State

  • Zhu De Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1975–1976)
    Zhu De
    Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1975–1976)
  • Song Qingling Acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1976–1978)
    Song Qingling
    Acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1976–1978)
  • Ye Jianying Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1978–1983)
    Ye Jianying
    Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1978–1983)

President's Spouse

Main article: Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China

Since the first president, seven had a spouse during term of office.

№ Spouse President Tenure
1 Jiang Qing Mao Zedong 1 October 1949 – 27 April 1959
2 Wang Guangmei Liu Shaoqi 27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968
3 Lin Jiamei Li Xiannian 18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988
4 Li Bozhao Yang Shangkun 8 April 1988 – 27 March 1993
5 Wang Yeping Jiang Zemin 27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003
6 Liu Yongqing Hu Jintao 15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013
7 Peng Liyuan Xi Jinping 14 March 2013 – Incumbent

Statistics

# President Date of birth Age at ascension
(first term) 		Time in office
(total) 		Age at retirement
(last term) 		Date of death Longevity
1 Zedong, MaoMao Zedong 18931226December 26, 1893(December 26, 1893) 60 27560 years, 275 days 04 2124 years, 212 days 64 12264 years, 122 days 19760909September 9, 1976 30,20782 years, 258 days
2 Shaoqi, LiuLiu Shaoqi 18981124November 24, 1898(November 24, 1898) 60 15460 years, 154 days 09 1879 years, 187 days 69 34269 years, 342 days 19691112November 12, 1969 25,92070 years, 353 days
Presidency vacant
acting Biwu, DongDong Biwu 18860305March 5, 1886(March 5, 1886) 85 35685 years, 356 days 02 3272 years, 327 days 88 31888 years, 318 days 19750402April 2, 1975 32,53489 years, 28 days
acting Ching-ling, SoongSoong Ching-ling 18930127January 27, 1893(January 27, 1893) 83 16183 years, 161 days 01 2421 years, 242 days 85 03785 years, 37 days 19810529May 29, 1981 32,26388 years, 122 days
Presidency abolished
3 Xiannian, LiLi Xiannian 19090623June 23, 1909(June 23, 1909) 73 36073 years, 360 days 04 2954 years, 295 days 78 29078 years, 290 days 19920621June 21, 1992 30,31482 years, 364 days
4 Shangkun, YangYang Shangkun 19070803August 3, 1907(August 3, 1907) 80 25080 years, 250 days 04 3524 years, 352 days 85 23685 years, 236 days 19980914September 14, 1998 33,28091 years, 42 days
5 Zemin, JiangJiang Zemin 19260817August 17, 1926(August 17, 1926) 66 22266 years, 222 days 11 35311 years, 353 days 76 21076 years, 210 days Living 35,72797 years, 298 days (Living)
6 Jintao, HuHu Jintao 19421221December 21, 1942(December 21, 1942) 60 08460 years, 84 days 09 3649 years, 364 days 70 08370 years, 83 days Living 29,75781 years, 172 days (Living)
7 Jinping, XiXi Jinping 19530615June 15, 1953(June 15, 1953) 59 years, 272 days 11 years, 88 days (Ongoing) Incumbent Living 25,92870 years, 361 days (Living)

Living former presidents

There are two living former presidents:

  • Jiang Zemin (1993–2003) (1926-08-17) August 17, 1926 (age 97)
    Jiang Zemin
    (1993–2003)
    (1926-08-17) August 17, 1926 (age 97)
  • Hu Jintao (2003–2013) (1942-12-21) December 21, 1942 (age 81)
    Hu Jintao
    (2003–2013)
    (1942-12-21) December 21, 1942 (age 81)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term". Daily Mail. 9 August 2016. "A lot of analysts now see it as a given" that Xi will seek to stay party general secretary, the country's most powerful post, said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  2. ^ It is listed as such in the current Constitution; it is thus equivalent to organs such as the State Council, rather than to offices such as that of the Premier.
  3. ^ "Does Chinese leader Xi Jinping plan to hang on to power for more than 10 years?". 6 October 2017. If Xi relinquished the presidency in 2023 but remained party chief and chairman of the Central Military commission (CMC), his successor as president would be nothing more than a symbolic figure... "Once the president is neither the party's general secretary nor the CMC chairman, he or she will be hollowed out, just like a body without a soul."
  4. ^ In Chinese the President of the PRC is termed zhǔxí while the Presidents of other countries are termed zǒngtǒng. Furthermore zhǔxí continues to have the meaning of "chairman" in a generic context.

References

  1. ^ a b Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University, EXECUTIVE: THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC.
  2. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Section 2, Article 79.
  3. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Articles 62, 63.
  4. ^ "Organic Law of the National People's Congress of the PRC". Retrieved 3 July 2013., Article 13.
  5. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Article 84.
  6. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Article 62, Section 5. The NPC does no itself have the power to nominate the Premier.
  7. ^ Yew, Chiew Ping; Gang Chen (13 March 2010). China's National People's Congress 2010: Addressing Challenges With No Breakthrough in Legislative Assertiveness (PDF). Background Brief. Singapore: East Asian Institute. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  8. ^ Weng, Byron (September 1982). "Some Key Aspects of the 1982 Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of China". The China Quarterly (91): 492–506. JSTOR 653370.
  9. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, 1954, Articles 40–42.
  10. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Article 43.
  11. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Article 44.
  12. ^ Cohen, Jerome Alan (1 December 1978). "China's Changing Constitution". The China Quarterly (76): 794–841. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 652647.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_China&oldid=805953384"