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Turrón

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Not to be confused with Touron or Turon.
This article is about the Valencian confection. For the Filipino banana spring roll, see Turon (food).
Turrón
Turrón from Alicante
Alternative namesTorró, torrone, torrão, turon, turrone, nougat
TypeConfectionery
Main ingredientsHoney, sugar, egg whites, almonds or other nuts

Turrón (Spanish: [tuˈron]), or torrone (Italian: [torˈroːne]), is a southwestern European nougat confection, typically made of honey, sugar, and egg white, with toasted almonds or other nuts, and usually shaped into either a rectangular tablet or a round cake. It is frequently consumed as a traditional Christmas dessert in Spain, Portugal, and Italy as well as countries formerly under the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire, particularly in Latin America.

Names

This nougat confection is known by similar names in different languages. In Spanish it is turrón (pronounced [tuˈron]). In Catalan, torró (pronounced [tuˈro] or [toˈro]). In Italian, torrone (pronounced [torˈroːne]). In Portuguese, torrão (pronounced [tuˈʁɐ̃w]) and torrone (pronounced [toˈʁoni]) in Brazilian Portuguese. In Sardinian, turrone (pronounced [tuˈrɔnɛ]). In Tagalog, turon (pronounced [tuˈɾon]).

Recipe

The 16th-century Manual de Mujeres (Women's handbook), a handbook of recipes for cosmetics and some foodstuffs, has what is probably the oldest extant Spanish turrón recipe.[1] It calls for honey and some egg whites, cooked until it becomes breakable once cooled. Once the honey is caramelized the recipe suggests adding pine nuts, almonds or hazelnuts, peeled and roasted. The mix is then cooked a bit further, and finally removed from the heat and cut into slices.

History

All versions of the name appear to have been derived from Latin torrere (to toast). The modern confection might be derived from the Muslim recipe prevalent in parts of Islamic Spain known as turun,[2] or even from an ancient Greek recipe.[2] One may also point to a similar confection named cupedia or cupeto that was marketed in Ancient Rome and noted by Roman poets.[3][4]

Turrón or Torró has been known at least since the 15th century in the city of Jijona/Xixona (formerly Sexona), north of Alicante. Turrón is commonly consumed in most of Spain, some countries of Latin America, and in Roussillon (France). The similar Torrone is typical of Cremona and Benevento in Italy. There are similar confections made in the Philippines.

Variations are found in several regions of the northern Mediterranean.

Types

Turrón itself can take on a variety of consistencies and appearances, however, they traditionally consisted of the same ingredients; the final product may be either hard and crunchy, or soft and chewy. Thirty years ago almost all turrón recipes followed the same specifications, but since the diversification of products there are currently dozens of varieties: chocolate with puffed rice or whole almonds; all kinds of chocolate pralines, with or without liquor, candied fruits or whole nuts; fruit pralines; and even sugarless variations (sweetened with fructose or artificial sweeteners).

Spanish turrón

Traditional Spanish turrón may be classified as:

  • Hard / duro (the Alicante or Alacant variety, named after the city of Alacant): A compact block of whole almonds in a mass of eggs, honey and sugar; 60% almonds. Depending on the thickness, one may find it difficult to break pieces of turrón duro as it is so rigid.
  • Soft / blando (the Jijona or Xixona variety, named after the city of Xixona): The almonds are reduced to a paste. The addition of oil makes the matrix bond better; 64% almonds.[5] Turrón blando has a much more mushy and crumbly consistency.

This variation in ingredients and resulting dryness reflects a continuum that exists also in amaretto (almond-flavored) cookies, from a meringue to a macaroon.

Other varieties include Torró d'Agramunt from near Lleida, Torró de Xerta from near Tortosa and torró de Casinos.

In modern times, the name turrón has widened its meaning in Spain to include many other sweet preparations that, in common with traditional turrón, are sold in bars of around 20 x 10 x 3 cm. These bars can have chocolate, marzipan, coconut, caramel, candied fruit, etc.

Italian Torrone

Torrone Classico

Torrone is a traditional winter and Christmas confection in Italy and many varieties exist. They differ from the Spanish version in that a lower proportion of nuts is used in the confection. Traditional versions from Cremona, Lombardy, range widely in texture (morbido, soft and chewy, to duro, hard and brittle) and in flavor (with various citrus flavorings, vanilla, etc., added to the nougat) and may contain whole hazelnuts, almonds and pistachios or only have nut meal added to the nougat. Some commercial versions are dipped in chocolate. The popular recipes have varied with time and differ from one region to the next. Torrone di Benevento from Benevento, Campania, sometimes goes by the historic name Cupedia, which signifies the crumbly version made with hazelnuts. The softer version is made with almonds. The Torrone di Benevento is considered to be the oldest of its kind since it predates Roman times and was widely known in the territories of Samnium.[6][7] [unreliable source?] Although originally resembling sticky paste, it now differs only marginally from the varieties of Torrone di Cremona.[8][9] Abruzzo, Sicily and Sardinia also have local versions that may be slightly distinct from the two main denominations from Lombardy and Campania.[10]

  • Torrone di Mandorle (usually eaten around Christmas): blocks of chopped almonds in a brittle mass of honey and sugar.
  • "Torrone di Bagnara Calabra" is a well-known torrone given the designation I.G.P. The recipe, which dates from at least 1700, includes orange blossom honey (from Calabria), almonds (from Sicily), egg whites, sugar, cocoa, and essential oil. There are two variations. “Martiniana" is dusted in confectioners sugar; "Torrefatto" is dusted in cocoa powder.
Doña Pepa turrón
Turrón de Doña Pepa

Peruvian turrón

In Peruvian cuisine turrón generally is soft and may be flavored with anise. The original Spanish recipe, which contained ingredients that were rare or expensive in Peru (such as almonds, rose water, orange blossom water, honey), was modified in a variety of ways. One common variety found in Lima is Turrón de Doña Pepa, an anise and honey nougat that is traditionally prepared for the Señor de los Milagros (or Lord of Miracles) religious procession, during October.

Philippine turrón

Filipino masareal, a confection made from ground peanuts and syrup
Filipino turón de mani, a type of dessert lumpia made of ground peanuts in a spring roll wrapper

Cashew turrón (Philippine Spanish: turrones de casúy; Spanish: turrones de anacardo) from Pampanga Province is a derivative. It is a bar of marzipan made with cashew nuts, and wrapped in a white wafer. Unlike in the rest of Hispanidad, this candy is not associated with the holiday season. Another derivative is the turrones de pili, made using the native pili nut.

A similar delicacy is the masareal of Mandaue, Cebu which is made from finely-ground boiled peanuts, sugar or syrup (latik), and water. It is typically not as dry as the turrón, however.[11][12][13][14]

A derivative but very different street food is the turón, which is a dessert version of the Filipino lumpia. The most common is the turón na saging, which are sliced banana or plantain dipped in brown sugar, wrapped in spring roll wrappers, and deep-fried. However, there are numerous other fillings of turón, including ube, sweet potato, and even peanuts, like the turón de mani.[15][16][17]

Puerto Rican turrón

In Puerto Rico, turrón is called turrón de ajonjolí (sesame turrón). Puerto Rican turrón is made with toasted black and white sesame seeds, ground cinnamon, lemon juice, bound together by caramelized brown sugar and honey. Other varieties include almonds, lime zest, sunflower seeds with flax seeds, orange zest, and toasted coconut flakes.

Cuban turrón

In Cuba, turrón de maní (peanut nougat) is a traditional sweet treat. Snack-sized bars are usually peddled across bus stops and crowds, though family loaves of up to two pounds are also available. They run in two variants: blando, ground peanuts pressed into bars with brown sugar; and duro, coarsely chopped roasted peanuts bound together with caramelized sugar and honey.

Protected status

Various types of Turrón/Torrone that have protected geographical status under EU law include:

Others, such as Torrone di Cremona (Italy) have protected status by (but not limited to) the country that produces it.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Manual de mujeres en el cual se contienen muchas y diversas recetas muy buenas". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  2. ^ a b "Origen del turrón" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  3. ^ "Torrone di Benevento". Regione Campania-Assessorato all'Agricoltura. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  4. ^ Mario De Simone. "Il vero torrone -- napoletano". Edizioni Pubblicità Italia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  5. ^ Carbonell-Barrachina, Ángel A. "Application of Sensory Evaluation of Food to Quality Control in the Spanish Food Industry". Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 57 (4A): 71–76. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  6. ^ "Torrone di Benevento". Regione Campania-Assessorato all'Agricoltura. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  7. ^ Mario De Simone. "Il vero torrone -- napoletano". Edizioni Pubblicità Italia. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  8. ^ "Il torrone di Benevento". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  9. ^ "Dolcezze beneventane". Corriere DemoEtnoAntropologico. Retrieved 2011-02-23.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ "Torrone". Gruppo Virtuale Cuochi Italiani. Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  11. ^ "Masareal". Atbp.ph. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  12. ^ "Cebu's Sweets: Masareal". Everything Cebu. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  13. ^ Villavelez, Ronald P. (April 2018). "Mooning over masareal". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  14. ^ "The Masareal – A Sweet, Nutty Treat From Mandaue". Lola Pureza's. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Turon Recipe (Banana Lumpia with Caramel)". Panlasang Pinoy. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  16. ^ Aspiras, Reggie (31 December 2014). "Valencia 'triangulo,' sacred cookies and 'leche flan' cheesecake–more reasons to celebrate the season". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  17. ^ Palomar, Manuel K., ed. (1998). Peanut in the Philippine Food System: A Macro Study (PDF). Peanut in Local and Global Food Systems Series. Visayas State College of Agriculture, University of Georgia.
  18. ^ EU Profile - Xixona Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine (07/06/2009)
  19. ^ EU Profile - Torró d'Alacant Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine (07/06/2009)
  20. ^ EU Profile - Torró d'Agramunt Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine (07/06/2009)
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