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{{otheruses4|the "Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat" founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|the governorate in Kuwait|Ahmadi, Kuwait}}''
{{otheruses4|the "Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat" founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|the governorate in Kuwait|Ahmadi, Kuwait}}''
{{Infobox Religious group|
{{Infobox Religious group|
| group = Ahmadi Muslims <br>احمدیہ ''Ahmadiyya''
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== SHAREEF IS THAT YOU???? ==''' <br>احمدیہ ''Ahmadiyya''
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Revision as of 19:58, 1 July 2007

This article is about the "Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat" founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. For the governorate in Kuwait, see Ahmadi, Kuwait.

== SHAREEF IS THAT YOU???? ==
احمدیہ Ahmadiyya
Total population
10-200+ Million [citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Religions
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
Scriptures
Qur'an, Hadith,
Languages
Urdu, Arabic

Ahmadi Muslims (Urdu: احمدیہ Ahmadiyya), is the collective name given to the two distinct groups (The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement) comprising of followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908) from Qadian, in Punjab, India. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a Muslim who claimed to have fulfilled Christian and Islamic prophecies, and proclaimed himself the promised Messiah, the Mahdi, as well as the Mujaddid (Reformer/Renewer) of the 14th Islamic century.[1] Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims, and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad termed his movement the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat (community) envisioning it to be a revitalization of Islam.

The original Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat split into two separate groups after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's death, known respectively as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam). These groups vary in their specific interpretations of Ahmad's teachings and claims. They also differ in their views on who should have succeeded Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and how such a successor should be chosen.

The Ahmadi version of Islam has been controversial to mainstream Muslims since its birth. Most Muslims have not accepted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claims and some do not consider Ahmadis to be Muslims at all, citing, in particular, the Ahmadiyya view on the finality of Muhammad, ascension and return of Jesus, and concept of Jihad.[2] The Ahmadis however argue that their beliefs are in accordance with Islam,[3][4] and using arguments from the Qur'an, Hadith and opinion of Islamic jurists, challenge the contention of the groups calling them non-Muslims.[5]

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History

The Ahmadiyya Movement claims to represent the latter day renaissance of the religion of Islam. At the end of the 19th century, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be the "Reformer of the age" Mujaddid, Promised Messiah, Mahdi of the age. (Note that the two sub-sects of the Ahmadiyya interpret this last claim very differently). He claimed to have fulfilled the prophecy of the return of Jesus. He and his followers claimed that his advent was foretold by Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, and also by many other religious scriptures of the world. In 1889 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad laid down the foundation of his community, which was later given the name of "Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat". Since its inception, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat's objective has been the revival of Islam. Soon after the death of the first Caliph, the movement split into two sects over the question of the Finality of Prophethood. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement affirmed the traditional Islamic interpretation that there could be no new prophet after Muhammad and viewed itself as a reform movement within the broader Ummah.[6] The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, however, claimed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had indeed been a prophet (albeit a "non-law-bearing" one) and that mainstream Muslims who rejected his message were guilty of disbelief. The question of "Khilafat" was also an issue in the split of the Ahmadiyya movement. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement believes that an "Anjuman" (body of selected people) should be in charge of the Jamaat. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, however, believes that Caliphs are appointed by God and they are in charge.

Some of the first people to convert to Ahmadiyya Movement were highly educated persons from secular and religious circles. These included many civil servants and also from the military, such as Ali Gouhar of the British-Indian Army.[7] The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has established offices in 182 countries and claims to have a population exceeding tens of millions.[8] The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has branches in 17 countries.[9] There is no reliable information available regarding the population numbers of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.

Overseas Ahmadiyya missionary activities started as early as 1920's. For many modern nations of the world, Ahmadiyya Islam was their first contact with Muslim civilization.[10] Ahmadiyya movement is considered by some historians[11] as one of the precursors to the African-American Civil Rights Movement in America. According to some experts, Ahmadiyya were "arguably the most influential community in African-American Islam" until the 1950s, when Nation of Islam gained support among black communities. Many notable Jazz musicians converted to Ahmadiyya Islam. The influence of Ahmadiyya movement was later reduced by the splits among the community caused by Nation of Islam as well as the Sunni-orthodox preachers during the 1950's.[12]

The political awakening of Kashmiri Muslims and the subsequent struggle for independence from the Maharaja and then India is also linked with the Ahmadiyya missionary activities in the region.[13] Kashmiri Muslim identity in twentieth century was most significantly influenced by the Ahmadiyya ideology. Ahmadis belonging to the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement were very active in educational and political struggle of Kashmiri Muslims throughout 1920, 30s and 40s. Abdulla Vakil and Nooruddin Qari Kashmiri were instrumental in propagating Islamic literature among the Muslim population of the state which included religious folk poetry and more complex religious discourses.[14] The role of the movement came into the spotlight when All-India Kashmir Committee was formed by Mirza Basheer-ud-Deen Ahmad, the second successor and son of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

Current status

In some countries it is an offence for the Ahmadiyya Movement to preach their religion as Islam. In Pakistan parliament has declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslims. In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended its constitution to define a Muslim "as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad".[15] Due to this strong clash of beliefs, Ahmadis have been the target of many attacks led by various religious groups.[16] As a result of the cultural implications of the laws and constitutional amendments regarding Ahmadis in Pakistan, persecution and hate related incidents are constantly reported from different parts of the country. All religious seminaries and madrassahs in Pakistan, belonging to different sects of Islam have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs.[17] In a recent survey in Pakistan, pupils in private schools of Pakistan expressed their opinions on religious tolerance in the country. The figures assembled in the study reflect that even in the educated classes of Pakistan, Ahmedis are considered to be the least deserving minority in terms of equal opportunities and civil rights. In the same study, the teachers in these elite schools showed even lower amount of tolerance towards Ahmadis than their pupils.[18] Since both groups claim to be the true heirs to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's legacy even though they have radically different interpretations of his teachings (see below), the term can be quite ambiguous. Ahmadis claim that mainstream Muslim critics of Ahmadis often fail to note the important distinctions between the groups, treating all "Ahmadis" as members of the "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community."

Beliefs

Ahmadiyya beliefs mirror those of Islam in general, including belief in the prophethood of Muhammad, reverence for historical prophets, belief in a single creator God (strong monotheism). They accept the Qur'an as their holy text, and accept the authority of hadiths (reported sayings of and stories about Muhammad).

Distinct Ahmadi beliefs

Although the central values of Islam (prayer, charity, fasting, etc.) are shared by mainstream and Ahmadi Muslims, distinct Ahmadi beliefs include the following:

  • That the Qur'an has no contradictions (or abrogations), and has precedence over the Hadith or traditions; i.e., that one verse of the Qur'an does not cancel another and that no Hadith can contradict a verse of the Qur'an. Hadith that appear to contradict the Qu'ran are not accepted by Ahmadi Muslims.[19]
  • That Jesus, contrary to mainstream Islamic belief, was crucified and survived the 4 hours on the cross. He was later revived from a swoon in the tomb.[20] Ahmadis believe that Jesus died in Kashmir of old age whilst seeking the Lost Tribes of Israel.[21] Jesus' remains are believed to be entombed in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf. Ahmadis believe that Jesus foretold the coming of Muhammad after him, which Christians have misinterpreted.[22]
  • That Jihad can only be used to protect against extreme religious persecution, and that Muslims have used Jihad as a tool for political opportunism.[23]
  • That the "Messiah" and the "Imam Mahdi" are the same person, and that Islam will defeat the Anti-Christ or Dajjal in a period similar to the period of time it took for nascent Christianity to rise (300 years).
  • The two Ahmadiyya groups have varying beliefs regarding the finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad. The Ahmadiyya Muslim community believes that Hazrat Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection and was the last law-bearing prophet. New prophets can come but they must be subordinate to Hazrat Muhammad and cannot exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion.[24] The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement believes that Muhammad is the last of the prophets and no prophet, new or old, can come after him.[25]

Comparison of belief between mainstream Islam, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, and Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

Article of faith Mainstream Islam Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Return of Jesus Differs, but most believe that at the “end of days” Jesus himself will descend from heaven in the flesh[26] References to the second coming of Jesus are allegorical. The prophecy of the second coming was fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[27] References to the second coming of Jesus are allegorical. The prophecy of the second coming was fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[28]
Status of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Differs, but often considered an apostate. Many mainstream Muslims believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was one of the 30 false claimants to prophethood[29] about whom the prophet Muhammad warned Muslims 1400 years ago Mujaddid (Islamic Reformer) of the 14th Islamic century. The promised Mahdi and the second coming of Jesus. Referred to as a prophet in the metaphorical sense only (as other recognized Islamic saints and sufis are similarly referred to). Not a prophet in the technical and linguistic meaning of the word.[30] A prophet (with all the qualities of a prophet like Jesus) but subordinate and deputy to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The Messiah, Imam Mehdi and Mujaddid of the 14th Islamic century and the second coming of Jesus.[31]
Shahada The Kalima Shahada is „La illaha ilallah, muhammadur rasullulah“. Professing the Kalima required to become a Muslim and in Pakistan,[32] declaring Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be an apostate is a prerequisite to be considered a Muslim.[33] The Kalima Shahada is „La illaha ilallah, muhammadur rasullulah“. Anyone saying the Kalima Shahadat cannot be declared a non-Muslim by anyone else.[34] The Kalima Shahada is „La illaha ilallah, muhammadur rasullulah“. Anyone saying the Kalima Shahadat cannot be declared a non-Muslim by anyone else.[citation needed] However, any one who does not believe in Mirza Ghluam Ahmad's claims is a non-Muslim.[35]
Finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad The meaning of “Seal of the Prophets” is that Muhammad is the last of the prophets. However this does not preclude the re-arrival of an old Prophet (Jesus) at the end of days.[36] The meaning of “Seal of the Prophets” is that Muhammad is the last of the prophets. No prophet, either new or old can come after him.[37] Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was the Mujaddid (reformer) of the 14th century Hijra and not a true prophet.[38] Hazrat Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection, he sealed prophethood and religious law. New prophets can come after him provided they follow the example and message set by him in every respect. Prophet Muhammad was the last law-bearing prophet, new prophets can come but they must be subordinate to Hazrat Muhammad and cannot exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion.[39]
Jesus, Son of Mary Born of a miraculous birth[40] from the virgin, Mary. Did not die on the cross but was transported to heaven,[41] where he lives to return in the flesh to this world shortly before Doomsday.[42] Since Jesus (considered a prophet) came before Muhammad, his return to Earth would not disqualify Muhammad as the “last” prophet. Similar to Ahmadiyya Muslim Community belief except that the question of Jesus's virgin birth is not an essential requirement of faith and is left to the individual's personal conviction.[43] Jesus was born to the Virgin Mary. He survived the crucifixion and did not die an accursed death.[44] Instead he travelled east to India in search of the Lost Tribes of Israel.[45] Jesus lived a full life and died on earth, specifically Jesus's tomb lies in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf.
Armed Jihad Some groups believe aggressive armed struggle to be the most valid interpretation of Jihad and consider it permissible and legal. Some mainstream Muslims hold the view that there are two different types of Jihad: Jihad Al-Akbar, (considered the greater Jihad) is the personal struggle with one's own soul and Jihad Al-Asghar (considered the lesser Jihad) is the external, physical effort, often implying fighting.[citation needed] Jihad primarily means to strive or exert to the fullest. On an ongoing basis this refers to striving against the devil, ones low desires (self) and the peaceful propagation of Islam with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen. In special circumstances Jihad could be an armed struggle but only as a defensive war against extreme persecution.[46] Claim that as per prophecy, the messiah rendered the concept of violent Jihad obsolete. They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love. As their khalifas said that 'if anyone attacks us we must not attack him and should love him' this is called "Jihaad-e-Akbar".[47]

Views of mainstream Muslims

Most orthodox Muslims consider both Ahmadi sects to be heretics for a number of reasons, chief among them being the question of finality of prophethood,[48] since they believe members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community do not regard the Islamic prophet Muhammad to be the last prophet[49] (the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement does not subscribe to this belief[50]). Ahmadis claim that this is a result of misinterpreting Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's statements referring to his coming "in the spirit of Muhammed",[51] (similar to John the Baptist coming in the spirit and power of Elijah[52]). Both Ahmadi sects believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be the Mahdi and promised Messiah,[53] while mainstream Muslims refute this claim [rejectionists].[54] Both Ahmadi groups are considered non-Muslims by the Pakistan government, and have this fact recorded on their travel documents; due to which they are not allowed to enter the holy shrines in Mecca and Medina. In contrast Ahmadi citizens from Western countries and other moderate Muslim nations can and do perform Hajj and Umra as required by Islam. A court decision has also upheld the right of Ahmadiyyas to identify themselves as Muslims in India.[55]

As the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement’s view regarding Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s status as a Prophet is closer to traditional Islamic thought, the Literature published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has found greater acceptability among the Muslim Intelligentsia.[56][57]

Some mainstream Muslims group both Ahmadi sects together and refer to them as "Qadianis", and their beliefs as "Qadianism"[58] (after the small town of Qadian in the Gurdaspur District of Punjab in India, where the movement's founder was born). However most, if not all, Ahmadis of both sects dislike this term as it has acquired derogatory connotations over the years and furthermore they prefer to differentiate their two separate movements. Furthermore, some Muslim groups will not use the term "Muslim" when referring to Ahmadis, even though both sects refer to themselves as such. However, as members of Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement deny the prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, some orthodox Islamic Scholars consider the Lahore Ahmadiyya as Muslims.[59] In earlier times in Pakistan and India, there was widespread persecution of Ahmadis by certain Muslim groups. Sporadic violence as well as persecution of a more subtle nature against Ahmadis continues even today.[60]

Relationship with Christians

Christian missionaries during the life of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad were actively engaged in debates, prayer duels and written arguments with the Ahmadiyya Movement. The Ahmadiyya Movement considers Christian nations (particularly of the developed world) to be the prophesised Dajjal and Gog and Magog, thus making the relationship very hostile. The Ahmadiyya view of death of Jesus has also been a source of ongoing friction with the Christian Church.

Abbott Freeland, observed in his book, Islam and Pakistan,[61]

The primary significance of the Ahmadiyya Movement lay in its missionary emphasis. Every Muslim believed that Islam was the only religion free from error. The Ahmadiyas made it part of their principles to show the errors of other religions to their adherents and to proselytize energetically for Islam. In a sense, the Ahmadiyas represent the Muslims emerging, religiously speaking, from the withdrawal that had begun with the arrival of the British, just as the Muslim League represents the political emergence from that same withdrawal. .................................. It is somewhat ironic that the sect most attacked by Muslims in India and Pakistan has also been that, which has worked hardest, in both its branches, to defend and extend Islam against the competition offered by other faiths.

Ghulam Ahmad was constantly engaged in controversies with the British missionaries. Western historians have recorded this effort as one of the features of Ghulam Ahmad's legacy.[62] Francis Robinson states;

At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d.1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect.

Chronology with leaders

  • 23 March 1889 Ahmadiyya movement founded.
  • 1914 Split into two branches, one remaining in Qadian, today known as Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam (Jamaat-i Ahmadiyya), and one being established in Lahore, known as the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam).

Only two leaders are recognized by both branches of the sect:

Leaders recognized by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Qadian Branch), referred to as Khalifas ('Successors'):

Leaders recognized by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement (Lahore Branch), referred to as Emirs:

Some prominent Ahmadis

References

  1. ^ "The Fourteenth-Century's Reformer / Mujaddid", from the "Call of Islam", by Maulana Muhammad Ali
  2. ^ "Pseudo-Islamic Cults-The Ahmadiyya/Qadiani Movement", thetruereligion.org
  3. ^ Accusations Answered AAIIL
  4. ^ Misconceptions about Ahmadiyyat AAIIL Website
  5. ^ Fatwas of Kufr AAIIL
  6. ^ "Ahmadiyya", Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, [1]
  7. ^ "The British Archives,[2]
  8. ^ "The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam An Overview", Al Islam, The official website of the Ahmadiyya Muslims Community, [3]
  9. ^ World Wide Branches of AAIIL Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
  10. ^ [4] The Multiple Nature Of The Islamic Da'wa, Egdunas Racius Page 158-160. University of Helsinki
  11. ^ [5] Black Crescent: the experience and legacy of African Muslims in the Americas By Michael Angelo Gomez, Pages 254-256
  12. ^ [6] America's Alternative Religions By Timothy Miller, Page 280
  13. ^ [7] A Study of What Led to the Insurgency in Kashmir Valley & Proposed Future Solutions. By Piryanka Bakkaya and Sumeet Bhatti. Page 69. Stanford University
  14. ^ [8] Languages of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir By Chitralekha Zutshi, pages. 160-164
  15. ^ An Act to amend the Constitution (2nd Amendment) ACT, 1974. An Act to amend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, 21st September, 1974
  16. ^ Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol 16, September 2003
    "Violent Dhaka rally against sect", BBC News
    "Eight die in Pakistan sect attack", BBC News
    "Sect offices closed in Pakistan", BBC News
  17. ^ [9] Denizens of Alien Worlds. T Rahman - Contemporary South Asia, 2004. A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan. By Tariq Rahman. Page 15
  18. ^ [10]Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Volume 1, Number 1, January 2005. Passports to Privilege: The English-Medium Schools In Pakistan, Tariq Rahman
  19. ^ "The Matter of Abrogation", Friday Sermon by Maulana Muhammad Ali, December 20 1914, Abrogation
  20. ^ http://www.alislam.org/topics/jesus/index.php Jesus, a Humble Prophet of God
  21. ^ "Death of Jesus", by Shahid Aziz, Bulletin October 2001, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore (UK), [11]
    "Jesus Migrated to India", The Promised Mehdi and Messiah, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [12]
  22. ^ Muhammad in World Scriptures (Vol. 2):by Maulana Abdul Haq Vidyarthi, Advent of Holy Prophet Muhammad Foretold in the Books of the Old Testament of Jews and the New Testament of Christians [13]
  23. ^ Concept of Jihad and
    "True Meaning of Jihad", Compiled by Imam Kalamazad Mohammed; Published by the Muslim Literary Trust, Trinidad, [14]
  24. ^ "The Question of Finality of Prophethood", The Promised Mehdi and Messiha, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [15]
  25. ^ "The Issue of Khatam-un-Nabiyyin", Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [16]
  26. ^ "Islamic View of the Coming/Return of Jesus", by Dr. Ahmad Shafaat, 2003, Islamic Perspectives, [17]
  27. ^ "Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Sahib of Qadian never Claimed Prophethood [in the light of his own writings]", The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [18]
  28. ^ "A Prophet Like Unto Moses", The Promised Mehdi and Messiha, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [19]
  29. ^ "Who Was the Impostor of Qadian? Decide for Yourself!!", Inter-Islam.org, [20]
  30. ^ "The Use of the Terms Nabi & Rasul For Non-prophets", The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [21]
  31. ^ "A World Reformer", The Promised Mehdi and Messiha, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [22]
  32. ^ An Act to amend the Constitution (2nd Amendment) ACT, 1974. An Act to amend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, 21st September, 1974
  33. ^ Passport Application Form, Government of Pakistan, [23]
  34. ^ "Who is a Muslim?", Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [24]
    "Tarjuman al-Quran" by Sayyid Abul Ala Maudoodi, issue for month of Jumadi al-Awwal, 1355 A.H., circa 1936, vol. viii, p. 5
  35. ^ “…the belief that all those so called Muslims who have not entered into his (Promised Messiah’s) bai’at formally, wherever they may be, are kafirs and outside the pale of Islam…” (Mirza Mahmud Ahmad, The Truth about the Split, Rabwah 1965, pages 55-56. 1st published 1924, English translation of Ai’nah-e-Sadaqt)
  36. ^ "Further Similarities and Differences: (between esoteric, exoteric & Sunni/Shia) and (between Islam/Christianity/Judaism)", Reproduced with permission from Exploring World Religions, © 2001, by Oxford University Press Canada[25]
  37. ^ "The Issue of Khatam-un-Nabiyyin", Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [26]
  38. ^ "No Claim To Prophethood: 20 Arguments by Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad", Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [27]
  39. ^ "The Question of Finality of Prophethood", The Promised Mehdi and Messiha, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [28]
  40. ^ "Early History of Islam", Religion Online, ThinkQuest, Oracle Education Foundation, [29]
  41. ^ "Islam", MSN Encarta Online, [30]
  42. ^ "Further Similarities and Differences: (between esoteric, exoteric & Sunni/Shia) and (between Islam/Christianity/Judaism)", Reproduced with permission from Exploring World Religions, © 2001, by Oxford University Press Canada [31]
  43. ^ "The Birth of Jesus", Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [32]
  44. ^ "Jesus Did not Die on the Cross", The Promised Mehdi and Messiha, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [33]
  45. ^ "Jesus Migrated to India", The Promised Mehdi and Messiha, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [34]
  46. ^ Concept of Jihad and
    "True Meaning of Jihad", Compiled by Imam Kalamazad Mohammed; Published by the Muslim Literary Trust, Trinidad, [35]
  47. ^ http://www.ahmadiyya.de/library/jihaad-wahres_konzept.html
  48. ^ "Five Pillars of Islam", Islam101.com, [36]
  49. ^ "The Question of Finality of Prophethood", The Promised Messiha and Mehdi, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited, [37]
  50. ^ "Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Sahib of Qadian never Claimed Prophethood [in the light of his own writings]", The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [38]
  51. ^ "Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Sahib of Qadian never Claimed Prophethood [in the light of his own writings]", The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [39]
    "The Question of Finality of Prophethood", The Promised Messiha and Mehdi, by Dr. Aziz Ahmad Chaudhry, Islam International Publications Limited,[40]
  52. ^ "In what way can we harmonize John the Baptist’s claim that he was not Elijah with the statement of the Lord that he was?", Tony Capoccia, Bible Bulletin Board, [41])
  53. ^ "The Fourteenth-Century's Reformer / Mujaddid", Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, [42]
  54. ^ "Declaring Muslims as Kafir", The Lahore Ahmadiyya Islamic Movement, [43]
  55. ^ On right to freedom of religion and the plight of Ahmadiyas. Retrieved on April 10 2007.
  56. ^ Al-Azhar endorses publications by Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement AAIIL, USA
  57. ^ Marmaduke Pickthall's (famous British Muslim and a translator of the Quran into English)comments on Lahore Ahmadiyya Literature AAIIL, USA
  58. ^ "Lies and the Liar who told them!", www.inter-islam.org, [44]
  59. ^ Tributes to Maulana Muhammad Ali and The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement AAIIL Website
  60. ^ "Pakistan: Killing of Ahmadis continues amid impunity", Amnesty International, Public Statement, AI Index: ASA 33/028/2005 (Public), News Service No: 271, 11 October 2005, [45]
  61. ^ [46]Islam and Pakistan by Freeland, Abbot. p. 160-161
  62. ^ [47]The British Empire and the Muslim World Francis Robinson, Page 21
  63. ^ http://www.alislam.org/library/tahir.html
  64. ^ List of translations of the Qur'an Wikipedia.org

Topical articles by opponents of the Ahmadiyya Sect

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