Jump to content

Estonia–Russia relations: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Digwuren (talk | contribs)
11,308 edits
m →‎Estonia and Soviet Russia: Removed unnecessary comma.
Digwuren (talk | contribs)
11,308 edits
Undid revision 144391388 by RJ CG (talk) You'd do well to check the talk page every now and then.
Line 22: Line 22:
Estonia's ties with Boris N. Yeltsin had weakened since the Russian leader's show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding Russian troop withdrawals from the Baltic republics and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to anyone who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991, as well as their offspring born in Estonia, ranked high on the list of points of contention. Immediately after independence, Estonia began pressing the Soviet Union, and later Russia, for a speedy withdrawal of Soviet troops from its territory. Estonia insisted that the process be completed by the end of the year. The Soviet government, citing a lack of available housing for its troops, said not before 1994. In January 1992, some 25,000 troops were reported left in Estonia, the smallest contingent in the Baltic states. Still, more than 80,000 hectares of land, including an inland artillery range, remained in the Russian military's hands. More than 150 battle tanks, 300 armored vehicles, and 163 battle aircraft also remained. It was not until [[August 31]][[1994]] that the last Soviet troops left Estonia, as on [[July 26]][[1994]] Presidents Boris Yeltsin and [[Lennart Meri]] had signed an agreement for the complete withdrawal of Russian troops. On [[September 30]][[1995]] decommissioning of the [[Paldiski]] nuclear base was completed.
Estonia's ties with Boris N. Yeltsin had weakened since the Russian leader's show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding Russian troop withdrawals from the Baltic republics and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to anyone who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991, as well as their offspring born in Estonia, ranked high on the list of points of contention. Immediately after independence, Estonia began pressing the Soviet Union, and later Russia, for a speedy withdrawal of Soviet troops from its territory. Estonia insisted that the process be completed by the end of the year. The Soviet government, citing a lack of available housing for its troops, said not before 1994. In January 1992, some 25,000 troops were reported left in Estonia, the smallest contingent in the Baltic states. Still, more than 80,000 hectares of land, including an inland artillery range, remained in the Russian military's hands. More than 150 battle tanks, 300 armored vehicles, and 163 battle aircraft also remained. It was not until [[August 31]][[1994]] that the last Soviet troops left Estonia, as on [[July 26]][[1994]] Presidents Boris Yeltsin and [[Lennart Meri]] had signed an agreement for the complete withdrawal of Russian troops. On [[September 30]][[1995]] decommissioning of the [[Paldiski]] nuclear base was completed.


In the fall of 1991, as Estonia laid down its new citizenship policy, the Soviet Union called the move a violation of human rights. Under the citizenship policy, most of the country's large [[Russophone]] minority of soviet immigrants were denied automatic citizenship as the immigration was considered illegal. Offspring of those who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991 were denied automatic citizenship too. The Soviet government linked the further withdrawal of troops from Estonia to a satisfactory change in Estonia's citizenship stance. In response, Estonia denied the accusations of violations of human rights and invited more than a dozen international fact-finding groups to visit the country for verification amid the last salvos of [[Cold War]]. As the propaganda war and negotiations dragged on, Estonia and the other two Baltic countries gained international support for their position on troop withdrawal at a July 1992 summit of the CSCE in Helsinki. The final communiqué called on Russia to act "without delay . . . for the early, orderly and complete withdrawal" of foreign troops from the Baltic states. Resolutions also were passed in the United States Senate in 1992 and 1993 linking the issue of troop withdrawals to continued United States aid to Russia.
In the fall of 1991, as Estonia laid down its new citizenship policy, the Soviet Union called the move a violation of human rights. Under the citizenship policy, most of the country's large [[Russophone]] minority of soviet immigrants were denied automatic citizenship as the immigration was considered illegal. The Soviet government linked the further withdrawal of troops from Estonia to a satisfactory change in Estonia's citizenship stance. In response, Estonia denied the accusations of violations of human rights and invited more than a dozen international fact-finding groups to visit the country for verification. As the propaganda war and negotiations dragged on, Estonia and the other two Baltic countries gained international support for their position on troop withdrawal at a July 1992 summit of the CSCE in Helsinki. The final communiqué called on Russia to act "without delay . . . for the early, orderly and complete withdrawal" of foreign troops from the Baltic states. Resolutions also were passed in the United States Senate in 1992 and 1993 linking the issue of troop withdrawals to continued United States aid to Russia.


Yet, Estonian and Russian negotiators remained deadlocked throughout 1993. At several points, President Yeltsin and other Russian officials called an official halt to the pullout, but the unofficial withdrawal of forces continued. By the end of 1992, about 16,000 troops remained. A year later, that number was down to fewer than 3,500, and more than half of the army bases had been turned over to Estonian defense officials. The Estonian and Russian sides continued to disagree, primarily over the pace of Russia's withdrawal from the town of [[Paldiski]], on the northern coast some thirty-five kilometers west of Tallinn. The Soviet navy had built a submarine base there that included two nuclear submarine training reactors. Russian officials maintained that dismantling the reactor facility would take time; Estonia demanded faster action along with international supervision of the process. The last Russian warship, carrying ten T-72 tanks, departed in August 1994. However, Russia was to retain control of the reactor facility in Paldiski until September 1995.
Yet, Estonian and Russian negotiators remained deadlocked throughout 1993. At several points, President Yeltsin and other Russian officials called an official halt to the pullout, but the unofficial withdrawal of forces continued. By the end of 1992, about 16,000 troops remained. A year later, that number was down to fewer than 3,500, and more than half of the army bases had been turned over to Estonian defense officials. The Estonian and Russian sides continued to disagree, primarily over the pace of Russia's withdrawal from the town of [[Paldiski]], on the northern coast some thirty-five kilometers west of Tallinn. The Soviet navy had built a submarine base there that included two nuclear submarine training reactors. Russian officials maintained that dismantling the reactor facility would take time; Estonia demanded faster action along with international supervision of the process. The last Russian warship, carrying ten T-72 tanks, departed in August 1994. However, Russia was to retain control of the reactor facility in Paldiski until September 1995.

Revision as of 14:39, 13 July 2007

Russian-Estonian relations were established on February 2, 1920, when the Bolshevist Russia recognized the independence of the Republic of Estonia de jure and renounced in perpetuity all rights to the territory of Estonia, via the Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian). It should be noted that Treaty of Tartu had been first international agreement signed by either side amid Civil War in Russia. Bolsheviks at this point controlled minority of the Russian territory and their government's legitimacy had been hotly contested[1] by Western powers and Whites.

Estonia and Soviet Russia

In 1939 the USSR had installed military bases in Estonia after the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany had divided countries located between them into "spheres of special interest" according to the August 23, 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its secret protocol.[2]

On June 12, 1940. According to the director of the Russian State Archive of the Naval Department Pavel Petrov (C.Phil.) according to the records in the archive the order for total military blockade of Estonia to the Soviet Baltic Fleet was given. [3] [4]

On June 14 the Soviet military blockade of Estonia went into effect while world’s attention is focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier. Two Soviet bombers downed Finnish passenger airplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U.S. legations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. [5]

On June 161940, the Soviet Union presented ultimatum demanding the replacement of the Estonian government and free access for Soviet troops. On June 17, 1940, the Red Army emerged from these military bases in Estonia and, aided by additional 90,000 of Soviet troops, invaded the country, occupying the territories of Republic of Estonia,[6] [7], and organizing and supporting communist protests all ower the country.[8] The Estonian authorities acceded to the Soviet demands, and on June 21 President Konstantin Päts (deported to Ufa on July 30 and later arrested) formed the new government under Prime Minister Johannes Vares. The extraordinary single-party parliamentary election authorized by the new government took place on July 14. People were forced to vote under the threat of prosecution, and the communist "Union of the Estonian Working People" won the absolute majority of seats. On July 21 the parliament (Riigivolikogu) proclaimed Estonian SSR, and, despite the promises given before the election, petitioned to join the Soviet Union on July 22. In response the Estonian SSR was formally annexed by the Soviet Union (USSR) on August 6, 1940.

Destruction of Estonian Independance War Memorials

After the conquest of Estonia in 1944, the destruction of the monuments of the Republic of Estonia, which had survived or had been restored during the German occupation, began. On 15 April 1945 a monument by Amandus Adamson, erected to 87 persons who had fallen in the Estonian War of Independence, was blown up in Pärnu. The destruction of war memorials subsequately lasted for several years and spanned across all counties. A comprehensive file concerning the monuments of the Estonian War of Independence, which had been compiled by the Military Department of the EC(b)P Central Committee in April 1945, has been preserved in the Estonian State Archives. Monuments are listed by counties in this file and it specifies the amount of explosive and an evaluation concerning the transportation that were needed. For example an extract regarding Võrumaa: "In order to carry out demolition works, 15 Party activists and 275 persons from the Destruction Battalion must be mobilised. 15 workers are needed for the execution of each demolition and 10 people are needed for protection.... In order to carry out demolition works, 225 kg of TNT, 150 metres of rope/fuse and 100 primers are needed, since there is no demolition material on the spot. 11 lorries, which are available but which lack petrol, are needed for carrying the ruins away." [9]

Estonia and post-Soviet Russia

Russian-Estonian relations were re-established in January 1991, when the presidents Boris Jeltsin of RSFSR and Arnold Rüütel of the Republic of Estonia met in Tallinn and signed a treaty governing the relations of the two countries after the anticipated independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.[10][11] The treaty guaranteed the right to freely choose their citizenship for all residents of the former Estonian SSR.

Russia re-recognized the Republic of Estonia on 24 August 1991, after the failed Soviet coup attempt, as one of the first countries to do so. Diplomatic relations were established on 24 October 1991. The Soviet Union recognized the independence of Estonia on September 6.

Estonia's ties with Boris N. Yeltsin had weakened since the Russian leader's show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding Russian troop withdrawals from the Baltic republics and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to anyone who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991, as well as their offspring born in Estonia, ranked high on the list of points of contention. Immediately after independence, Estonia began pressing the Soviet Union, and later Russia, for a speedy withdrawal of Soviet troops from its territory. Estonia insisted that the process be completed by the end of the year. The Soviet government, citing a lack of available housing for its troops, said not before 1994. In January 1992, some 25,000 troops were reported left in Estonia, the smallest contingent in the Baltic states. Still, more than 80,000 hectares of land, including an inland artillery range, remained in the Russian military's hands. More than 150 battle tanks, 300 armored vehicles, and 163 battle aircraft also remained. It was not until August 311994 that the last Soviet troops left Estonia, as on July 261994 Presidents Boris Yeltsin and Lennart Meri had signed an agreement for the complete withdrawal of Russian troops. On September 301995 decommissioning of the Paldiski nuclear base was completed.

In the fall of 1991, as Estonia laid down its new citizenship policy, the Soviet Union called the move a violation of human rights. Under the citizenship policy, most of the country's large Russophone minority of soviet immigrants were denied automatic citizenship as the immigration was considered illegal. The Soviet government linked the further withdrawal of troops from Estonia to a satisfactory change in Estonia's citizenship stance. In response, Estonia denied the accusations of violations of human rights and invited more than a dozen international fact-finding groups to visit the country for verification. As the propaganda war and negotiations dragged on, Estonia and the other two Baltic countries gained international support for their position on troop withdrawal at a July 1992 summit of the CSCE in Helsinki. The final communiqué called on Russia to act "without delay . . . for the early, orderly and complete withdrawal" of foreign troops from the Baltic states. Resolutions also were passed in the United States Senate in 1992 and 1993 linking the issue of troop withdrawals to continued United States aid to Russia.

Yet, Estonian and Russian negotiators remained deadlocked throughout 1993. At several points, President Yeltsin and other Russian officials called an official halt to the pullout, but the unofficial withdrawal of forces continued. By the end of 1992, about 16,000 troops remained. A year later, that number was down to fewer than 3,500, and more than half of the army bases had been turned over to Estonian defense officials. The Estonian and Russian sides continued to disagree, primarily over the pace of Russia's withdrawal from the town of Paldiski, on the northern coast some thirty-five kilometers west of Tallinn. The Soviet navy had built a submarine base there that included two nuclear submarine training reactors. Russian officials maintained that dismantling the reactor facility would take time; Estonia demanded faster action along with international supervision of the process. The last Russian warship, carrying ten T-72 tanks, departed in August 1994. However, Russia was to retain control of the reactor facility in Paldiski until September 1995.

Territorial issues also clouded Estonian-Russian relations. Estonia continued to stick by its demand for the return of more than 2,000 square kilometers of territory annexed to Russia by Stalin in 1945. The annexed land was within the borders Estonia and Russia had originally agreed to as part of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty. However, the Yeltsin government disavowed any responsibility for acts committed by the Soviet regime.

Estonian and Russian negotiators reached a technical border agreement in December 1996. The border treaty was initialed in 1999. On 18 May 2005 Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet and his Russian colleague Sergei Lavrov signed in Moscow the “Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Estonian-Russian border” and the “Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Delimitation of the Maritime Zones in the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Narva”. The Riigikogu (Estonian Paliament) ratified the treaties on 20 June 2005 and the President of Estonia Arnold Rüütel announced them on 22 June 2005. On 31 August 2005 Russian President Putin gave a written order to the Russian Foreign Ministry to notify the Estonian side of “Russia’s intention not to participate in the border treaties between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Estonia”. On 6 September 2005 the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation forwarded a note to Estonia, in which Russia informed that it did not intend to become a party to the border treaties between Estonia and Russia and did not consider itself bound by the circumstances concerning the object and the purposes of the treaties.

This section contains material[12] from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.

Bronze Soldier of Tallinn controversy

Main article: Bronze Soldier of Tallinn

The relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn in April 2007 provoked a harsh Russian reaction.

The Federation Council, on April 27, approved a statement concerning the monument, which urges the Russian authorities to take the "toughest possible measures" against Estonia:

The dismantling of the monument on the eve of Victory Day on May 9 is "just one aspect of the policy, disastrous for Estonians, being conducted by provincial zealots of Nazism,"… "These admirers of Nazism forget that politicians come and go, while the peoples in neighboring countries are neighbors for eternity. The dismantling of the monument and the mockery of the remains of the fallen soldiers is just more evidence of the vengeful policy toward Russians living in Estonia and toward Russia".[13]

First Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Ivanov said that adequate measures, primarily, economic ones, should be taken against Estonia:

"In particular, Russia must speed up the construction of modern ports on Russian territory on the Baltic Sea, in the towns of Ust-Luga, Primorsk and Vysotsk. Thereby, we will handle our own cargo flow and not allow other countries, including Estonia, to benefit from its transit. I have already ordered and instructed the Minister of Transport accordingly."[14]

Belittling the WWII heroes' feats and desecrating monuments erected in their memory leads to discord and mistrust between countries and peoples, Russian President Vladimir Putin has said on Victory Day. "Those who try to belittle that priceless experience and desecrate monuments to war heroes today insult their own nations as well and sow discord and new mistrust between countries and peoples," Putin said at a parade on Red Square marking the 62nd anniversary of the Soviet Union's victory over Nazi Germany in 1945.[15] However the fact that the Russian president did not mention Estonia by name allowed Estonian PM Andrus Ansip to claim that by referring to desecration Mr Putin may have meant the monument to the Soviet WWII fighter pilots, removed along with the graves by the local administration of Moscow suburb Khimki just prior to Estonia's events. [16]

In the days following the relocation, the Estonian embassy in Moscow was besieged by protesters, including pro-Kremlin youth organisations Nashi and the Molodaya Gvardiya.

On Monday, April 30, Estonia's foreign minister Urmas Paet reported that "the situation had become much worse in the previous night.[17] The building is by now completely blocked."[18] Paet says that Estonia's foreign ministry had sent a note[19] to Russia's foreign ministry, due to Russia's apparent unwillingness and impotency to defend the embassy building and its staff (which violates Diplomatic law, especially the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations). Estonia's foreign ministry claims that the life and health of the diplomats and their family members residing in Moscow have been directly threatened.[20]

Estonia's president Toomas Hendrik Ilves expressed his astonishment that Russia has - despite the promises of foreign minister Lavrov - not taken actions to protect the diplomatic personnel. In Ilves' opinion, the ostensible powerlessness of Russia's defense services (e.g. Omon) is especially surprising, given their quick work when dispersing meetings of Russian opposition forces.[21]

On the same day, members of the crowd protesting before the embassy declared that if Estonian authorities would not set a date for the restoration of the Bronze Soldier statue in its former prominent place, they would begin demolishing the Estonian embassy building on May 1st (traditionally also Labour Day, important in Russia and the former Soviet Union). The building itself was covered with graffiti and stones were thrown at it.

During the night, protestors, both from pro-Putin and Communist parties, were playing and singing aloud famous Soviet war marches of the Red Army.[22] They called the Estonians Fascists.[citation needed]

On May 1, Estonia's Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said that the European Union has promised to help end a siege at the Estonian embassy in Moscow. Paet had spoken to his German counterpart Frank-Walter Steinmeier who "promised speedy assistance from the European Union to normalise the situation around the Estonian embassy in Moscow." Germany currently holds the rotating presidency of the EU.[23]

Estonian foreign minister Urmas Paet suggested to consider calling off the upcoming EU-Russia Summit that was due to take place on 18 May): "We consider it necessary that the European Union react in the toughest way to Russia’s behavior. It might imply suspending or canceling various negotiations. Postponing the EU-Russia summit should be seriously considered"[24][25]. Paet stated that "the EU is under attack, because Russia is attacking Estonia." [26] [27].

Spokesperson for German Chancellor Angela Merkel told that the summit will not be postboned, but European Commission said that a decision to raise the issue at the EU-Russia summit depends on the development of the current situation[26]. Commission spokesperson Christiane Hohmann said: "We share the concerns about the increasing violence around the Estonian embassy in Moscow and we strongly urge the Russian authorities to implement their obligations under the Vienna Convention for diplomatic relations."[26]


On May 2, the protestors attacked the Estonian ambassador, Marina Kaljurand, despite diplomatic immunity. The vehicle of the Swedish ambassador was also attacked. [28] Family members of the embassy staff have been evacuated[29]. During the night of May 2 - May 3, the Estonian embassy in Moscow was stoned by unknown vandals; there were also protests around the embassy of Georgia (Georgia has expressed support for Estonia) [30].

On May 3, the ambassador Kaljurand left Moscow on a two-week vacation. The protesters ended their blockade the same day. There has been speculation that the vacation was suggested by Germany's Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier (by means of behind-the-scenes realpolitik) to soothe Russian-Estonian tensions. [31]

On May 3, 2007, Russia suddenly announced plans for repairs to railway lines to Estonia, disrupting oil and coal exports to Estonia. As a result, oil companies scurried to secure alternative export routes. Normally Estonia's ports handle about a quarter of such shipments from Russia to world markets. Although Russia denied it was imposing economic sanctions or taking politically inspired action against Estonia, it is suspected that the sudden railway repair plan is connected to the row over the war memorial.[32]

The Russian transport firm Severstaltrans says it is suspending construction of an $80m (£40m) car plant in Estonia.[33]

Cyberattacks on Estonia

Main article: Cyberattacks on Estonia 2007

A series of distributed denial of service cyber attacks allegedly inspired by the Russian state began on April 27, 2007 that swamped websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the Estonian-Russian row about the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn relocation. [34] Some observers reckoned that the onslaught on Estonia was of a sophistication not seen before. The case is studied intensively by many countries and military planners as, at the time it occurred, it may have been the second-largest instance of state-sponsored cyberwarfare, following Titan Rain. [35]

Public opinion

According to Levada Center data, in 2007, Estonia was considered enemy of Russia by 60 percent of Russia's citizens (cf. 28% in 2006, 32% in 2005), more than any other country in the world, followed by Georgia, Latvia and United States.[36] The poll was conducted two weeks after the Bronze Soldier relocation.

Estonian Embassy in Moscow

Estonia has an embassy in Moscow as well as a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg and another consulate mission in Pskov.

Ambassadors

Russian Embassy in Estonia

Russia has an embassy in Tallinn

References

  1. ^ William Henry Chamberlin. Soviet Russia: A Living Record and a History: [1]
  2. ^ The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN-10: 0313323550
  3. ^ [2]Pavel Petrov] at Finnish Defence Forces home page
  4. ^ documents published from the State Archive of the Russian Navy
  5. ^ The Last Flight from Tallinn at American Foreign Service Association
  6. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN-10: 0716601036
  7. ^ The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN-10: 0313323550
  8. ^ Estonia: Identity and Independence by Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse ISBN-10: 9042008903
  9. ^ Report by the Chairman of the EC(b)P Võrumaa Committee, Tamm, No. 101/s to the EC(b)P CC 1st secretary Nikolai Karotamm. 06.04.1945. ERAF Archives depot 1, ref. 3, depository unit 501. L. 37.
  10. ^ Kristina Kallas, Eesti Vabariigi ja Vene Föderatsiooni riikidevahelised läbirääkimised aastatel 1990–1994 - Tartu 2000
  11. ^ eesti Express: Ta astus sajandist pikema sammu - Boriss Jeltsin 1931-2007, 25.04.2007
  12. ^ Relations with Russia - Country Studies
  13. ^ Россия категорически не приемлет варварское отношение эстонских властей к памяти тех, кто спас Европу от фашизма - заявление сенаторов Interfax, April 27, 2007. Retrieved: 2007-04-27
  14. ^ Russia should respond to Estonia by building ports on Baltic coast Interfax, April 26, 2007. Retrieved: 2007-04-28
  15. ^ Putin criticizes attempts to belittle WWII heroes Interfax May 9, 2007
  16. ^ http://www.postimees.ee/100507/esileht/siseuudised/259928.php
  17. ^ http://www.postimees.ee/300407/esileht/siseuudised/257966.php
  18. ^ http://www.postimees.ee/300407/esileht/siseuudised/258003.php Template:Et icon
  19. ^ http://www.postimees.ee/300407/esileht/siseuudised/258005.php Template:Et icon, also reported by Russian media: http://rian.ru/world/relations/20070430/64681928.html Template:Ru icon
  20. ^ http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/384003 Template:Et icon
  21. ^ As images show, the protesters have entered into embassy territory. E.g. here 'фашистская зона' - 'fascist zone' has been scribbled on embassy wall.
  22. ^ http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,53600,4101086.html
  23. ^ EU promises to help end siege at Estonian mission in Moscow AFP, May 1, 2007. Retrieved: 2007-05-01
  24. ^ Estonia Makes European Alliance against Russia
  25. ^ Statement by the Foreign Minister Urmas Paet
  26. ^ a b c Estonian dispute looms over EU-Russia Summit
  27. ^ Estonia Makes European Alliance against Russia
  28. ^ [http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/200705026057323_uu.shtml Iltalehti - Ruotsin suurlähettilästä vastaan hyökättiin Moskovassa]
  29. ^ http://www.postimees.ee/020507/esileht/siseuudised/258306.php Template:Et icon / http://rus.postimees.ee/020507/glavnaja/estonija/15699.php Template:Ru icon
  30. ^ http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/384405 Template:Et icon; http://rus.postimees.ee/030507/glavnaja/za_rubezhom/15740.php Template:Ru icon
  31. ^ http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2473055,00.html
  32. ^ S. WAGSTYL, "Russia rail move to hit Estonia supply line" in the Financial Times, May 3, 2007, p. 3.
  33. ^ BBC NEWS, Estonian embassy blockade to end, May 3, 2007, [3]
  34. ^ The Guardian May 17, 2007: Russia accused of unleashing cyberwar to disable Estonia by Ian Traynor
  35. ^ The Economist May 24, 2007: Cyberwarfare is becoming scarier
  36. ^ А. Голов. Дружественные и недружественные страны для россиян. 30.05.2007.
    See also Конфликт с Эстонией:осмысление. 21.05.2007.

See also

External links

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estonia–Russia_relations&oldid=144405729"