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|origin-place=Most probably [[South Asia]], [[Southwest Asia]] or [[Middle East]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups |first=L. David |last=Roper |url=http://www.roperld.com/ybiallelichaplogroups.htm |website=L. David Roper |accessdate=2013-08-31}}</ref>
|origin-place=Most probably [[South Asia]], [[Southwest Asia]] or [[Middle East]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups |first=L. David |last=Roper |url=http://www.roperld.com/ybiallelichaplogroups.htm |website=L. David Roper |accessdate=2013-08-31}}</ref>
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|CF]]
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|CF]]
|descendants=F*, F1, F2, F4, [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]], [[HIJK]]
|descendants=F*, F1, F2, F3, F4, [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]], [[HIJK]]
|mutations=L132.1, M89, M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316
|mutations=L132.1, M89, M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316
|members=
|members=
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This megahaplogroup contains mainly lineages that are not typically found in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that its ancestral [[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|haplogroup CF]] may have been carried out of Africa very early in the modern human diaspora, and F-M89 may have appeared 48,000 (38,700-55,700) years ago, probably in Eurasia.<ref name=Karafet/>
This megahaplogroup contains mainly lineages that are not typically found in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that its ancestral [[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|haplogroup CF]] may have been carried out of Africa very early in the modern human diaspora, and F-M89 may have appeared 48,000 (38,700-55,700) years ago, probably in Eurasia.<ref name=Karafet/>


According to the phylogeographic distribution of haplotypes observed among [[South Asia]]n populations defined by social and linguistic criteria, the possibility arose of haplogroup F might have originated in or near [[India]], and F-M89* might share a common demographic history with [[Haplogroup H-M69 (Y-DNA)|H-M69]], recent studies show that it does not share a history with H but in India it is a new subclade of H [[Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|C5]], [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]] and [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L1]].<ref name="Sengupta">{{cite journal |last1=Sengupta |first=Sanghamitra |first2=Lev A. |last2=Zhivotovsky |first3=Roy |last3=King |first4=S.Q. |last4=Mehdi |first5=Christopher A. |last5=Edmonds |first6=Cheryl-Emiliane T. |last6=Chow |first7=Alice A. |last7=Lin |first8=Mitashree |last8=Mitra |first9=Samir K. |last9=Sil |first10=A. |last10=Ramesh |first11=M.V. Usha |last11=Rani |first12=Chitra M. |last12=Thakur |first13=L. Luca |last13=Cavalli-Sforza |first14=Partha P. |last14=Majumder |first15=Peter A. |last15=Underhill |doi=10.1086/499411 |pmid=16400607 |pmc=1380230 |journal=[[The American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=78 |issue=2 |title=Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists |pages=202–221 |date=1 February 2006}}
According to the phylogeographic distribution of haplotypes observed among [[South Asia]]n populations defined by social and linguistic criteria, the possibility arose of haplogroup F might have originated in or near [[India]], and F-M89* might share a common demographic history with [[Haplogroup H-M69 (Y-DNA)|H-M69]], [[Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|C5]], [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]] and [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L1]].<ref name="Sengupta">{{cite journal |last1=Sengupta |first=Sanghamitra |first2=Lev A. |last2=Zhivotovsky |first3=Roy |last3=King |first4=S.Q. |last4=Mehdi |first5=Christopher A. |last5=Edmonds |first6=Cheryl-Emiliane T. |last6=Chow |first7=Alice A. |last7=Lin |first8=Mitashree |last8=Mitra |first9=Samir K. |last9=Sil |first10=A. |last10=Ramesh |first11=M.V. Usha |last11=Rani |first12=Chitra M. |last12=Thakur |first13=L. Luca |last13=Cavalli-Sforza |first14=Partha P. |last14=Majumder |first15=Peter A. |last15=Underhill |doi=10.1086/499411 |pmid=16400607 |pmc=1380230 |journal=[[The American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=78 |issue=2 |title=Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists |pages=202–221 |date=1 February 2006}}
</ref> The presence of several subclusters of F-M89 and [[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|K]] that are largely restricted to the [[Indian subcontinent]] is consistent with the scenario that a coastal (southern route) of [[early human migration]] out of Africa carried ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the coast of the Indian subcontinent, or that some of them originated there.<ref name="Kivisild">{{cite journal |last1=Kivisild |first=T. |first2=S. |last2=Rootsi |first3=M. |last3=Metspalu |first4=S. |last4=Mastana |first5=K. |last5=Kaldma |first6=J. |last6=Parik |first7=E. |last7=Metspalu |first8=M. |last8=Adojaan |first9=H.-V. |last9=Tolk |first10=V. |last10=Stepanov |first11=M. |last11=Gölge |first12=E. |last12=Usanga |first13=S.S. |last13=Papiha |first14=C. |last14=Cinnioğlu |first15=R. |last15=King |first16=L. |last16=Cavalli-Sforza |first17=P.A. |last17=Underhill |first18=R. |last18=Villems |date=1 February 2003 |doi=10.1086/346068 |pmid=12536373 |pmc=379225 |volume=72 |issue=2 |title=The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations |journal=[[The American Journal of Human Genetics]] |pages=313–332}}</ref>
</ref>


Other sources mention that this ancient haplogroup may have first appeared as much as 70,000 years ago (50,300±6500).<ref name="Hammer & Zegura 2002" /> It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of [[Africa]]. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to prevalence appears to have been in [[South Asia]] or somewhere close to it within the extended [[Middle East]]. All of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H, F* and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).
Other sources mention that this ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in [[North Africa]], the [[Levant]], or the [[Arabian Peninsula]] as much as 50,000 years ago (50,300±6500).<ref name="Hammer & Zegura 2002" /> It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of [[Africa]]. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to prevalence appears to have been in [[South Asia]] or somewhere close to it within the extended [[Middle East]]. All of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H, F* and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).


Several lineages derived from Haplogroup F-M89 appear to have migrated into Africa from a homeland in [[Southwest Asia]] sometime during prehistory. Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with this hypothetical "Back to Africa" migration include [[haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]], and [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]].
Several lineages derived from Haplogroup F-M89 appear to have migrated into Africa from a homeland in [[Southwest Asia]] sometime during prehistory. Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with this hypothetical "Back to Africa" migration include [[haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]], and [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]].
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The [[Ailao Mountains]] of [[Yunnan Province]] in southwestern [[China]] appear to be the one of few regions where such lineages, comprise a significant portion of the Y-chromosome diversity of a modern population; F* Y-chromosomes have been found to be particularly common among the [[Kucong]] or [[Lahu people|Yellow Lahu]], a group of hunter-gatherers who live in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Black |first=M.L. |last2=Wise |first2=C.A. |last3=Wang |first3=W. |last4=Bittles |first4=A.H. |date=June 2006 |doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0041 |title=Combining Genetics and Population History in the Study of Ethnic Diversity in the People's Republic of China |volume=78 |number=3 |pages=277–293 |journal=Human Biology |subscription=yes |pmid=17216801}}</ref>
The [[Ailao Mountains]] of [[Yunnan Province]] in southwestern [[China]] appear to be the one of few regions where such lineages, comprise a significant portion of the Y-chromosome diversity of a modern population; F* Y-chromosomes have been found to be particularly common among the [[Kucong]] or [[Lahu people|Yellow Lahu]], a group of hunter-gatherers who live in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Black |first=M.L. |last2=Wise |first2=C.A. |last3=Wang |first3=W. |last4=Bittles |first4=A.H. |date=June 2006 |doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0041 |title=Combining Genetics and Population History in the Study of Ethnic Diversity in the People's Republic of China |volume=78 |number=3 |pages=277–293 |journal=Human Biology |subscription=yes |pmid=17216801}}</ref>


In [[India]] it is distributed similarly to [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]].<ref name=Chiaroni>{{cite journal |last1=Chiaroni |first=Jacques |last2=Underhill |first2=Peter A. |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=Luca L. |date=1 December 2009 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910803106 |pmid=19920170 |pmc=2787129 |volume=106 |issue=48 |title=Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |pages=20174–9}}</ref> In, India F* is quite rare and perhaps non-existant,all F* found in India was found to be a new subclade of haplogroup H* [http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/]
In [[India]] it is distributed similarly to [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]].<ref name=Chiaroni>{{cite journal |last1=Chiaroni |first=Jacques |last2=Underhill |first2=Peter A. |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=Luca L. |date=1 December 2009 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910803106 |pmid=19920170 |pmc=2787129 |volume=106 |issue=48 |title=Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |pages=20174–9}}</ref> India has a frequency of 12.5%, being the most frequent haplogroup in [[Indian tribes (India)|tribal groups]] after Haplogroup H. Among tribal groups it is at 18.1%, and among [[Caste system in India|caste groups]] it is at 9.6%,<ref name=Cordaux/> it is important in [[dalit|panchamas]] and [[sudras]].<ref>{{cite journal |displayauthors=9 |first=Tatiana |last=Zerjal |first2=Arpita |last2=Pandya |first3=Kumarasamy |last3=Thangaraj |first4=Edmund Y. S. |last4=Ling |first5=Jennifer |last5=Kearley |first6=Stefania |last6=Bertoneri |first7=Silvia |last7=Paracchini |first8=Lalji |last8=Singh |first9=Chris |last9=Tyler-Smith |date=March 2007 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0282-2 |title=Y-chromosomal insights into the genetic impact of the caste system in India |journal=Human Genetics |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=137–144 |subscription=yes}}</ref> So it is important in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref name="Sengupta"/> in [[Koya (Mappila Subdivision)|Koya]] tribes is at 27% and in [[Sinhalese people]] 10%.<ref name="Kivisild"/>

It is found in two north [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] populations (0.5%) and this may have occurred as a result of admixture since Portugal has significant contacts with India for about 500 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Athey |first= |year=2005 |first1=T. Whit |title=Pitfalls in Determinations of Y Haplogroup F* |journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy |volume=1 |pages=35–39 |url=http://www.jogg.info/12/Pitfalls.pdf |format=pdf}}</ref>
In Pistoia, province of Tuscany region, is found at 7.7% of the population. Peviously found at 20% or more in North Asturias.

===F-P91===
{{expand section|date=December 2012}}

This subclade is defined by two SNPs: P91 and P104. It is most common in [[Sri Lanka]] {{harv|Karafet|2008}}.


===F-M427===
===F-M427===
{{expand section|date=December 2012}}
{{expand section|date=December 2012}}


The F-M427 subclade (lineage) is defined by two mutations: M427 and M428. This subclade has been detected with varying frequency in samples of [[Loloish languages|Loloish]]-speaking peoples, such as the [[Lahu people|Lahu]] and the [[Yi people|Yi]], minority groups who primarily inhabit some mountainous areas in [[Southwest China]]. Fx(HIJK and G) has been found in Vietnam [ http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/]
The F-M427 subclade (lineage) is defined by two mutations: M427 and M428. This subclade has been detected with varying frequency in samples of [[Loloish languages|Loloish]]-speaking peoples, such as the [[Lahu people|Lahu]] and the [[Yi people|Yi]], minority groups who primarily inhabit some mountainous areas in [[Southwest China]].

===F-P96===
{{expand section|date=December 2012}}
The F-P96 lineage is defined by seven SNPs. They are P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286. P96 defines the F3 subclade.

F-P96 bears the same relation to F-M89 as do G, H-M69, and IJK, and it tends to be found wherever they are found. This is somewhat of a concentration of F-P96 in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

===F-M481===
{{expand section|date=December 2012}}

F-M481 is defined by the M481 SNP. It is present in some Indian populations {{harv|Fornarino|2009}}.{{clarify |reason=This harv reference does not have a matching citation |date=August 2013}}


===F-L15===
===F-L15===
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**'''F-P91''' P91, P104
**'''F-P91''' P91, P104
**''F-M427'' M427, M428
**''F-M427'' M427, M428
**'''F-P96''' P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286
***'''F-L280''' L280
***'''F-L280''' L280
**'''G-M201''' M201, P257, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, L1258, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
**'''G-M201''' M201, P257, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, L1258, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
**'''H-M69''' M69, M370, PAGES00049

**'''HIJK''' L15, L16
**'''IJK''' L15, L16


====The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree====
====The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree====
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*'''[[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|CF]]'''
*'''[[Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)|CF]]'''
**'''F''' (L132.1, '''M89''', M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, '''P14''', P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316)
**'''F''' (L132.1, '''M89''', M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, '''P14''', P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316)
***'''F*''' ''Specially in [[India]],<ref name=Chiaroni/> and rare through Asia.''

***'''F1''' (P91, P104) - ''Found in [[Sri Lanka]].'' Probably belongs to H [http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/]
***'''F1''' (P91, P104) - ''Found in [[Sri Lanka]].''<ref name=Karafet/>
***'''F2''' (M427, M428) - ''In [[Lahu people]] (China).''<ref name="Sengupta"/>
***'''F2''' (M427, M428) - ''In [[Lahu people]] (China).''<ref name="Sengupta"/>
⚫
***'''[[Haplogroup F3 (Y-DNA)|F3]]''' (L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P96) - ''In South [[Iran]] and [[South India]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueiro |first=M. |last2=Cadenas |first2=A.M |last3=Gayden |first3=T. |last4=Underhill |first4=P.A. |last5=Herrera |first5=R.J. |year=2006 |pmid=16770078 |doi=10.1159/000093774 |volume=61 |issue=3 |title=Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration |journal=Human Heredity |pages=132–143}}</ref> Also in [[Armenia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/ArmeniaDNAProject/default.aspx?section=news |title=Armenian DNA Project |website=Family Tree DNA |year=2010}}</ref> and rare in [[Netherlands]].''<ref name=Karafet/>
***'''F-M481''' (M481) Probably belongs to H [http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/]
***'''F-M481''' (M481)
***'''[[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]]''' (M201)
***'''[[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]]''' (M201)
***'''[[Haplogroup HIJK (Y-DNA)|HIJK]]''' (M578)
***'''[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]''' (M69, M370)
⚫
***'''[[Haplogroup IJK (Y-DNA)|IJK]]''' (L15/S137, L16/S138)
⚫
****'''[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]'''( M3035 ) [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H2]]''' (L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P96) - ''In South [[Iran]] and [[South India]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueiro |first=M. |last2=Cadenas |first2=A.M |last3=Gayden |first3=T. |last4=Underhill |first4=P.A. |last5=Herrera |first5=R.J. |year=2006 |pmid=16770078 |doi=10.1159/000093774 |volume=61 |issue=3 |title=Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration |journal=Human Heredity |pages=132–143}}</ref> and rare in [[Netherlands]].''<ref name=Karafet/>(M69, M370)
****'''[[Haplogroup IJK (Y-DNA)|IJK]]''' (L15/S137, L16/S138)
****'''[[Haplogroup IJ (Y-DNA)|IJ]]''' (M429/P125, P123, P124, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22)
*****'''[[Haplogroup IJ (Y-DNA)|IJ]]''' (M429/P125, P123, P124, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22)
*****'''[[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]]'''
******'''[[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]]'''
*****'''[[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]]'''
******'''[[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]]'''
****'''[[Haplogroup K-M9 (Y-DNA)|K-M9]]''' (M9, P128, P131, P132)
*****'''[[Haplogroup K-M9 (Y-DNA)|K-M9]]''' (M9, P128, P131, P132)
*****[[Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)|LT]] (L298/P326)
******[[Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)|LT]] (L298/P326)
*****[[Haplogroup K-M526 (Y-DNA)|K-M526]] (M526)
⚫
******[[Haplogroup K-M526 (Y-DNA)|K-M526]] (M526)


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 08:55, 12 December 2013

Haplogroup F-M89
Possible time of origin48,000 years BP (38,700-55,700) [1] 50,300±6500[2]
Possible place of originMost probably South Asia, Southwest Asia or Middle East[3]
AncestorCF
DescendantsF*, F1, F2, F3, F4, G, HIJK
Defining mutationsL132.1, M89, M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316

In human genetics, haplogroup F is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup spanning all the continents. This haplogroup and its subclades contain more than 90% of the world's existing non-African male population. Sometimes it is referred to as haplogroup FT to distinguish the part of it which is referred to in standard nomenclature as haplogroup (or paragroup) F-M89* (the branches of haplogroup F-M89 which have not yet been designated as defining a major haplogroup of their own).

This haplogroup is ancestral to, and contains, Y-chromosome haplogroups G (M201), H (M69), and IJK (L15/S137, L16/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1) along with their descendant haplogroups.

Origins

This megahaplogroup contains mainly lineages that are not typically found in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that its ancestral haplogroup CF may have been carried out of Africa very early in the modern human diaspora, and F-M89 may have appeared 48,000 (38,700-55,700) years ago, probably in Eurasia.[1]

According to the phylogeographic distribution of haplotypes observed among South Asian populations defined by social and linguistic criteria, the possibility arose of haplogroup F might have originated in or near India, and F-M89* might share a common demographic history with H-M69, C5, R2 and L1.[4] The presence of several subclusters of F-M89 and K that are largely restricted to the Indian subcontinent is consistent with the scenario that a coastal (southern route) of early human migration out of Africa carried ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the coast of the Indian subcontinent, or that some of them originated there.[5]

Other sources mention that this ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in North Africa, the Levant, or the Arabian Peninsula as much as 50,000 years ago (50,300±6500).[2] It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of Africa. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to prevalence appears to have been in South Asia or somewhere close to it within the extended Middle East. All of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H, F* and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).

Several lineages derived from Haplogroup F-M89 appear to have migrated into Africa from a homeland in Southwest Asia sometime during prehistory. Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with this hypothetical "Back to Africa" migration include J, R1b, and T.

Distribution

Paragroup F-M89

Within Haplogroup F, besides the major sub-clades of G, H, and IJK other patrilines can still be detected at a very low frequency among many populations of the southern fringe of Eurasia and Oceania. Haplogroup F-M89 is a "default" haplogroup potentially comprising several lineages.[6] Some men testing positive only for the mutation that defines F can be tracked via a Family Tree DNA project.[7] The F* haplogroup is paraphyletic and rare in most regions.

The Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province in southwestern China appear to be the one of few regions where such lineages, comprise a significant portion of the Y-chromosome diversity of a modern population; F* Y-chromosomes have been found to be particularly common among the Kucong or Yellow Lahu, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan.[8]

In India it is distributed similarly to H.[9] India has a frequency of 12.5%, being the most frequent haplogroup in tribal groups after Haplogroup H. Among tribal groups it is at 18.1%, and among caste groups it is at 9.6%,[6] it is important in panchamas and sudras.[10] So it is important in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,[4] in Koya tribes is at 27% and in Sinhalese people 10%.[5]

It is found in two north Portuguese populations (0.5%) and this may have occurred as a result of admixture since Portugal has significant contacts with India for about 500 years.[11] In Pistoia, province of Tuscany region, is found at 7.7% of the population. Peviously found at 20% or more in North Asturias.

F-P91

This subclade is defined by two SNPs: P91 and P104. It is most common in Sri Lanka (Karafet 2008).

F-M427

The F-M427 subclade (lineage) is defined by two mutations: M427 and M428. This subclade has been detected with varying frequency in samples of Loloish-speaking peoples, such as the Lahu and the Yi, minority groups who primarily inhabit some mountainous areas in Southwest China.

F-P96

The F-P96 lineage is defined by seven SNPs. They are P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286. P96 defines the F3 subclade.

F-P96 bears the same relation to F-M89 as do G, H-M69, and IJK, and it tends to be found wherever they are found. This is somewhat of a concentration of F-P96 in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands.[citation needed]

F-M481

F-M481 is defined by the M481 SNP. It is present in some Indian populations (Fornarino 2009).[clarification needed]

F-L15

Main article: Haplogroup F-L15 (Y-DNA)

Because F-L15 is a subclade of F-M89, it is the most common macro-haplogroup outside of Africa with more than 80% of the world's population, therefore is predominant everywhere except for Africa, where haplogroups E, A, B predominate, as well as parts of Eastern Asia and Oceania, where C and D are most common.

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
F-M89 2 VI 1R 20 Eu10 H4 B F* F F F F F F F F F F
F-Apt/H-Apt 15 VI 1R 20 Eu10 H4 B F1 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

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Discussion

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup F-M89. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (ytree.ftdna.com)

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup F-M89 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013)[clarification needed]. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

  • F-M89 P14, M89, M213, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141, P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316, L132.1, L313, L498
    • F-P91 P91, P104
    • F-M427 M427, M428
    • F-P96 P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286
      • F-L280 L280
    • G-M201 M201, P257, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, L1258, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
    • H-M69 M69, M370, PAGES00049
    • IJK L15, L16

The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.[12]

The ISOGG Tree

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup F-M89 with their defining mutation, according to the ISOGG tree (as of March 2010). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and further refine the tree. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

  • CF
    • F (L132.1, M89, M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187, P316)

See also

Genetics

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Backbone Tree

References

  1. ^ a b c d Karafet, Tatiana; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  2. ^ a b Hammer, M.F.; Zegura, S.L. (2002). "The human Y chromosome haplogroup tree: Nomenclature and phylogeography of its major divisions". Annual Review of Anthropology. 31: 303–321. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085413. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Roper, L. David. "Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups". L. David Roper. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  4. ^ a b c Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; Mitra, Mitashree; Sil, Samir K.; Ramesh, A.; Rani, M.V. Usha; Thakur, Chitra M.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Majumder, Partha P.; Underhill, Peter A. (1 February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–221. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  5. ^ a b Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; Mastana, S.; Kaldma, K.; Parik, J.; Metspalu, E.; Adojaan, M.; Tolk, H.-V.; Stepanov, V.; Gölge, M.; Usanga, E.; Papiha, S.S.; Cinnioğlu, C.; King, R.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.; Underhill, P.A.; Villems, R. (1 February 2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
  6. ^ a b Cordaux, Richard; Aunger, Robert; Bentley, Gillian; Nasidze, Ivane; Sirajuddin, S.M.; Stoneking, Mark (3 February 2004). "Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages". Current Biology. 14 (3): 231–235. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "The Haplogroup F Y-DNA Project- Background". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  8. ^ Black, M.L.; Wise, C.A.; Wang, W.; Bittles, A.H. (June 2006). "Combining Genetics and Population History in the Study of Ethnic Diversity in the People's Republic of China". Human Biology. 78 (3): 277–293. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0041. PMID 17216801. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b Chiaroni, Jacques; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L. (1 December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
  10. ^ Zerjal, Tatiana; Pandya, Arpita; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Ling, Edmund Y. S.; Kearley, Jennifer; Bertoneri, Stefania; Paracchini, Silvia; Singh, Lalji; Tyler-Smith, Chris (March 2007). "Y-chromosomal insights into the genetic impact of the caste system in India". Human Genetics. 121 (1): 137–144. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0282-2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Athey, T. Whit (2005). "Pitfalls in Determinations of Y Haplogroup F*" (pdf). Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 1: 35–39.
  12. ^ "Y-DNA Haplotree". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 2013-08-31. – Family Tree DNA uses the Y-Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website.
  13. ^ Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–143. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
  14. ^ "Armenian DNA Project". Family Tree DNA. 2010.
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