Jump to content

Pagoda: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
add wikilinks
Drtien1 (talk | contribs)
11 edits
→‎Etymology: new<ref> Comments of Etymology, October 2014, Vol. 44, no.1, pp.2-6; Chinese Origin of the term pagoda. etymology from Chinese
Line 14: Line 14:


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
One proposed etymology is [[Persian language|Persian]] ''butkada'', from ''but'', "idol" and ''kada'', "temple, dwelling."<ref>''[[Random House Unabridged Dictionary]]'', Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.</ref> Another etymology, found in many English language dictionaries, is modern English ''pagoda'' from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (via [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]), from [[Sanskrit]] ''bhagavati'', feminine of ''bhagavatt'', "blessed" from ''bhag'', "good fortune".
The most plausible etymology is from the southern Chinese pronunciation of eight cornered tower [八角塔］,"Po-Ko-Ta", and reinforced by the name of a famous pagoda encountered by many early western visitors to China, the Pa－Zhou－Ta [琶洲塔］standing just south of Canton (Guangzhou) at the Whampoa Anchorage. <ref>Comments on Etymology, October 2014, Vol.44, no. 1, pp.2-6.</ref>Another proposed etymology is [[Persian language|Persian]] ''butkada'', from ''but'', "idol" and ''kada'', "temple, dwelling."<ref>''[[Random House Unabridged Dictionary]]'', Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.</ref> Another etymology, found in many English language dictionaries, is modern English ''pagoda'' from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (via [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]), from [[Sanskrit]] ''bhagavati'', feminine of ''bhagavatt'', "blessed" from ''bhag'', "good fortune".


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 01:05, 30 September 2014

For other uses, see Pagoda (disambiguation).
Wooden five-story pagoda of Hōryū-ji in Japan, built in the 7th century, one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world.
The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD
Five-story pagoda of Mt. Haguro, Japan
Wooden three-story pagoda of Ichijō-ji in Japan, built in 1171 AD
One Pillar Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam.
The nine-story Xumi Pagoda, Hebei, China, built in 636 AD
Nyatapola Temple located in Bhaktapur, Nepal, built in 1701–1702 AD
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan
The Bombardier Pagoda at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Great Shwedagon Pagoda located in Yangon, Myanmar. The whole structure is coated with 60 tons of pure gold

A pagoda is a tiered tower built in the traditions originating in historic East Asia or with respect to those traditions, with multiple eaves common in Nepal, India, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Burma and other parts of Asia. Some pagodas are used as Taoist houses of worship. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most commonly Buddhist, and were often located in or near viharas. This term may refer to other religious structures in some countries. In Vietnam and Cambodia, due to French translation, the English term pagoda is a more generic term referring to a place of worship, although pagoda is not an accurate word to describe a Buddhist vihara. The modern pagoda is an evolution of the Ancient Nepal stupa, a tomb-like structure where sacred relics could be kept safe and venerated.[1] The architectural structure of the stupa has spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms as details specific to different regions are incorporated into the overall design.

Etymology

The most plausible etymology is from the southern Chinese pronunciation of eight cornered tower [八角塔］,"Po-Ko-Ta", and reinforced by the name of a famous pagoda encountered by many early western visitors to China, the Pa－Zhou－Ta [琶洲塔］standing just south of Canton (Guangzhou) at the Whampoa Anchorage. [2]Another proposed etymology is Persian butkada, from but, "idol" and kada, "temple, dwelling."[3] Another etymology, found in many English language dictionaries, is modern English pagoda from Portuguese (via Dravidian), from Sanskrit bhagavati, feminine of bhagavatt, "blessed" from bhag, "good fortune".

History

Panel might have originally adorned a Buddhist structure, perhaps a pagoda somewhere in northernmost China.[4] The Walters Art Museum.

The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the stupa (3rd century BC).[5] The stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.[5] The stupa emerged as a distinctive style of newari architecture and was adopted in Southeast and East Asia. Nepali architect Araniko visited China and shared his skills to build stupa building in China.[6][7] where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.[5] In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and Chinese pavilions blended into pagoda architecture, eventually also spreading to Southeast Asia. The pagoda's original purpose was to house relics and sacred writings.[8] This purpose was popularized due to the efforts of Buddhist missionaries, pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to seek out, distribute, and extol Buddhist relics.[9]

Symbolism

Chinese iconography is noticeable in Chinese pagoda as well as other East Asian pagoda architectures. The image of the Shakyamuni Buddha in the abhaya mudra is also noticeable in some Pagodas. Buddhist iconography can be observed throughout the pagoda symbolism.[10]

In an article on Buddhist elements in Han art, Wu Hung suggests that in these tombs, Buddhist iconography was so well incorporated into native Chinese traditions that a unique system of symbolism had been developed.[11]

Architecture

Diagram showing the various architectural features that comprise the design of the Shwedagon Pagoda

Pagodas attract lightning strikes because of their height. Many pagodas have a decorated finial at the top of the structure, and when made of metal, this finial, sometimes referred to as a "demon-arrester", can function as a lightning rod.[dubious – discuss] Also Pagodas come in many different sizes some may be small and others may be large. [12] Pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, a notable exception being the eighteenth century pagoda "folly" designed by Sir William Chambers at Kew Gardens in London.

The pagodas in Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia are very different from Chinese and Japanese pagodas. Pagodas in those countries are derived from Nepali stupas, and are commonly built with cement, concrete and bricks.

Some notable pagodas

Tiered towers with multiple eaves:

Pazhouta on Whampoa (Huangpu) Island, Guangzhou (Canton), China, built between 1597 and 1601

Stupas called "pagodas":

Places called "pagoda" but which are not tiered structures with multiple eaves:

Structures that evoke pagoda architecture:

  • The Dragon House of Sanssouci Park, which is an eighteenth century German attempt at imitating Chinese architecture.
  • The Bombardier Pagoda, or Pagoda Tower, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. This 13-story pagoda, used as the control tower for races such as the Indy 500, has been transformed several times since it was first built in 1913.[13]
  • Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai, built between 1994-1999.
  • Taipei 101 in Taiwan, record setter for height (508m) in 2004 and currently the world's fourth tallest completed building.

Structures not generally thought of as pagodas, but which have some pagoda-like characteristics:

Other Uses:

  • Mercedes-Benz W113, nicknamed Pagoda for its concave hard top roof line. Included are the 1964–1971 230SL, 250SL, and 280SL sport coupes.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press
  2. ^ Comments on Etymology, October 2014, Vol.44, no. 1, pp.2-6.
  3. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition. Random House, New York, 1993.
  4. ^ "One of Fifteen Reliefs from a Buddhist Monument". The Walters Art Museum.
  5. ^ a b c Pagoda. Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. ^ http://english.sina.com/china/2012/1201/533045.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=DTN+Fashion:
  7. ^ The Evolution of Indian Stupa Architecture in East Asia. Eric Stratton. New Delhi, Vedams, 2002, viii, ISBN 81-7936-006-7
  8. ^ A World History of Architecture. Michael W. Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-141751-6.
  9. ^ The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09676-7.
  10. ^ The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09676-7. page 83
  11. ^ The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09676-7. page 84
  12. ^ Terry, T. Philip (1914). Terry's Japanese Empire. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 257. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |editorn-first= and |editorn-last= (help)
  13. ^ Indianapolis 500 Traditions :: Official site of the Indianapolis 500

References

  • The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press . ISBN 0-691-09676-7.
  • A World History of Architecture. Michael W. Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-141751-6.
  • Psycho-cosmic symbolism of the Buddhist stupa. A.B. Govinda. 1976, Emeryville, California. Dharma Publications.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagoda&oldid=627620197"