List of socialist states: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Socialist states by duration.png|thumb|350px|This is a combined map of all countries that declared themselves socialist states under any definition, at some point in their history, color-coded for the number of years they said they were socialist: |
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{{underconstruction}} |
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{{legend|#FF0000|Over 70 years}} |
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By definition a '''socialist state''' is led by a [[communist party]], operating under the principles of [[Marxism–Leninism]], that has instituted a [[Socialist economics|socialist economic system]] in a given country.{{sfn|Harding|1981|p=27}}{{sfn|Tang|1980|pp=42–43}} This is a list of socialist states, but also a list of people's democratic states, national democratic socialist-oriented states and people's democratic socialist-oriented states since the general reader often conflate them. For a list of [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic states]] that have references to socialism in their constitution, see "[[socialism in liberal democratic constitutions]]" article. |
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{{legend|#FF6600|60–70 years}} |
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{{legend|#B0B000|50–60 years}} |
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{{legend|#00CC00|40–50 years}} |
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{{legend|#0000FF|30–40 years}} |
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{{legend|#000033|20–30 years}} |
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{{legend|#9966FF|Under 20 years}} |
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Click on image to magnify]]{{Expand list|date=April 2018}} |
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The following is a '''list of self-declared socialist states'''—that is to say, past and present [[State (polity)|states]] [[Socialist state|that have declared themselves]] [[Socialism|socialist]] or in the process of building socialism. |
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[[Self-identification]] is the only criterion used by the list, therefore the list includes all countries that have claimed to be socialist, even if their claims are disputed. All countries that have not claimed to be socialist are excluded, even in cases where certain outside observers regarded those countries as socialist. This list includes countries that assert in their constitutions that they are based on socialism, regardless of their economic or political system. <!-- As for countries with no written constitution... --> As a result, this list is best understood as a list of countries that explicitly claim to be socialist; it does not reflect the actual economic systems themselves. |
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The [[socialist system|socialist system]] was the second most widespread [[form of government]] in the last century,{{sfn|White|Gardner|Schöpflin|1987|p=3}} until the collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc]] states in 1989–1990 and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. Currently there exist only 5 socialist states (China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, Vietnam) and five states with a socialist political system. The socialist states consider themselves fundamentally opposed to Western [[liberal democracy]], viewing it as the class dictatorship of the [[bourgeoisie]] (that represents capitalist exploiters rather then the vast majority of people).{{sfn|White|Gardner|Schöpflin|1987|p=3}} In contrast they view themselves as the class dictatorship of the working class and the toiling masses, that is, of representing the vast majority of people.{{sfn|White|Gardner|Schöpflin|1987|p=3}} |
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The majority of self-declared socialist countries have been [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] states, following the model of the [[Soviet Union]] or a variant of [[people's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)|people's democracy]]. They share a common definition of "socialism" and they refer to themselves as socialist states on the road to [[communism]] with a leading [[vanguard party]] structure. For this reason, they are generally, albeit erroneously, called "[[communist state]]s". Meanwhile, the countries in the non-Marxist–Leninist category represent a wide variety of different interpretations of the word "socialism". In many cases, they do not define what they mean by it. Modern uses of the term "socialism" are wide in meaning and interpretation. |
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== Socialist states == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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A [[sovereign state]] is a different entity from the [[political party]] that rules that state at any given time, thus a country may be ruled by a [[socialist party|socialist political party]], but without the country itself claiming to be socialist. This has occurred in both [[one-party state|one-party]] and [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] political systems. In particular, there are numerous cases of [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] political parties winning elections in [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic states]] and ruling for a number of [[term of office|terms]] until a different party wins the elections. For example, the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] has won most elections in [[Sweden]] since 1932, but the country never adopted socialism as its official ideology. This article does not list countries that do not have constitutional references to socialism, even in cases where socialist parties have governed those countries for a certain period of time. |
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On the other hand, countries that do maintain constitutional references to socialism are always listed, even when those countries are ruled by non-socialist political parties. For example, [[India]] is a liberal democracy that has been ruled by non-socialist parties on many occasions, but it is listed here because the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] makes references to socialism. Certain other countries, such as [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html|title= ICL - Hungary Index|first= Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher,|last= LL.M.|website= www.servat.unibe.ch}}</ref> [[Poland]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html|title= ICL - Poland Index|first= Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher,|last= LL.M.|website= www.servat.unibe.ch}}</ref> and [[Croatia]],<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url= http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html |
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|title= ICL - Croatia Index |
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|first= Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher,|last= LL.M. |
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|website= www.servat.unibe.ch |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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have constitutions that make references to their communist and socialist past by recognizing and condemning it, but without claiming to be socialist in the present. |
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== Marxist–Leninist == |
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=== Current === |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |
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!width=150px|Country |
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!width=85px|Since |
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!width=85px|Duration |
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!width=100px|Party |
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!width=95px|Head of party |
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!width=95px|Head of state |
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!width=95px|Head of government |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}}<ref group=note>Not including Hong Kong and Macau, under official policy. See [http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103372.htm "One Country, Two Systems"].</ref> |
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! scope="col" | Country |
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|1 October 1949 |
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! scope="col" | Formed |
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|{{ayd|1949|10|1}} |
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! scope="col" | Dissolved |
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|[[Communist Party of China]] |
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! scope="col" | Duration |
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|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Xi Jinping]]<br>(since 2012) |
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! scope="col" | Governing party |
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|align="center"|[[Li Keqiang]]<br>(since 2012) |
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! scope="col" | Legislature |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flag|Cuba|name=Republic of Cuba}} |
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| {{flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania|name=Albania, Socialist People's Republic}} |
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|1 July 1966 |
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| align="center" | 28 December 1976 |
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|{{ayd|1966|7|1}} |
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| align="center" | 22 March 1992 |
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|[[Communist Party of Cuba]] |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1944|11|29|1992|3|22}} |
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|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Raúl Castro]]<br>(since 2006) |
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| [[Party of Labour of Albania]] |
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|align="center|[[Miguel Díaz-Canel]]<br>(since 2018) |
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| [[Parliament of Albania|People's Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|Laos|name=Laos People's Democratic Republic}} |
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|2 December 1975 |
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| align="center" | 18 May 1971 |
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|{{ayd|1975|12|2}} |
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| align="center" | 7 December 1990 |
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|[[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1971|5|18|1990|12|7}} |
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|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Bounnhang Vorachith]]<br>(since 2016) |
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| [[Communist Party of Bulgaria]] |
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|align="center"|[[Thongloun Sisoulith]]<br>(since 2016) |
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| [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|Vietnam|name=Socialist Republic of Vietnam}} |
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| |
|2 July 1976 |
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|{{ayd|1976|7|2}} |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1922 |
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|[[Communist Party of Vietnam]] |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1920|7|31|1922|12|30}} |
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|align="center"|[[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br>(since 2011) |
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| [[Communist Party of Byelorussia|Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Byelorussia]] |
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|align="center"|[[Trần Đại Quang]]<br>(since 2016) |
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| [[All-Byelorussian Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets]] |
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|align="center"|[[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br>(since 2016) |
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|- |
|- |
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|} |
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| {{flag|China|name=China, People's Republic}} |
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| align="center" | 1 October 1949 |
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=== Former === |
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| align="center" | — |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1949|10|1}} |
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!scope="col"|Country |
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| [[Communist Party of China]] |
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!scope="col"|Full name |
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| [[National People's Congress]] |
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!scope="col"|From |
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!scope="col"|Until |
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!scope="col"|Duration |
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!scope="col" width=350|Constitutional<br>statement |
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|- |
|- |
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|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon|AFG}}/{{flag|Afghanistan|1987}} |
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| {{flag|Cuba|name=Cuba, Republic}} |
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|[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] |
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| align="center" | 1 July 1966 |
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|27 April 1978 |
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| align="center" | — |
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|30 November 1987 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1966|7|1}} |
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|{{ayd|1978|04|27|1987|11|30}} |
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| [[Communist Party of Cuba]] |
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|rowspan="3"|Preamble: "In the present stage, the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]], as the initiator and coordinator of the policy of [[National Reconciliation]], actively carries forward together with other political, national and democratic forces this humanitarian policy"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of Afghanistan|language=|ratified=30 November 1987|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1987.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| [[National Assembly of People's Power]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Republic of Afghanistan]] |
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| {{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} |
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|30 November 1987 |
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| align="center" | 11 July 1960 |
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|28 April 1992 |
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| align="center" | 29 March 1990 |
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| |
|{{ayd|1987|11|30|1992|4|28}} |
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| [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] |
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| [[Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Federal Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|Total |
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| {{flag|East Germany|name=German Democratic Republic}} |
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| |
|27 April 1978 |
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|28 April 1992 |
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| align="center" | 3 October 1990 |
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| |
|{{ayd|1978|4|27|1992|4|28}} |
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| [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] |
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| [[Volkskammer|People's Chamber]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Albania|1946}} |
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|[[Democratic Government of Albania]] |
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| align="center" | 19 April 1972 |
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|29 November 1944 |
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| align="center" | 23 October 1989 |
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|11 January 1946 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1972|4|19|1989|10|23}} |
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|{{ayd|1944|11|29|1946|1|11}} |
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| [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]] |
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|rowspan="4"|Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], which expresses and defends the interests of all the working people"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Socialist Republic of Albania|language=|ratified=28 December 1976|url=http://bjoerna.dk/dokumentation/Albanian-Constitution-1976.htm|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|[[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|People's Republic of Albania]] |
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|11 January 1946 |
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| align="center" | 27 December 1972 |
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|28 December 1976 |
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| align="center" | — |
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| |
|{{ayd|1946|1|11|1976|12|28}} |
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| [[Workers' Party of Korea]] |
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| [[Supreme People's Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|[[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] |
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| |
|28 December 1976 |
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|22 March 1992 |
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| align="center" | — |
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| |
|{{ayd|1976|12|28|1992|3|22}} |
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| [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] |
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| [[National Assembly of Laos|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|Total |
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| {{flag|Polish People's Republic}} |
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|29 November 1944 |
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| align="center" | 10 February 1976 |
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|22 March 1992 |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1989 |
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| |
|{{ayd|1944|11|29|1992|3|22}} |
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| [[Polish United Workers' Party]] |
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| [[Sejm]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flag|Angola}} |
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| {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania|name=Romania, Socialist Republic}} |
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|[[People's Republic of Angola]] |
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| align="center" | 21 August 1965 |
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|11 November 1975 |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1989 |
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|27 August 1992 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1965|8|21|1989|12|30}} |
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|{{ayd|1975|11|11|1992|8|27}} |
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| [[Romanian Communist Party]] |
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|Section 1, Article 2: "All sovergenity is vested in the Angolan people. The [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola|MPLA]], their legitimate representative constituted from a broad front including all patriotic forces engaged in the [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] struggle, is responsible for the political, economic, and social leadership of the nation"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Angola|language=|ratified=1976|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/rsl2&div=22&id=&page=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| [[Great National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flag|Belarus}}<br>{{Flag|Byelorussian SSR}} |
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| {{flag|Russian SFSR|name=Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic}} |
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|[[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] |
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| align="center" | 9 November 1917 |
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|31 July 1920 |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1922 |
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|25 August 1991 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1917|11|9|1922|12|30}} |
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|{{ayd|1920|9|15|1991|8|25}} |
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| [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] |
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|Section 1, Article 1: "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|language=|ratified=14 April 1978|url=http://www.pravo.by/main.aspx%3Fguid%3D2081&prev=search|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| [[All-Russian Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flag|Benin|1975}} |
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| {{flag|Ukrainian SSR|name=Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}} |
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|[[People's Republic of Benin]] |
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| align="center" | 10 March 1919 |
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|30 November 1975 |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1922 |
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|1 March 1990 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1919|3|10|1991|8|24}} |
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|{{ayd|1975|11|30|1990|3|1}} |
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| [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine]] |
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|Legally a socialist state.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} |
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| [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flag|Bulgaria|1971}} |
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| {{flag|Soviet Union|name=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} |
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|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1922 |
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|15 September 1946 |
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| align="center" | 26 December 1991 |
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|7 December 1990 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1922|12|30|1991|12|26}} |
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|{{ayd|1946|9|15|1990|12|7}} |
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| [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] |
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|Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state of the working people from town and village, headed by the working class"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Bulgaria|language=|ratified=18 May 1976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA39|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Supreme Soviet]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Cambodia|1979}} |
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| {{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR|name=Transcaucasian Socialist Federative<br>Soviet Republic}} |
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|[[Democratic Kampuchea]] |
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| align="center" | 12 March 1922 |
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|17 April 1975 |
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| align="center" | 30 December 1922 |
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|22 June 1982 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1922|3|12|1991|12|30}} |
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|{{ayd|1975|4|17|1982|6|22}} |
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| [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] |
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|rowspan="3"|Legally a socialist state from 1979 to 1989, ruled by a communist party from 1975 to 1989, but not internationally recognized by some countries |
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| [[All-Transcaucasian Congress of Soviets|Congress of Soviets]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] |
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| {{flag|Vietnam|name=Vietnam, Socialist Republic}} |
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|10 January 1979 |
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| align="center" | 2 July 1976 |
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|1 May 1989 |
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| align="center" | — |
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| |
|{{ayd|1979|1|10|1989|5|1}} |
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| [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] |
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| [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|Total |
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| {{flag|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic}} |
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| |
|17 April 1975 |
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|1 May 1989 |
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| align="center" | 27 April 1992 |
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| |
|{{ayd|1975|4|17|1989|5|1}} |
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| [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] |
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| [[Parliament of Yugoslavia|Federal Assembly]] |
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|} |
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==People's democratic states== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Congo.svg}} [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]] |
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! scope="col" | Country |
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|[[People's Republic of the Congo]] |
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! scope="col" | Formed |
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|3 January 1970 |
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! scope="col" | Dissolved |
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|15 March 1992 |
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! scope="col" | Duration |
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|{{ayd|1970|1|3|1992|3|15}} |
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! scope="col" | Governing party |
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|Presidential oath: "I swear allegiance to the Congolese people, to the Revolution and to the [[Congolese Labor Party]]. I shall undertake, while guided by [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist principles]], [...] to devote all my strength to the triumph of the proletarian ideals"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2fEeaVS1I0wC&pg=PA125 Presidential Oath] ''Maarseveen written constitutions'' by H.Van Maarseveen and G.Van Der Tanq (Nov 21, 1978)</ref> |
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! scope="col" | Legislature |
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|- |
|- |
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|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}} |
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| {{flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania|name=Albania, People's Republic}} |
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|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] |
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| align="center" | 29 November 1944 |
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|9 June 1948 |
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| align="center" | 28 December 1976 |
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|11 July 1960 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1944|11|29|1976|12|28}} |
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|{{ayd|1948|6|9|1960|7|11}} |
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| [[Party of Labour of Albania]] |
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|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 1: "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is a socialist state founded on the firm alliance of the workers, farmers and intelligentsia, with the working class as its head"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|language=|ratified=11 July 1960|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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| [[Parliament of Albania|People's Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] |
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| {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria, People's Republic}} |
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|11 July 1960 |
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| align="center" | 15 September 1946 |
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|29 March 1990 |
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| align="center" | 18 May 1971 |
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| |
|{{ayd|1960|7|11|1990|3|29}} |
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| [[Communist Party of Bulgaria]] |
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| [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
|Total |
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| {{flag|Czechoslovak Republic}} |
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| |
|9 June 1948 |
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|29 March 1990 |
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| align="center" | 11 July 1960 |
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| |
|{{ayd|1948|6|9|1990|3|29}} |
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| [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] |
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| [[Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Ethiopia|1987}} |
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| {{flag|East Germany|name=German Democratic Republic}} |
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|[[Derg|Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia]] |
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| align="center" | 7 October 1949 |
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|28 June 1974 |
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| align="center" | 6 April 1968 |
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|22 February 1987 |
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| align="center" | {{ayd|1949|10|7|1968|4|6}} |
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|{{ayd|1974|6|28|1987|2|22}} |
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| [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] |
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|rowspan="3"|Country declared Marxist–Leninist in 1974, the [[Workers' Party of Ethiopia]] becoming "the formulator of the country's development process and the leading force of the state and in society" in 1987<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041029172640/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0127)]</ref> |
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| [[Volkskammer|People's Chamber]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|[[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] |
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|22 February 1987 |
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| align="center" | 20 August 1949 |
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|27 May 1991 |
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| align="center" | 19 April 1972 |
|||
| |
|{{ayd|1987|2|22|1991|5|27}} |
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| [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]] |
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| [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
|Total |
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| {{flag|North Korea|name=Korea, Democratic People's Republic}} |
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|28 June 1974 |
|||
| align="center" | 9 September 1948 |
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|27 May 1991 |
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| align="center" | 27 December 1972 |
|||
| |
|{{ayd|1974|6|28|1991|5|27}} |
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| [[Workers' Party of Korea]] |
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| [[Supreme People's Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|East Germany}} |
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| {{flagicon|Mongolia|1949}} [[Mongolian People's Republic]] |
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|[[German Democratic Republic]] |
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| align="center" | 24 November 1924 |
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|7 October 1949 |
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| align="center" | 12 February 1992 |
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|3 October 1990 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1924|11|24|1992|2|12}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1949|10|7|1990|10|3}} |
|||
| [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] |
|||
|Section 1, Article 1: "The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of workers and peasants. It is the political organization of the working people of town and country under the leadership of the working class and its [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|Marxist–Leninist party]]"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the German Democratic Republic|language=|ratified=7 October 1974|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[State Great Khural|People's Great Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|Hungary}} |
||
|[[Hungarian People's Republic]] |
|||
| align="center" | 28 June 1945 |
|||
|20 August 1949 |
|||
| align="center" | 10 February 1976 |
|||
|23 October 1989 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1945|6|28|1976|2|10}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1949|8|20|1989|10|23}} |
|||
| [[Polish United Workers' Party]] |
|||
|Section 1, Article 2: "The Hungarian People's Republic is a socialist state"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=2|section=1|country=the Hungarian People's Republic|language=|ratified=20 August 1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA197|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Sejm]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|North Korea}} |
|||
| {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania|name=Romanian People's Republic}} |
|||
|[[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] |
|||
| align="center" | 30 December 1947 |
|||
|9 September 1948 |
|||
| align="center" | 21 August 1965 |
|||
|19 February 1992<ref>In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the DPRK constitution were dropped and replaced with ''Juche''. [http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=ilj]</ref> |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1947|12|30|1965|8|21}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1948|9|9|1992|2|19}} |
|||
| [[Romanian Communist Party]] |
|||
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|language=|ratified=27 December 1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA232 |accessdate=}}</ref> ([[List of socialist states#Non-Marxist.E2.80.93Leninist|see below]]) |
|||
| [[Great National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flagicon|MNG}}/{{flag|Mongolia|1949}} |
|||
| {{flag|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia, Federal People's Republic}} |
|||
|[[Mongolian People's Republic]] |
|||
| align="center" | 29 November 1943 |
|||
|24 November 1924 |
|||
| align="center" | 7 April 1963 |
|||
|12 February 1992 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1943|11|29|1963|4|7}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1924|11|24|1992|2|12}} |
|||
| [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] |
|||
|Section 1, Article 2: "The Mongolian People's Republic is state which exists and is developing in the form of [[People's Democracy (Marxism–Leninism)|people's democracy]]"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=2|section=1|country=the Mongolian People's Republic|language=|ratified=6 July 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA263|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Parliament of Yugoslavia|Federal Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Mozambique}} |
|||
|[[People's Republic of Mozambique]] |
|||
|25 June 1975 |
|||
|1 December 1990 |
|||
|{{ayd|1975|6|25|1990|12|1}} |
|||
|Section 1, Article 2: "Power belongs to the workers and peasants united and led by [[FRELIMO]] and organs of people's power"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AoIgUtb9Fqb_4QT3_AE&id=HslIAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Mozambique%22+constitution+%22belongs+to+the+workers+and+peasants+united+and+led+by+Frelimo%22&q=%22power+belongs+to+the+workers+and+peasants+united+and+led+by+FRELIMO%22#search_anchor|title=The African Communist|date=16 February 1974|publisher=South African Communist Party|via=Google Books}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Poland}} |
|||
|[[Polish People's Republic]] |
|||
|28 June 1945 |
|||
|30 December 1989 |
|||
|{{ayd|1945|6|28|1989|12|30}} |
|||
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Polish People's Republic is a socialist state"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Poland|language=|ratified=22 July 1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA289|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Romania|1965}} |
|||
|[[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]] |
|||
|30 December 1947 |
|||
|21 August 1965 |
|||
|{{ayd|1947|12|30|1965|8|21}} |
|||
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 3: "The leading force of society in the Socialist Republic of Romania is the [[Romanian Communist Party]]"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the Socialist Republic of Romania|language=|ratified=21 August 1965|url=http://www.constitutia.ro/const1965.htm|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Socialist Republic of Romania]] |
|||
|21 August 1965 |
|||
|30 December 1989 |
|||
|{{ayd|1965|8|21|1989|12|30}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|30 December 1947 |
|||
|30 December 1989 |
|||
|{{ayd|1947|12|30|1989|12|30}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Somalia}} |
|||
|[[Somali Democratic Republic]] |
|||
|21 October 1969 |
|||
|26 January 1991 |
|||
|{{ayd|1969|10|21|1991|1|26}} |
|||
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Somali Democratic Republic is a socialist state led by the working class and is an integral part of the Arab and African entities"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Somali Democratic Republic|language=|ratified=25 August 1979|url=http://www.so.undp.org/docs/Constitution%201979%20-%20in%20Somali.pdf|accessdate=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202002806/http://www.so.undp.org/docs/Constitution%201979%20-%20in%20Somali.pdf|archivedate=2 December 2011|df=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Russia}}<br>{{flag|Russian SFSR}}/{{flag|Soviet Union}} |
|||
|[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] |
|||
|9 November 1917 |
|||
|30 December 1922 |
|||
|{{ayd|1917|11|9|1922|12|30}} |
|||
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 1, Chapter 2: "Bearing in mind as its fundamental problem the abolition of the exploitation of men by men, the entire abolition of the division of the people into classes, the suppression of exploiters, the establishment of a socialist society, and the victory of socialism in all lands"<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/constitution/1918/article1.htm Article I (R.S.F.R.S. Constitution)]</ref><ref>[https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/18cons01.html#chap01 1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I]</ref> |
|||
Section 1, Article 1: "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|language=|ratified=7 October 1977|url=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/77cons01.html#chap01|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] |
|||
|30 December 1922 |
|||
|26 December 1991 |
|||
|{{ayd|1922|12|30|1991|12|26}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|9 November 1917 |
|||
|26 December 1991 |
|||
|{{ayd|1917|11|9|1991|12|26}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Ukraine}}<br>{{Flag|Ukrainian SSR}} |
|||
|[[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] |
|||
|10 March 1919 |
|||
|24 August 1991 |
|||
|{{ayd|1919|3|10|1991|8|24}} |
|||
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is the whole people state that expresses the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intellectuals, workers of the republic of all nationalities"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|language=|ratified=20 April 1978|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/site/const/istoriya/1978.html&prev=search|accessdate=}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|North Vietnam}} |
|||
|[[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] |
|||
|2 September 1945 |
|||
|2 July 1976 |
|||
|{{ayd|1945|9|2|1976|7|2}} |
|||
|Section 2, Article 9: "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is advancing step by step from people's democracy to socialism by developing and transforming the national economy along socialist lines, transforming its backward economy into a socialist economy with modern industry and agriculture and an advanced science and technology"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=9|section=1|country=the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|language=|ratified=9 November 1946|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|South Yemen}} |
|||
|[[People's Republic of South Yemen]] |
|||
|30 November 1967 |
|||
|1 December 1970 |
|||
|{{ayd|1967|11|30|1970|12|1}} |
|||
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 3: "The [[Yemeni Socialist Party]], armed with the [[Scientific socialism|Scientific Socialism theory]], is the leader and guide of society and state"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen|language=|ratified=31 October 1978|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] |
|||
|1 December 1970 |
|||
|22 May 1990 |
|||
|{{ayd|1970|12|1|1990|5|22}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|30 November 1967 |
|||
|22 May 1990 |
|||
|{{ayd|1967|11|30|1990|5|22}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}} |
|||
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] |
|||
|29 November 1943 |
|||
|29 November 1945 |
|||
|{{ayd|1943|11|29|1945|11|29}} |
|||
|rowspan="4"|Section 1, Article 2: "The socialist system in Yugoslavia is based on relations between people acting as free and equal producers and creators, whose work serves exclusively to satisfy their personal and common needs"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|language=|ratified=7 April 1963|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] |
|||
|29 November 1945 |
|||
|7 April 1963 |
|||
|{{ayd|1945|11|29|1963|4|7}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] |
|||
|7 April 1963 |
|||
|27 April 1992 |
|||
|{{ayd|1963|4|7|1992|4|27}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|29 November 1943 |
|||
|27 April 1992 |
|||
|{{ayd|1943|11|29|1992|4|27}} |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== Non-Marxist–Leninist == |
|||
==Socialist-oriented states== |
|||
=== Current countries with constitutional references to socialism === |
|||
===People's Democracy=== |
|||
{| |
{|class="wikitable sortable" |
||
!scope="col"|Country |
|||
!scope="col"|Since |
|||
!scope="col"|Duration |
|||
!scope="col"|[[Form of government]] |
|||
!scope="col" width=340|Constitutional<br>statement |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Bangladesh|name=People's Republic of Bangladesh}} |
|||
! scope="col" | Country |
|||
|11 April 1971 |
|||
! scope="col" | Formed |
|||
|{{ayd|1971|4|11}} |
|||
! scope="col" | Dissolved |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
! scope="col" | Duration |
|||
|align="left"|Preamble: "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the People's Republic of Bangladesh|language=|ratified=4 November 1972|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
! scope="col" | Governing party |
|||
! scope="col" | Legislature |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|Guyana|name=Co-operative Republic of Guyana}} |
||
|6 October 1980 |
|||
| align="center" | 27 April 1978 |
|||
|{{ayd|1980|10|6}} |
|||
| align="center" | 28 April 1992 |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1978|4|27|1992|4|28}} |
|||
|Preamble: "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Cooperative Republic of Guyana|language=|ratified=20 February 1980|url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Guyana/guyana96.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Afghanistan|National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|India|name=Republic of India}} |
||
|18 December 1976<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT)|website=indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> |
|||
| align="center" | 11 November 1975 |
|||
|{{ayd|1976|12|18}} |
|||
| align="center" | 27 August 1992 |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1975|11|11|1992|8|27}} |
|||
|Preamble: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of India|language=|ratified=26 November 1949|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|accessdate=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archivedate=9 September 2014|df=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|North Korea|name=Democratic People's Republic of Korea}} |
||
|19 February 1992 |
|||
| align="center" | 30 November 1975 |
|||
|{{ayd|1948|9|9}} total; |
|||
| align="center" | 1 March 1990 |
|||
{{ayd|1992|2|19}} since revision |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1975|11|30|1990|3|1}} |
|||
|''De facto'' [[one-party state]] with semi hereditary leadership |
|||
| [[People's Revolutionary Party of Benin]] |
|||
|Preamble: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the socialist motherland of ''[[Juche]]'', which has applied the idea and leadership of [[Kim Il-sung]]"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|language=|ratified=9 September 1948|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn00000_.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Benin|National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Nepal|name=Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal}} |
|||
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Congo.svg}} [[People's Republic of the Congo|Congo, People's Republic]] |
|||
|20 September 2015 |
|||
| align="center" | 3 January 1970 |
|||
|{{ayd|2015|9|20}} |
|||
| align="center" | 15 March 1992 |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1970|1|3|1992|3|15}} |
|||
|Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state" |
|||
| [[Congolese Party of Labour]] |
|||
| [[Parliament of the Republic of Congo|People's National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Portugal|name=Portuguese Republic}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Ethiopia|1987}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia, People's Democratic Republic]] |
|||
|2 April 1976 |
|||
| align="center" | 22 February 1987 |
|||
|{{ayd|1976|4|2}} |
|||
| align="center" | 27 May 1991 |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1987|2|22|1991|5|27}} |
|||
|Preamble: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to [...] open up a path towards a socialist society"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Portuguese Republic|language=|ratified=25 April 1976|url=http://www.en.parlamento.pt/Legislation/CRP/Constitution7th.pdf|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Workers' Party of Ethiopia]] |
|||
| [[National Shengo|National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Sri Lanka|name=Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|Grenada, People's Revolutionary Government]] |
|||
|7 September 1978 |
|||
| align="center" | 13 March 1979 |
|||
|{{ayd|1978|9|7}} |
|||
| align="center" | 25 October 1983 |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1979|3|13|1983|10|25}} |
|||
|Preamble: "[...] to constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka|language=|ratified=7 September 1978|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Preamble.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[New Jewel Movement]] |
|||
| — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|Tanzania|name=United Republic of Tanzania}} |
||
| |
|26 April 1964 |
||
|{{ayd|1964|4|26}} |
|||
| align="center" | 1 May 1989 |
|||
|[[Multi-party system]] |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1975|4|17|1989|5|1}} |
|||
|Section 1, Article 3: "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the United Republic of Tanzania|language=|ratified=25 April 1978|url=http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf|accessdate=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421001106/http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf|archivedate=21 April 2015|df=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Cambodian People's Party|Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party]] |
|||
|} |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]] |
|||
=== Former === |
|||
{|class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
!scope="col"|Country |
|||
!scope="col"|Full name |
|||
!scope="col"|From |
|||
!scope="col"|Until |
|||
!scope="col"|Duration |
|||
!scope="col" width=350|Constitutional<br>statement |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Algeria|1963}} |
|||
|[[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]] |
|||
|8 September 1969 |
|||
|23 February 1989 |
|||
|{{ayd|1963|9|8|1989|11|23}} |
|||
|Preamble: "The democratic and popular Algerian Republic will direct its activities toward the construction of the country in accordance with the principles of socialism"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|language=|ratified=28 August 1963|url=http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/1963/09/constitution.htm|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Burma|1974}} |
|||
|[[Burmese Way to Socialism|Union of Burma]] |
|||
|2 March 1962 |
|||
|3 January 1974 |
|||
|{{ayd|1962|3|2|1974|1|3}} |
|||
|rowspan="3"|Chapter XVI General Provisions: "In order to overcome this deterioration and to build Socialism, the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma assumed responsibility as a historical mission, adopted the Burmese Way to Socialism and also formed the [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]]"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=XVI|section=General Provisions|country=the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|language=|ratified=2 March 1974|url=http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/constmyanmar.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Burmese Way to Socialism|Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma]] |
|||
|3 January 1974 |
|||
|18 September 1988 |
|||
|{{ayd|1974|1|3|1988|9|18}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|2 March 1962 |
|||
|18 September 1988 |
|||
|{{ayd|1962|3|2|1988|9|18}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Cape Verde|1975}} |
|||
|[[Republic of Cape Verde]] |
|||
|5 July 1975 |
|||
|22 September 1992 |
|||
|{{ayd|1975|7|5|1992|9|22}} |
|||
|{{citation needed|reason=The [[African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde]], which ruled Cape Verde during this period, had the construction of a socialist society as one of its goals. But was the Republic of Cape Verde ever declared a socialist state?|date=December 2015}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Egypt}} |
|||
|[[Republic of Egypt (1953–58)|Republic of Egypt]] |
|||
|18 June 1953 |
|||
|22 February 1958 |
|||
|{{ayd|1953|6|18|1958|2|22}} |
|||
|rowspan="4"|Preamble: "The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of Egypt|language=|ratified=22 July 1957|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Egypt%20Constitution.pdf|accessdate=|quote="The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people. The Egyptian people are part of the Arab nation and work for the realization of its comprehensive unity" (removed on 26 March 2007).}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[United Arab Republic]] |
|||
|22 February 1958 |
|||
|28 September 1961 |
|||
|{{ayd|1958|2|22|1961|9|28}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Arab Republic of Egypt]] |
|||
|28 September 1961 |
|||
|26 March 2007 |
|||
|{{ayd|1961|9|28|2007|3|26}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|18 June 1953 |
|||
|26 March 2007 |
|||
|{{ayd|1953|6|18|2007|3|26}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Grenada}} |
|||
|[[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada]] |
|||
|13 March 1979 |
|||
|25 October 1983 |
|||
|{{ayd|1979|3|13|1983|10|25}} |
|||
|{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Iraq|1963}} |
|||
|[[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraqi Republic]] ([[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]]) |
|||
|17 July 1968 |
|||
|9 April 2003 |
|||
|{{ayd|1968|7|17|2003|4|9}} |
|||
|Chapter 1, Article 1: "Its [the country's] basic objective is the realization of one Arab State and the build-up of the socialist system"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Republic of Iraq|language=|ratified=21 September 1968|url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/local_iraq1990.pdf|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Libya|1977}} |
|||
|[[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic|Libyan Arab Republic]] |
|||
|1 September 1969 |
|||
|2 March 1977 |
|||
|{{ayd|1969|9|1|1977|3|2}} |
|||
|rowspan="4"|Section 1, Article 6: "The aim of the state is the realization of socialism through the application of social justice which forbids any form of exploitation"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|language=|ratified=11 December 1969|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly00000_.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] |
|||
|2 March 1977 |
|||
|15 April 1986 |
|||
|{{ayd|1977|3|2|1986|4|15}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] |
|||
|15 April 1986 |
|||
|23 October 2011 |
|||
|{{ayd|1986|4|15|2011|10|23}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|Total |
|||
|1 September 1969 |
|||
|23 October 2011 |
|||
|{{ayd|1969|9|1|2011|10|23}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Madagascar}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique, People's Republic]] |
|||
|[[Democratic Republic of Madagascar]] |
|||
| align="center" | 25 June 1975 |
|||
| |
|30 December 1975 |
||
|12 September 1992 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1975|6|25|1990|12|1}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1975|12|30|1992|9|12}} |
|||
| [[FRELIMO|Mozambique Liberation Front]] |
|||
|[[Malagasy constitutional referendum, 1975]] |
|||
| [[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Assembly of the Republic]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Seychelles|1977}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Somali Democratic Republic]] |
|||
|[[Republic of Seychelles]] |
|||
| align="center" | 21 October 1969 |
|||
|5 June 1977 |
|||
| align="center" | 26 January 1991 |
|||
|27 December 1991 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1969|10|21|1991|1|26}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1977|06|05|1991|12|27}} |
|||
| [[Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party]] |
|||
|Preamble: "Seychelles is declared to be a sovereign socialist republic"<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/03050718.1979.9985562|volume=5|title=The 1979 constitution for Seychelles|journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin|pages=1329–1332}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Parliament of Somalia|People's Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Sudan|1970}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam, Democratic Republic]] |
|||
|[[History of Sudan (1969–85)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan]] |
|||
| align="center" | 2 September 1945 |
|||
|25 May 1969 |
|||
| align="center" | 2 July 1976 |
|||
|10 October 1985 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1945|9|2|1976|7|2}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1969|5|25|1985|10|10}} |
|||
| [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] |
|||
|Preamble: "In the belief of our pursuit of freedom, socialism and democracy to achieve the society of sufficiency, justice and equality"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Democratic Republic of the Sudan|language=|ratified=13 March 1973|url=http://www.righttononviolence.org/mecf/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Constitution-Sudan-1973-+-amendment-1975.pdf|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Syria|1980}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen|Yemen, People's Democratic Republic]] |
|||
|[[Syrian Arab Republic]] |
|||
| align="center" | 30 November 1967 |
|||
|8 March 1963 |
|||
| align="center" | 22 May 1990 |
|||
|27 February 2012 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1967|11|30|1990|5|22}} |
|||
|{{ayd|1963|3|8|2012|2|27}} |
|||
| [[Yemeni Socialist Party]] |
|||
|Section 1, Article 8: "The leading party in the society and the state is the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party]]. It leads a patriotic and progressive front seeking to unify the resources of the people's masses and place them at the service of the Arab nation's goals"<ref>{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Syrian Arab Republic|language=|ratified=12 April 1973|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy00000_.html|accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
| [[Supreme People's Council (South Yemen)|Supreme People's Council]] |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== Multi-party states with governing socialist parties == |
|||
===National democracy=== |
|||
{| |
{|class="wikitable sortable" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
!scope="col"|Country |
||
! |
!scope="col"|Party |
||
! |
!scope="col"|Electoral Coalition |
||
! |
!scope="col"|Election |
||
! |
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Lower house |
||
! |
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Upper house |
||
!scope="col"|Official ideology |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Angola}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Algeria|1963}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|Algeria, People's Democratic Republic]] |
|||
!scope="row"|[[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] |
|||
| align="center" | 8 September 1969 |
|||
| — || [[Angolan legislative election, 2017|2017 election]]||{{Composition bar|150|220|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Democratic Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 23 February 1989 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1963|9|8|1989|11|23}} |
|||
| [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] |
|||
| [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Bolivia}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Burma|1974}} [[Burmese Way to Socialism|Burma, Socialist Republic of the Union]] |
|||
! scope="row"| [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 2 March 1962 |
|||
| — || [[Bolivian general election, 2014|2014 election]] || {{Composition bar|84|130|hex=#DC241f}} || {{Composition bar|25|36|hex=#DC241f}} || [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2008/04/22/actualidad/1208815203_850215.html|title=Evo Morales insta a "erradicar el capitalismo" para salvar el planeta|author=Ediciones El País|work=EL PAÍS|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://climateandcapitalism.com/2013/01/15/evo-morales-ten-commandments-against-capitalism-for-life-and-humanity/|title=Evo Morales: Ten commandments against capitalism, for life and humanity|work=Climate & Capitalism|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://climateandcapitalism.com/2007/10/03/evo-morales-capitalism-is-the-worst-enemy-of-humanity/|title=Evo Morales: "Capitalism is the worst enemy of humanity"|work=Climate & Capitalism|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> |
|||
| align="center" | 18 September 1988 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1962|3|2|1988|9|18}} |
|||
| [[Burmese Socialist Programme Party]] |
|||
| [[People's Assembly (Burma)|People's Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Congo}} |
|||
| {{Flag|Cape Verde|1977|name=Cape Verde, Republic}} |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Congolese Party of Labour]] |
|||
| align="center" | 5 July 1975 |
|||
| — || [[Republic of the Congo parliamentary election, 2017|2017 election]]||{{Composition bar|90|151|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Democratic Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 22 September 1992 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1975|7|5|1992|9|22}} |
|||
| [[African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde]] |
|||
| [[Parliament of Cape Verde|National People's Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|{{flag|Ecuador}} |
||
!scope="row"|[[PAIS Alliance]] |
|||
| align="center" | 18 June 1953 |
|||
|{{illm|United Front (Ecuador)|es|Frente UNIDOS|zh|联合阵线|lt=United Front}}||[[Ecuadorian general election, 2017|2017 election]]||{{Composition bar|74|137|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Socialism of the 21st century]] |
|||
| align="center" | 26 March 2007 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1961|9|28|2007|3|26}} |
|||
| None |
|||
| [[History of the Egyptian parliament|People's Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|El Salvador}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Ethiopia|1975}} [[Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia|Ethiopia, Provisional Military Government of Socialist]] |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front]] |
|||
| align="center" | 28 June 1974 |
|||
| — || [[Salvadoran legislative election, 2018|2018 election]]||{{Composition bar|31|84|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 22 February 1987 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1974|6|28|1987|2|22}} |
|||
| None |
|||
| None |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Ethiopia}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq, Republic]] |
|||
! scope="row"| [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] |
|||
| align="center" | 17 July 1968 |
|||
| — || [[Ethiopian general election, 2015|2015 election]] || {{Composition bar|500|547|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 9 April 2003 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1968|7|17|2003|4|9}} |
|||
| [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Iraq]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libya, Great Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya]] |
|||
!scope="row"|[[African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde]] |
|||
| align="center" | 1 September 1969 |
|||
| — || [[Guinea-Bissau general election, 2014|2014 election]]||{{Composition bar|57|102|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Democratic Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 23 October 2011 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1969|9|1|2011|10|23}} |
|||
| None |
|||
| — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Greece}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar, Democratic Republic]] |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Syriza]] |
|||
| align="center" | 30 December 1975 |
|||
|—||[[Greek legislative election, September 2015|2015 election]] || {{Composition bar|145|300|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Socialism]]<ref>http://www.guengl.eu/group/delegation/syriza</ref> |
|||
| align="center" | 12 September 1992 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1975|12|30|1992|9|12}} |
|||
| [[Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar|Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution]] |
|||
| [[National Assembly (Madagascar)|Popular National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag| |
| {{flag|Mozambique}} |
||
!scope="row"|[[FRELIMO|Mozambique Liberation Front]] |
|||
| align="center" | 1979 |
|||
|—||[[Mozambican general election, 2014|2014 election]] || {{Composition bar|144|250|hex=#DC241f}}||—||[[Democratic Socialism]] |
|||
| align="center" | 27 December 1991 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1979|1|2|1991|12|27}} |
|||
| [[People's Party (Seychelles)|Seychelles People's United Party]] |
|||
| [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|National Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
||{{flag|Nepal}} |
|||
| {{flagicon|Sudan|1970}} [[History of Sudan (1969–85)|Sudan, Democratic Republic]] |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]] |
|||
| align="center" | 25 May 1969 |
|||
|—||[[Nepalese legislative election, 2017|2017 election]]||{{Composition bar|121|275|hex=#DC241f}}||{{Composition bar|0|59|hex=#DC241f}}||[[People's Multiparty Democracy]] |
|||
| align="center" | 10 October 1985 |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1969|5|25|1985|10|10}} |
|||
| [[Sudanese Socialist Union]] |
|||
| [[National Assembly of Sudan|People's Assembly]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag| |
| {{flag|Nicaragua}} |
||
!scope="row"| [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] |
|||
| align="center" | 8 March 1963 |
|||
| — || [[Nicaraguan general election, 2016|2016 election]] || {{Composition bar|71|92|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Sandinismo]]<ref>{{cite web | author = | title = Central America and Caribbean: Nicaragua – Government | publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | work = [[The World Factbook]] | accessdate = 13 January 2012 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html }}</ref> |
|||
| align="center" | 27 February 2012 |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1963|3|8|2012|2|27}} |
|||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Portugal}} |
|||
| [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Socialist Party (Portugal)]] |
|||
| [[People's Council of Syria|People's Council]] |
|||
|rowspan="3"|—||rowspan="3"|[[Portuguese legislative election, 2015|2015 election]]||rowspan="3"|{{Composition bar|122|230|hex=#DC241f}}||rowspan="3"|—||[[Social Democracy]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Portuguese Communist Party]] |
|||
|[[Marxism–Leninism]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Left Bloc]] |
|||
|[[Democratic socialism]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| {{flag|Tanzania}} |
|||
!scope="row"| [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|Party of the Revolution]] |
|||
| — || [[Tanzanian general election, 2015|2015 election]] || {{Composition bar|276|384|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Democratic Socialism]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Uruguay}} |
|||
!scope="row"| [[Communist Party of Uruguay]] |
|||
|rowspan="2" | [[Broad Front (Uruguay)|Broad Front]] ||rowspan="2" | [[Uruguayan general election, 2014|2014 election]] || rowspan="2" | {{Composition bar|50|99|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="2" | {{Composition bar|15|30|hex=#DC241f}} || [[Marxism–Leninism]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!scope="row"| [[Movement of Popular Participation]] |
|||
|| [[Socialism of the 21st century]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Venezuela}} |
|||
!scope="row"|[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]] |
|||
|rowspan="3"|[[Great Patriotic Pole]]||rowspan="3"|[[Venezuelan parliamentary election, 2015|2015 election]]||rowspan="3"|{{Composition bar|55|167|hex=#DC241f}}||rowspan="3"|{{Composition bar|545|545|hex=#DC241f}}<br>''(Constituent Assembly)''||[[Socialism of the 21st century]]<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=PCV – Partido Comunista de Venezuela|title=Communist Party of Venezuela|publisher=[[Communist Party of Venezuela]]|accessdate=15 January 2012|url=http://www.pcv-venezuela.org/l}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Communist Party of Venezuela]] |
|||
|[[Marxism–Leninism]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!scope="row"|[[Republican Bicentennial Vanguard]] |
|||
|[[Chavismo]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{flag|Tanzania|name=Tanzania, United Republic}} |
|||
| align="center" | 26 April 1964 |
|||
| align="center" | — |
|||
| align="center" | {{ayd|1964|4|26}} |
|||
| None |
|||
| [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]] |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== Unrecognized == |
|||
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2016}} |
|||
These are territories which have claimed independence, declared themselves "socialist" under some interpretation of the term and created stable institutions of governance that have lasted for a considerable period of time, but which are not recognized as independent states by the international community. According to international law, these territories belong to other states. |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Christiania.svg}} [[Freetown Christiania]] (1971–present) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_EZLN.svg}} [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities]] (December 1994–present) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Rojava.svg}} [[Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]] (November 2013–present) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Wa.svg}} [[Wa State]] (April 1989–present) |
|||
== Ephemeral == |
|||
These are short-lived political entities that emerged during [[war]]s or [[revolution]]s (mostly in the aftermath of [[World War I]]) and declared themselves "socialist" under some interpretation of the term, but did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve international recognition. |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Paris Commune]] (18 March–28 May 1871) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Strandzha Commune]] (18 August–8 September 1903) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Petropavlovsk-Krondstadt flag.svg}} [[Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar]] (December 1917–26 February 1918) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]] (28 January–29 April 1918) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Odessa Soviet Republic]] (31 January–13 March 1918) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]] (12 February–May 1918) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine.svg}} [[November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine|Alsace Soviet Republic]] (9–22 November 1918) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[German Revolution of 1918–19|Free Socialist Republic of Germany]] (9 November 1918–11 August 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg}} [[Commune of the Working People of Estonia]] (29 November 1918–5 June 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Saxony Soviet]] (November 1918–14 March 1919)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/German_States1918.htm#Sachsen|title=German States since 1918|first=ben|last=cahoon|website=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Latvian SSR 1919.svg}} [[Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic]] (17 December 1918–13 January 1920) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Black_flag.svg}} [[Free Territory]] (1918–1921) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg}} [[Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (27 February–25 August 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] (21 March–6 August 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Mughan Soviet Republic]] (March–June 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Bavarian Soviet Republic|Bavarian Council Republic]] (6 April–3 May 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Limerick Soviet]] (15–27 April 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic]] (28 April–26 June 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (May–September 1919; 15–18 September 1924) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Slovak Soviet Republic]] (16 June–7 July 1919) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg}} [[Persian Socialist Soviet Republic]] (9 June 1920–September 1921) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Galician SSR.svg}} [[Galician Soviet Socialist Republic]] (8 July–21 September 1920) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg}} [[Autumn Harvest Uprising|Hunan Soviet]] (9 September 1927–October 1927; succeed by [[Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet]] and then [[Chinese Soviet Republic]]) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg}} [[Guangzhou Uprising|Guangzhou Commune (Guangzhou Soviet)]] (11 December 1927–13 December 1927) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|BlackFlag.svg}} [[Korean People's Association in Manchuria|Shinmin Prefecture]] (1929–1932) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Communist Party of Vietnam flag.svg}} [[Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets|Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet]] (1930–1931) |
|||
* {{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic}} (7 November 1931–22 September 1937) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chile.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Chile]] (4 June–2 October 1932) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Fujian People's Government.svg}} [[Fujian People's Government|People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China]] (22 November 1933–13 January 1934) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Asturian miners' strike of 1934|Asturian Socialist Republic]] (October 5–18 1934) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|CNT_FAI_flag.png}} [[Anarchist Aragon]] (21 July 1936–1939) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|CNT_FAI_flag.png}} [[Revolutionary Catalonia]] (21 July 1936–1939) |
|||
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finnish Democratic Republic]] (December 1939–March 1940) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Political Committee of National Liberation]] of Greece (10 March 1944–28 August 1949) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic.svg}} [[Second East Turkestan Republic]] (12 November 1944–20 December 1949) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Korea 1882.svg}} [[People's Republic of Korea]] (6 September 1945–February 1946) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Azerbaijan people's government flag.svg}} [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] (November 1945–December 1946) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Mahabad.svg}} [[Republic of Mahabad]] (22 January–15 December 1946) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Korea 1882.svg}} [[Provisional People's Committee for North Korea]] (February 1946–9 September 1948) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Single_Color_Flag_-_BF0000.svg}} [[Marquetalia Republic]] (1948–1958) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam]] (8 June 1969–2 June 1976) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of The Gambia.svg}} [[Kukoi Sanyang|National Revolutionary Council of Gambia]] (30 July 1981–5 August 1981) |
|||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} [[Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (21 May–7 July 1994) |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 08:00, 24 May 2018
The following is a list of self-declared socialist states—that is to say, past and present states that have declared themselves socialist or in the process of building socialism.
Self-identification is the only criterion used by the list, therefore the list includes all countries that have claimed to be socialist, even if their claims are disputed. All countries that have not claimed to be socialist are excluded, even in cases where certain outside observers regarded those countries as socialist. This list includes countries that assert in their constitutions that they are based on socialism, regardless of their economic or political system. As a result, this list is best understood as a list of countries that explicitly claim to be socialist; it does not reflect the actual economic systems themselves.
The majority of self-declared socialist countries have been Marxist–Leninist states, following the model of the Soviet Union or a variant of people's democracy. They share a common definition of "socialism" and they refer to themselves as socialist states on the road to communism with a leading vanguard party structure. For this reason, they are generally, albeit erroneously, called "communist states". Meanwhile, the countries in the non-Marxist–Leninist category represent a wide variety of different interpretations of the word "socialism". In many cases, they do not define what they mean by it. Modern uses of the term "socialism" are wide in meaning and interpretation.
A sovereign state is a different entity from the political party that rules that state at any given time, thus a country may be ruled by a socialist political party, but without the country itself claiming to be socialist. This has occurred in both one-party and multi-party political systems. In particular, there are numerous cases of democratic socialist political parties winning elections in liberal democratic states and ruling for a number of terms until a different party wins the elections. For example, the Swedish Social Democratic Party has won most elections in Sweden since 1932, but the country never adopted socialism as its official ideology. This article does not list countries that do not have constitutional references to socialism, even in cases where socialist parties have governed those countries for a certain period of time.
On the other hand, countries that do maintain constitutional references to socialism are always listed, even when those countries are ruled by non-socialist political parties. For example, India is a liberal democracy that has been ruled by non-socialist parties on many occasions, but it is listed here because the Indian constitution makes references to socialism. Certain other countries, such as Hungary,[1] Poland[2] and Croatia,[3] have constitutions that make references to their communist and socialist past by recognizing and condemning it, but without claiming to be socialist in the present.
Marxist–Leninist
Current
Country | Since | Duration | Party | Head of party | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
People's Republic of China[note 1] | 1 October 1949 | 75 years, 17 days | Communist Party of China | Xi Jinping (since 2012) |
Li Keqiang (since 2012) | |
Republic of Cuba | 1 July 1966 | 58 years, 109 days | Communist Party of Cuba | Raúl Castro (since 2006) |
Miguel Díaz-Canel (since 2018) | |
Laos People's Democratic Republic | 2 December 1975 | 48 years, 321 days | Lao People's Revolutionary Party | Bounnhang Vorachith (since 2016) |
Thongloun Sisoulith (since 2016) | |
Socialist Republic of Vietnam | 2 July 1976 | 48 years, 108 days | Communist Party of Vietnam | Nguyễn Phú Trọng (since 2011) |
Trần Đại Quang (since 2016) |
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc (since 2016) |
Former
Country | Full name | From | Until | Duration | Constitutional statement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/ Afghanistan | Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | 27 April 1978 | 30 November 1987 | 9 years, 217 days | Preamble: "In the present stage, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, as the initiator and coordinator of the policy of National Reconciliation, actively carries forward together with other political, national and democratic forces this humanitarian policy"[4] |
Republic of Afghanistan | 30 November 1987 | 28 April 1992 | 4 years, 150 days | ||
Total | 27 April 1978 | 28 April 1992 | 14 years, 1 day | ||
Albania | Democratic Government of Albania | 29 November 1944 | 11 January 1946 | 1 year, 43 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which expresses and defends the interests of all the working people"[5] |
People's Republic of Albania | 11 January 1946 | 28 December 1976 | 30 years, 352 days | ||
People's Socialist Republic of Albania | 28 December 1976 | 22 March 1992 | 15 years, 85 days | ||
Total | 29 November 1944 | 22 March 1992 | 47 years, 114 days | ||
Angola | People's Republic of Angola | 11 November 1975 | 27 August 1992 | 16 years, 290 days | Section 1, Article 2: "All sovergenity is vested in the Angolan people. The MPLA, their legitimate representative constituted from a broad front including all patriotic forces engaged in the anti-imperialist struggle, is responsible for the political, economic, and social leadership of the nation"[6] |
Belarus Byelorussian SSR |
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic | 31 July 1920 | 25 August 1991 | 70 years, 344 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic"[7] |
Benin | People's Republic of Benin | 30 November 1975 | 1 March 1990 | 14 years, 91 days | Legally a socialist state.[citation needed] |
Bulgaria | People's Republic of Bulgaria | 15 September 1946 | 7 December 1990 | 44 years, 83 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state of the working people from town and village, headed by the working class"[8] |
Cambodia | Democratic Kampuchea | 17 April 1975 | 22 June 1982 | 7 years, 66 days | Legally a socialist state from 1979 to 1989, ruled by a communist party from 1975 to 1989, but not internationally recognized by some countries |
People's Republic of Kampuchea | 10 January 1979 | 1 May 1989 | 10 years, 111 days | ||
Total | 17 April 1975 | 1 May 1989 | 14 years, 14 days | ||
Congo-Brazzaville | People's Republic of the Congo | 3 January 1970 | 15 March 1992 | 22 years, 72 days | Presidential oath: "I swear allegiance to the Congolese people, to the Revolution and to the Congolese Labor Party. I shall undertake, while guided by Marxist–Leninist principles, [...] to devote all my strength to the triumph of the proletarian ideals"[9] |
Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovak Republic | 9 June 1948 | 11 July 1960 | 12 years, 32 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is a socialist state founded on the firm alliance of the workers, farmers and intelligentsia, with the working class as its head"[10] |
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic | 11 July 1960 | 29 March 1990 | 29 years, 261 days | ||
Total | 9 June 1948 | 29 March 1990 | 41 years, 293 days | ||
Ethiopia | Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia | 28 June 1974 | 22 February 1987 | 12 years, 239 days | Country declared Marxist–Leninist in 1974, the Workers' Party of Ethiopia becoming "the formulator of the country's development process and the leading force of the state and in society" in 1987[11] |
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | 22 February 1987 | 27 May 1991 | 4 years, 94 days | ||
Total | 28 June 1974 | 27 May 1991 | 16 years, 333 days | ||
East Germany | German Democratic Republic | 7 October 1949 | 3 October 1990 | 40 years, 361 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of workers and peasants. It is the political organization of the working people of town and country under the leadership of the working class and its Marxist–Leninist party"[12] |
Hungary | Hungarian People's Republic | 20 August 1949 | 23 October 1989 | 40 years, 64 days | Section 1, Article 2: "The Hungarian People's Republic is a socialist state"[13] |
North Korea | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 9 September 1948 | 19 February 1992[14] | 43 years, 163 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people"[15] (see below) |
/ Mongolia | Mongolian People's Republic | 24 November 1924 | 12 February 1992 | 67 years, 80 days | Section 1, Article 2: "The Mongolian People's Republic is state which exists and is developing in the form of people's democracy"[16] |
Mozambique | People's Republic of Mozambique | 25 June 1975 | 1 December 1990 | 15 years, 159 days | Section 1, Article 2: "Power belongs to the workers and peasants united and led by FRELIMO and organs of people's power"[17] |
Poland | Polish People's Republic | 28 June 1945 | 30 December 1989 | 44 years, 185 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Polish People's Republic is a socialist state"[18] |
Romania | Romanian People's Republic | 30 December 1947 | 21 August 1965 | 17 years, 234 days | Section 1, Article 3: "The leading force of society in the Socialist Republic of Romania is the Romanian Communist Party"[19] |
Socialist Republic of Romania | 21 August 1965 | 30 December 1989 | 24 years, 131 days | ||
Total | 30 December 1947 | 30 December 1989 | 42 years, 0 days | ||
Somalia | Somali Democratic Republic | 21 October 1969 | 26 January 1991 | 21 years, 97 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Somali Democratic Republic is a socialist state led by the working class and is an integral part of the Arab and African entities"[20] |
Russia Russian SFSR/ Soviet Union |
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | 9 November 1917 | 30 December 1922 | 5 years, 51 days | Section 1, Article 1, Chapter 2: "Bearing in mind as its fundamental problem the abolition of the exploitation of men by men, the entire abolition of the division of the people into classes, the suppression of exploiters, the establishment of a socialist society, and the victory of socialism in all lands"[21][22]
Section 1, Article 1: "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country"[23] |
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 30 December 1922 | 26 December 1991 | 68 years, 361 days | ||
Total | 9 November 1917 | 26 December 1991 | 74 years, 47 days | ||
Ukraine Ukrainian SSR |
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | 10 March 1919 | 24 August 1991 | 72 years, 167 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is the whole people state that expresses the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intellectuals, workers of the republic of all nationalities"[24] |
North Vietnam | Democratic Republic of Vietnam | 2 September 1945 | 2 July 1976 | 30 years, 304 days | Section 2, Article 9: "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is advancing step by step from people's democracy to socialism by developing and transforming the national economy along socialist lines, transforming its backward economy into a socialist economy with modern industry and agriculture and an advanced science and technology"[25] |
South Yemen | People's Republic of South Yemen | 30 November 1967 | 1 December 1970 | 3 years, 1 day | Section 1, Article 3: "The Yemeni Socialist Party, armed with the Scientific Socialism theory, is the leader and guide of society and state"[26] |
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen | 1 December 1970 | 22 May 1990 | 19 years, 172 days | ||
Total | 30 November 1967 | 22 May 1990 | 22 years, 173 days | ||
Yugoslavia | Democratic Federal Yugoslavia | 29 November 1943 | 29 November 1945 | 2 years, 0 days | Section 1, Article 2: "The socialist system in Yugoslavia is based on relations between people acting as free and equal producers and creators, whose work serves exclusively to satisfy their personal and common needs"[27] |
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia | 29 November 1945 | 7 April 1963 | 17 years, 129 days | ||
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | 7 April 1963 | 27 April 1992 | 29 years, 20 days | ||
Total | 29 November 1943 | 27 April 1992 | 48 years, 150 days |
Non-Marxist–Leninist
Current countries with constitutional references to socialism
Country | Since | Duration | Form of government | Constitutional statement |
---|---|---|---|---|
People's Republic of Bangladesh | 11 April 1971 | 53 years, 190 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens"[28] |
Co-operative Republic of Guyana | 6 October 1980 | 44 years, 12 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism"[29] |
Republic of India | 18 December 1976[30] | 47 years, 305 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens"[31] |
North Korea | 19 February 1992 | 76 years, 39 days total;
32 years, 242 days since revision |
De facto one-party state with semi hereditary leadership | Preamble: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the socialist motherland of Juche, which has applied the idea and leadership of Kim Il-sung"[32] |
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal | 20 September 2015 | 9 years, 28 days | Multi-party system | Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state" |
Portuguese Republic | 2 April 1976 | 48 years, 199 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to [...] open up a path towards a socialist society"[33] |
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | 7 September 1978 | 46 years, 41 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "[...] to constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary"[34] |
United Republic of Tanzania | 26 April 1964 | 60 years, 175 days | Multi-party system | Section 1, Article 3: "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy"[35] |
Former
Country | Full name | From | Until | Duration | Constitutional statement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | 8 September 1969 | 23 February 1989 | 26 years, 76 days | Preamble: "The democratic and popular Algerian Republic will direct its activities toward the construction of the country in accordance with the principles of socialism"[36] |
Burma | Union of Burma | 2 March 1962 | 3 January 1974 | 11 years, 307 days | Chapter XVI General Provisions: "In order to overcome this deterioration and to build Socialism, the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma assumed responsibility as a historical mission, adopted the Burmese Way to Socialism and also formed the Burma Socialist Programme Party"[37] |
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma | 3 January 1974 | 18 September 1988 | 14 years, 259 days | ||
Total | 2 March 1962 | 18 September 1988 | 26 years, 200 days | ||
Cape Verde | Republic of Cape Verde | 5 July 1975 | 22 September 1992 | 17 years, 79 days | [citation needed] |
Egypt | Republic of Egypt | 18 June 1953 | 22 February 1958 | 4 years, 249 days | Preamble: "The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people"[38] |
United Arab Republic | 22 February 1958 | 28 September 1961 | 3 years, 218 days | ||
Arab Republic of Egypt | 28 September 1961 | 26 March 2007 | 45 years, 179 days | ||
Total | 18 June 1953 | 26 March 2007 | 53 years, 281 days | ||
Grenada | People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada | 13 March 1979 | 25 October 1983 | 4 years, 226 days | [citation needed] |
Iraq | Iraqi Republic (Ba'athist) | 17 July 1968 | 9 April 2003 | 34 years, 266 days | Chapter 1, Article 1: "Its [the country's] basic objective is the realization of one Arab State and the build-up of the socialist system"[39] |
Libya | Libyan Arab Republic | 1 September 1969 | 2 March 1977 | 7 years, 182 days | Section 1, Article 6: "The aim of the state is the realization of socialism through the application of social justice which forbids any form of exploitation"[40] |
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 2 March 1977 | 15 April 1986 | 9 years, 44 days | ||
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 15 April 1986 | 23 October 2011 | 25 years, 191 days | ||
Total | 1 September 1969 | 23 October 2011 | 42 years, 52 days | ||
Madagascar | Democratic Republic of Madagascar | 30 December 1975 | 12 September 1992 | 16 years, 257 days | Malagasy constitutional referendum, 1975 |
Seychelles | Republic of Seychelles | 5 June 1977 | 27 December 1991 | 14 years, 205 days | Preamble: "Seychelles is declared to be a sovereign socialist republic"[41] |
Sudan | Democratic Republic of the Sudan | 25 May 1969 | 10 October 1985 | 16 years, 138 days | Preamble: "In the belief of our pursuit of freedom, socialism and democracy to achieve the society of sufficiency, justice and equality"[42] |
Syria | Syrian Arab Republic | 8 March 1963 | 27 February 2012 | 48 years, 356 days | Section 1, Article 8: "The leading party in the society and the state is the Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party. It leads a patriotic and progressive front seeking to unify the resources of the people's masses and place them at the service of the Arab nation's goals"[43] |
Multi-party states with governing socialist parties
Unrecognized
These are territories which have claimed independence, declared themselves "socialist" under some interpretation of the term and created stable institutions of governance that have lasted for a considerable period of time, but which are not recognized as independent states by the international community. According to international law, these territories belong to other states.
- Freetown Christiania (1971–present)
- Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (December 1994–present)
- Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (November 2013–present)
- File:Flag of Wa.svg Wa State (April 1989–present)
Ephemeral
These are short-lived political entities that emerged during wars or revolutions (mostly in the aftermath of World War I) and declared themselves "socialist" under some interpretation of the term, but did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve international recognition.
- Paris Commune (18 March–28 May 1871)
- Strandzha Commune (18 August–8 September 1903)
- Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar (December 1917–26 February 1918)
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (28 January–29 April 1918)
- Odessa Soviet Republic (31 January–13 March 1918)
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (12 February–May 1918)
- Alsace Soviet Republic (9–22 November 1918)
- Free Socialist Republic of Germany (9 November 1918–11 August 1919)
- Commune of the Working People of Estonia (29 November 1918–5 June 1919)
- Saxony Soviet (November 1918–14 March 1919)[50]
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (17 December 1918–13 January 1920)
- Free Territory (1918–1921)
- Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (27 February–25 August 1919)
- Hungarian Soviet Republic (21 March–6 August 1919)
- Mughan Soviet Republic (March–June 1919)
- Bavarian Council Republic (6 April–3 May 1919)
- Limerick Soviet (15–27 April 1919)
- Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (28 April–26 June 1919)
- Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (May–September 1919; 15–18 September 1924)
- Slovak Soviet Republic (16 June–7 July 1919)
- Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (9 June 1920–September 1921)
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (8 July–21 September 1920)
- Hunan Soviet (9 September 1927–October 1927; succeed by Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet and then Chinese Soviet Republic)
- Guangzhou Commune (Guangzhou Soviet) (11 December 1927–13 December 1927)
- Shinmin Prefecture (1929–1932)
- Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
- Chinese Soviet Republic (7 November 1931–22 September 1937)
- Socialist Republic of Chile (4 June–2 October 1932)
- People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (22 November 1933–13 January 1934)
- Asturian Socialist Republic (October 5–18 1934)
- Anarchist Aragon (21 July 1936–1939)
- Revolutionary Catalonia (21 July 1936–1939)
- Finnish Democratic Republic (December 1939–March 1940)
- Political Committee of National Liberation of Greece (10 March 1944–28 August 1949)
- Second East Turkestan Republic (12 November 1944–20 December 1949)
- People's Republic of Korea (6 September 1945–February 1946)
- Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945–December 1946)
- Republic of Mahabad (22 January–15 December 1946)
- Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (February 1946–9 September 1948)
- Marquetalia Republic (1948–1958)
- Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (8 June 1969–2 June 1976)
- National Revolutionary Council of Gambia (30 July 1981–5 August 1981)
- Democratic Republic of Yemen (21 May–7 July 1994)
See also
References
- ^ Not including Hong Kong and Macau, under official policy. See "One Country, Two Systems".
- ^ LL.M., Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher,. "ICL - Hungary Index". www.servat.unibe.ch.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ LL.M., Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher,. "ICL - Poland Index". www.servat.unibe.ch.
{{cite web}}
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LL.M., Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher,. "ICL - Croatia Index". www.servat.unibe.ch.
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- ^ "Article 1, Section 1". Constitution of the People's Republic of Angola. 1976.
- ^ "Article 1, Section 1". Constitution of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 14 April 1978.
- ^ "Article 1, Section 1". Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. 18 May 1976.
- ^ Presidential Oath Maarseveen written constitutions by H.Van Maarseveen and G.Van Der Tanq (Nov 21, 1978)
- ^ Article 1, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (11 July 1960)
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- ^ Article 1, Section 1 of the Constitution of the German Democratic Republic (7 October 1974)
- ^ "Article 2, Section 1". Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic. 20 August 1949.
- ^ In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the DPRK constitution were dropped and replaced with Juche. [2]
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- ^ Article I (R.S.F.R.S. Constitution)
- ^ 1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I
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- ^ Article 1, Section 1 of the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (7 April 1963)
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- ^ "Article Preamble, Section Preamble". Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 9 September 1948.
- ^ "Article Preamble, Section Preamble" (PDF). Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. 25 April 1976.
- ^ "Article Preamble, Section Preamble". Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. 7 September 1978.
- ^ "Article 3, Section 1" (PDF). Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. 25 April 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015.
- ^ "Article Preamble, Section Preamble". Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. 28 August 1963.
- ^ "Article XVI, Section General Provisions". Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. 2 March 1974.
- ^ "Article Preamble, Section Preamble" (PDF). Constitution of the Republic of Egypt. 22 July 1957.
- ^ "Article 1, Section 1" (PDF). Constitution of the Republic of Iraq. 21 September 1968.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 1". Constitution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 11 December 1969.
- ^ "The 1979 constitution for Seychelles". Commonwealth Law Bulletin. 5: 1329–1332. doi:10.1080/03050718.1979.9985562.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 1" (PDF). Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. 13 March 1973.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 1". Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic. 12 April 1973.
- ^ Ediciones El País. "Evo Morales insta a "erradicar el capitalismo" para salvar el planeta". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
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- ^ "Evo Morales: "Capitalism is the worst enemy of humanity"". Climate & Capitalism. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ http://www.guengl.eu/group/delegation/syriza
- ^ "Central America and Caribbean: Nicaragua – Government". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "Communist Party of Venezuela" [PCV – Partido Comunista de Venezuela]. Communist Party of Venezuela. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ cahoon, ben. "German States since 1918". worldstatesmen.org.