List of Jewish mathematicians: Difference between revisions
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* [[David Emmanuel (mathematician)|David Emmanuel]] (1854–1941), mathematician<ref>{{citation|title=David Emmanuel, 1854-1941|first=Simion|last=Stoilow|authorlink=Simion Stoilow|location=Bucharest|publisher=Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne|year=1955}}</ref> |
* [[David Emmanuel (mathematician)|David Emmanuel]] (1854–1941), mathematician<ref>{{citation|title=David Emmanuel, 1854-1941|first=Simion|last=Stoilow|authorlink=Simion Stoilow|location=Bucharest|publisher=Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne|year=1955}}</ref> |
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* [[Federigo Enriques]], algebraic geometer<ref>{{MacTutor | id=Enriques|title=Federigo Enriques}}</ref> |
* [[Federigo Enriques]], algebraic geometer<ref>{{MacTutor | id=Enriques|title=Federigo Enriques}}</ref> |
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* [[Paul Epstein]], number theory<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Epstein.html]</ref> |
* [[Paul Epstein]] (1871–1939), number theory<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Epstein.html]</ref> |
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* [[Arthur Erdélyi]] (1908–1977), mathematician<ref name=jinfo/> |
* [[Arthur Erdélyi]] (1908–1977), mathematician<ref name=jinfo/> |
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* [[Paul Erdős]] (1913–1996), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1983/84)<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Erdos.html]</ref> |
* [[Paul Erdős]] (1913–1996), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1983/84)<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Erdos.html]</ref> |
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* [[Michael Freedman]] (born 1951), mathematician; Fields Medal (1986)<ref name=jinfofields/> |
* [[Michael Freedman]] (born 1951), mathematician; Fields Medal (1986)<ref name=jinfofields/> |
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* [[Hans Freudenthal]] (1905-1990), algebraic topology{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Freudenthal.html Hans Freudenthal]}} |
* [[Hans Freudenthal]] (1905-1990), algebraic topology{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Freudenthal.html Hans Freudenthal]}} |
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* [[David Friesenhausen]] (1756–1828), mathematician{{Sfnm|1a1= |
* [[David Friesenhausen]] (1756–1828), mathematician{{Sfnm|1a1=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|1loc=[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Friesenhausen_David Friesenhausen, David]}} |
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* [[Albrecht Fröhlich]] (1916–2001), algebra<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061024133211/http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/bio_mems/Frohlich%20press.pdf]</ref> |
* [[Albrecht Fröhlich]] (1916–2001), algebra<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061024133211/http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/bio_mems/Frohlich%20press.pdf]</ref> |
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* [[Robert Frucht]] (1906–1997), graph theory{{r|nazis|p=9, 132, 305}} |
* [[Robert Frucht]] (1906–1997), graph theory{{r|nazis|p=9, 132, 305}} |
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* [[Sydney Goldstein]] (1903-1989), mathematical physics<ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Goldstein.html]</ref> |
* [[Sydney Goldstein]] (1903-1989), mathematical physics<ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Goldstein.html]</ref> |
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* [[Daniel Goldston]] (born 1954), number theory<ref name=jinfocole/> |
* [[Daniel Goldston]] (born 1954), number theory<ref name=jinfocole/> |
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* [[Solomon W. Golomb|Solomon Golomb]] (1932-2016), mathematical games<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Solomon Golomb (1932–2016)|chapter-url=http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2016/05/solomon-golomb-19322016/|title=Idea Makers: Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People|last=Wolfram|first=Stephen|isbn=978-1579550035|year=2016|publisher=Wolfram Media, Inc.}}</ref> |
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* [[Benjamin Gompertz]] (1779–1865), mathematician<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Gompertz, Benjamin}}</ref> |
* [[Benjamin Gompertz]] (1779–1865), mathematician<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Gompertz, Benjamin}}</ref> |
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* [[Harold Grad]] (1923-1986), applied mathematics<ref name=hersh/> |
* [[Harold Grad]] (1923-1986), applied mathematics<ref name=hersh/> |
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* [[Benedict Gross]] (born 1950), number theory<ref name=jinfocole/> |
* [[Benedict Gross]] (born 1950), number theory<ref name=jinfocole/> |
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* [[Marcel Grossmann]] (1878–1936), descriptive geometry<ref>{{cite book |year= 2018 |last1= Graf-Grossmann |first1=Claudia |title= Marcel Grossmann: For the Love of Mathematics |url= https://books.google.co.il/books?id=RjlfDwAAQBAJ|translator-last1=Brewer |translator-first1=William D.|publisher= Springer |isbn= 978-3-319-90076-6}}</ref> |
* [[Marcel Grossmann]] (1878–1936), descriptive geometry<ref>{{cite book |year= 2018 |last1= Graf-Grossmann |first1=Claudia |title= Marcel Grossmann: For the Love of Mathematics |url= https://books.google.co.il/books?id=RjlfDwAAQBAJ|translator-last1=Brewer |translator-first1=William D.|publisher= Springer |isbn= 978-3-319-90076-6}}</ref> |
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* [[Emil Grosswald]] (1912–1989), number theory<ref>{{cite journal |last=Knopp |first=Marvin I. |author-link=Marvin Knopp| date=July–August 1989 |title=Emil Grosswald 1912–1989 |journal=[[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=685–686 |id= |url=http://www.numbertheory.org/obituaries/OTHERS/grosswald.jpg |accessdate=2009-02-06 |quote= }}</ref> |
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* [[Alexander Grothendieck]] (1928–2014), algebraic geometry<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander Grothendieck, Math Enigma, Dies at 86 |date=November 14, 2014 |author1=Bruce Weber |author2=Julie Rehmeyer |publisher=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/europe/alexander-grothendieck-math-enigma-dies-at-86.html}}</ref> |
* [[Alexander Grothendieck]] (1928–2014), algebraic geometry<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander Grothendieck, Math Enigma, Dies at 86 |date=November 14, 2014 |author1=Bruce Weber |author2=Julie Rehmeyer |publisher=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/europe/alexander-grothendieck-math-enigma-dies-at-86.html}}</ref> |
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* [[Géza Grünwald]] (1910–1943), mathematician<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.math.technion.ac.il/hat/people/obits/grunwald.html |title=The life and mathematics of Géza Grünwald |publisher=Technion-Israel Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 9, 2013}}</ref> |
* [[Géza Grünwald]] (1910–1943), mathematician<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.math.technion.ac.il/hat/people/obits/grunwald.html |title=The life and mathematics of Géza Grünwald |publisher=Technion-Israel Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 9, 2013}}</ref> |
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*[[Jacques Hadamard]] (1865–1963), mathematician<ref name=james/> |
*[[Jacques Hadamard]] (1865–1963), mathematician<ref name=james/> |
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* [[John Hajnal]], statistics<ref>JYB 2005 p.215</ref> |
* [[John Hajnal]], statistics<ref>JYB 2005 p.215</ref> |
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* [[Heini Halberstam]] (1926–2014), number theory<ref>{{citation|title=Champaign Resident Remembers the Kindertransport|publisher=[[WILL]]|date=April 19, 2012|url=http://vimeo.com/40637650}}.</ref> |
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* [[Heini Halberstam]], number theory |
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* [[Georges Henri Halphen]] (1844–1889), geometer<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7113-halphen-georges-henri|title=Halphen, Georges-Henri}}</ref> |
* [[Georges Henri Halphen]] (1844–1889), geometer<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7113-halphen-georges-henri|title=Halphen, Georges-Henri}}</ref> |
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* [[Hans Hamburger]] (1889–1956), mathematician<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Hamburger|title=Hans Ludwig Hamburger}}</ref> |
* [[Hans Hamburger]] (1889–1956), mathematician<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Hamburger|title=Hans Ludwig Hamburger}}</ref> |
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* [[Samuel Karlin]] (1924–2007), mathematician<ref>[http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january16/karlin-011608.html Sam Karlin, mathematician who improved DNA analysis, dies]</ref> |
* [[Samuel Karlin]] (1924–2007), mathematician<ref>[http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january16/karlin-011608.html Sam Karlin, mathematician who improved DNA analysis, dies]</ref> |
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* [[Edward Kasner]] (1878–1955), differential geometry<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121221005651/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/TimelineCUJew.html Columbia and the "Jewish Problem”]</ref> |
* [[Edward Kasner]] (1878–1955), differential geometry<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121221005651/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/TimelineCUJew.html Columbia and the "Jewish Problem”]</ref> |
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* [[Nick Katz]] (born 1943), algebraic geometry<ref name=jinfo/> |
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* [[Bruria Kaufman]] (1918–2010), mathematician and physicist<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article7047139.ece | title =Bruria Kaufman-Harris: physicist who worked with Albert Einstein | date = March 3, 2010 | publisher =Times Online}}</ref> |
* [[Bruria Kaufman]] (1918–2010), mathematician and physicist<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article7047139.ece | title =Bruria Kaufman-Harris: physicist who worked with Albert Einstein | date = March 3, 2010 | publisher =Times Online}}</ref> |
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* [[Joseph Keller]] (1923–2016), applied mathematician; National Medal of Science (1988), Wolf Prize (1997)<ref>Roberts, Sam. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/joseph-b-keller-mathematician-with-whimsical-curiosity-dies-at-93.html "Joseph B. Keller, Mathematician With Whimsical Curiosity, Dies at 93"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 16, 2016. Accessed September 19, 2016. "Joseph Bishop Keller was born in Paterson, N.J., on July 31, 1923. His father, Isaac Keiles — whose name, he said, was changed when he arrived in the United States — was a Russian refugee who fled pogroms against Jews."</ref> |
* [[Joseph Keller]] (1923–2016), applied mathematician; National Medal of Science (1988), Wolf Prize (1997)<ref>Roberts, Sam. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/joseph-b-keller-mathematician-with-whimsical-curiosity-dies-at-93.html "Joseph B. Keller, Mathematician With Whimsical Curiosity, Dies at 93"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 16, 2016. Accessed September 19, 2016. "Joseph Bishop Keller was born in Paterson, N.J., on July 31, 1923. His father, Isaac Keiles — whose name, he said, was changed when he arrived in the United States — was a Russian refugee who fled pogroms against Jews."</ref> |
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* [[Ludwig Immanuel Magnus]] (1790–1861), geometer<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10275-magnus-ludwig-immanuel|title=Magnus, Ludwig Immanuel}}</ref> |
* [[Ludwig Immanuel Magnus]] (1790–1861), geometer<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10275-magnus-ludwig-immanuel|title=Magnus, Ludwig Immanuel}}</ref> |
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* [[Kurt Mahler]] (1903-1988), mathematician<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Mahler.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042646/http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Mahler.html |archivedate=27 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>JYB 2005 p.214</ref> |
* [[Kurt Mahler]] (1903-1988), mathematician<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Mahler.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042646/http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Mahler.html |archivedate=27 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>JYB 2005 p.214</ref> |
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* [[Henry Mann]] (1905–2000), number theory and statistics<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=John|chapter=Henry B. Mann|title=Number theory and algebra: Collected papers dedicated to Henry B. Mann, Arnold E. Ross, and Olga Taussky-Todd|pages=xx-xxv|publisher=Academic Press [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers]|year=1977|edition=|mr=469653|url=http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/history/biographies/mann|isbn=0-12-776350-3|editor-first=Hans|editor-last=Zassenhaus|editor-link=Hans Zassenhaus|location=New York-London}}</ref> |
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* [[Solomon Marcus]] (1925-2016), mathematical analysis, mathematical linguistics and computer science<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adevarul.ro/educatie/universitar/interviu-solomon-marcus-academician-pana-20-ani-purtat-numai-hainele-fratilor-mei-1_5603d97ef5eaafab2cf2c0d4/index.html | title=Interviu Solomon Marcus, academician: "Până la 20 de ani, am purtat numai hainele fraţilor mei" | publisher=Adevarul.ro | date=26 September 2015 | accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> |
* [[Solomon Marcus]] (1925-2016), mathematical analysis, mathematical linguistics and computer science<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adevarul.ro/educatie/universitar/interviu-solomon-marcus-academician-pana-20-ani-purtat-numai-hainele-fratilor-mei-1_5603d97ef5eaafab2cf2c0d4/index.html | title=Interviu Solomon Marcus, academician: "Până la 20 de ani, am purtat numai hainele fraţilor mei" | publisher=Adevarul.ro | date=26 September 2015 | accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> |
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* [[Szolem Mandelbrojt]] (1899–1983), mathematical analysis{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mandelbrojt.html Szolem Mandelbrojt]}} |
* [[Szolem Mandelbrojt]] (1899–1983), mathematical analysis{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mandelbrojt.html Szolem Mandelbrojt]}} |
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* [[Hermann Minkowski]], geometrical theory of numbers<ref>''Contemporary Authors'' V. 162 by Rooney, Scot Peacock, p. 169.</ref> |
* [[Hermann Minkowski]], geometrical theory of numbers<ref>''Contemporary Authors'' V. 162 by Rooney, Scot Peacock, p. 169.</ref> |
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* [[Boris Moishezon]] (1937–1993), mathematician |
* [[Boris Moishezon]] (1937–1993), mathematician |
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* [[Louis Mordell]], |
* [[Louis J. Mordell|Louis Mordell]] (1888–1972), number theory{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mordell.html SLouis Joel Mordell]}} |
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* Sir [[Claus Moser]],<ref>[http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/entertainment/previewsandreviews/content_objectid=13939784_method=full_siteid=50061_page=5_headline=-A-brush-withour-darkest-hour-name_page.html]</ref> statistician |
* Sir [[Claus Moser]],<ref>[http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/entertainment/previewsandreviews/content_objectid=13939784_method=full_siteid=50061_page=5_headline=-A-brush-withour-darkest-hour-name_page.html]</ref> statistician |
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* [[George Mostow]] (1923-2017), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/enlightenment-at-a-red-traffic-light.premium-1.523627|title=Enlightenment at a red traffic light: Wolf Prize laureate Prof. George Daniel Mostow made his greatest scientific breakthrough while driving|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> |
* [[George Mostow]] (1923-2017), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/enlightenment-at-a-red-traffic-light.premium-1.523627|title=Enlightenment at a red traffic light: Wolf Prize laureate Prof. George Daniel Mostow made his greatest scientific breakthrough while driving|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> |
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* [[Felix Pollaczek]] (1892-1981), number theory, mathematical analysis, mathematical physics and probability theory<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Pollaczek|title=Leo Félix Pollaczek}}</ref> |
* [[Felix Pollaczek]] (1892-1981), number theory, mathematical analysis, mathematical physics and probability theory<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Pollaczek|title=Leo Félix Pollaczek}}</ref> |
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* [[George Pólya]] (1887-1985), combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis and probability<ref name=james/> |
* [[George Pólya]] (1887-1985), combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis and probability<ref name=james/> |
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* [[Carl Pomerance]] (born 1944), number theory<ref name=jinfo/> |
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* [[Emil Leon Post]] (1897–1954), mathematician and logician<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Post|title=Emil Leon Post}}</ref> |
* [[Emil Leon Post]] (1897–1954), mathematician and logician<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Post|title=Emil Leon Post}}</ref> |
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* [[Mojżesz Presburger]] (1904-1943?), mathematician and logician<ref>{{cite journal | author=Jan Zygmunt | title=Mojżesz Presburger: Life and Work | journal=History and Philosophy of Logic | volume=12 | pages=211–223 | year=1991 | doi=10.1080/014453409108837186}}</ref> |
* [[Mojżesz Presburger]] (1904-1943?), mathematician and logician<ref>{{cite journal | author=Jan Zygmunt | title=Mojżesz Presburger: Life and Work | journal=History and Philosophy of Logic | volume=12 | pages=211–223 | year=1991 | doi=10.1080/014453409108837186}}</ref> |
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* [[Menahem Max Schiffer]] (1911-1997), complex analysis, partial differential equations, and mathematical physics<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Schiffer|title=Menahem Max Schiffer}}</ref> |
* [[Menahem Max Schiffer]] (1911-1997), complex analysis, partial differential equations, and mathematical physics<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Schiffer|title=Menahem Max Schiffer}}</ref> |
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* [[Ludwig Schlesinger]] (1864–1933), mathematician{{r|bergmann|p=52}} |
* [[Ludwig Schlesinger]] (1864–1933), mathematician{{r|bergmann|p=52}} |
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* [[Lev Schnirelmann]] (1905–1938), calculus of variations, topology and number theory{{Sfnm|1a1=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|1loc=[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Schnirelmann_Lev Schnirelmann, Lev]}} |
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* [[Arthur Moritz Schoenflies|Arthur Schoenflies]], mathematician<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Schonflies|title=Arthur Moritz Schönflies}}</ref> |
* [[Arthur Moritz Schoenflies|Arthur Schoenflies]], mathematician<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Schonflies|title=Arthur Moritz Schönflies}}</ref> |
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* [[Józef Schreier]] (1909-1943), functional analysis, group theory and combinatorics |
* [[Józef Schreier]] (1909-1943), functional analysis, group theory and combinatorics |
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* [[Gary Seitz]] (born 1943), group theory |
* [[Gary Seitz]] (born 1943), group theory |
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* [[Reinhard Selten]] (1930-2016), mathematician and game theorist; Nobel Prize in Economics (1994){{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Selten.html Reinhard Selten]}} |
* [[Reinhard Selten]] (1930-2016), mathematician and game theorist; Nobel Prize in Economics (1994){{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Selten.html Reinhard Selten]}} |
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* [[Jeffrey Shallit]] (born 1957), number theory and computer science<ref>[https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit/joseph.html About Joseph Shallit]. Accessed 2 July 2018.</ref> |
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* [[Adi Shamir]] (born 1952), mathematician and cryptographer<ref name=jinfocomp>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Computer_Info_Science.html|title=Jews in Computer & Information Science|publisher=Jinfo.org|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |
* [[Adi Shamir]] (born 1952), mathematician and cryptographer<ref name=jinfocomp>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Computer_Info_Science.html|title=Jews in Computer & Information Science|publisher=Jinfo.org|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |
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* [[Samuil Shatunovsky]] (1859–1929), mathematical analysis and algebra{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Shatunovsky.html Samuil Osipovich Shatunovsky]}} |
* [[Samuil Shatunovsky]] (1859–1929), mathematical analysis and algebra{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Shatunovsky.html Samuil Osipovich Shatunovsky]}} |
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* [[Friedrich Waismann]] (1896-1950), mathematician and philosopher<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=McGuiness|editor1-first=Brian|title=Friedrich Waismann: Philosophical Papers|url=https://books.google.co.il/books/about/Philosophical_Papers.html?id=EOXY6J7ZCpUC|location= |publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Company|page=ix|date=1977|isbn=}}</ref> |
* [[Friedrich Waismann]] (1896-1950), mathematician and philosopher<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=McGuiness|editor1-first=Brian|title=Friedrich Waismann: Philosophical Papers|url=https://books.google.co.il/books/about/Philosophical_Papers.html?id=EOXY6J7ZCpUC|location= |publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Company|page=ix|date=1977|isbn=}}</ref> |
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* [[Abraham Wald]] (1902–1950), decision theory, geometry and econometrics<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1907462 | author = Morgenstern, Oskar | authorlink = Oskar Morgenstern | journal = Econometrica | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–367 | year = 1951 | title = Abraham Wald, 1902–1950 | publisher = Econometrica, Vol. 19, No. 4 | jstor = 1907462 }}</ref> |
* [[Abraham Wald]] (1902–1950), decision theory, geometry and econometrics<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1907462 | author = Morgenstern, Oskar | authorlink = Oskar Morgenstern | journal = Econometrica | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–367 | year = 1951 | title = Abraham Wald, 1902–1950 | publisher = Econometrica, Vol. 19, No. 4 | jstor = 1907462 }}</ref> |
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* [[Henri Wald]] (1920–2002), logician{{Sfnm|1a1= |
* [[Henri Wald]] (1920–2002), logician{{Sfnm|1a1=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|1loc=[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Wald_Henri Wald, Henri]}} |
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* [[Arnold Walfisz]] (1892–1962), analytic number theory{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Walfisz.html Arnold Walfisz]}} |
* [[Arnold Walfisz]] (1892–1962), analytic number theory{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1a2=Robertson|1loc=[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Walfisz.html Arnold Walfisz]}} |
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* [[Stefan E. Warschawski]] (1904-1989), mathematician<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Warschawski|title=Stefan E Warschawski}}</ref> |
* [[Stefan E. Warschawski]] (1904-1989), mathematician<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Warschawski|title=Stefan E Warschawski}}</ref> |
Revision as of 06:52, 2 July 2018
This list of Jewish mathematicians includes mathematicians who are or were verifiably Jewish or of Jewish descent. In 1933, when the Nazis rose to power in Germany, one-third of all mathematics professors in the country were Jewish, while Jews constituted less than one percent of the population.[1]
A–C
- Abraham Abigdor (14th century), logician[2]
- Abraham Manie Adelstein, statistician[3]
- Matest M. Agrest (1915-2005), mathematician and pseudoscientist
- Naum Akhiezer (1901–1980), approximation theory[4]
- Abraham Adrian Albert (1905–1972), algebra[5]
- Félix Alcan (1841-1925), mathematician[6]
- Al-Samawal al-Maghribi, (c. 1130–c. 1180), mathematician, astronomer and physician[7]
- Franz Alt (1910–2011), mathematician and computer scientist[8]
- Shimshon Amitsur (1921–1994), mathematician[9]
- Kenneth Appel, mathematician
- Vladimir Arnold (1937-2010), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2001)[10]
- Siegfried Aronhold (1819-1884), invariant theory[11]
- Nachman Aronszajn (1907–1980), mathematical analysis and mathematical logic[4]
- Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017), mathematician and economist; Nobel Prize in Economics (1972)[12]
- Giulio Ascoli (1843-1869), mathematician[13]
- Guido Ascoli (1887–1957), mathematician[14]
- Herman Auerbach (1901–1942), mathematician[15]
- Robert Aumann, mathematician and game theorist; Nobel Prize in Economics (2005)
- Hertha Ayrton (1854–1923), mathematician and engineer[16]
- Isaak Bacharach (1854–1942)
- Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1915-1975), mathematician, philosopher and linguist[17]
- Abraham bar Hiyya (1070–1136 or 1145), mathematician, astronomer and philosopher[18]
- Grigory Barenblatt (1927–2018), mathematician[4]
- Hyman Bass (born 1932), algebra and mathematics education[19]
- Laurence Baxter, statistician[20]
- August Beer (1825–1863), mathematician[21]
- Alexander Beilinson (born 1957), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2018)[22]
- Richard E. Bellman (1920–1984), applied mathematics[23]
- Paul Benacerraf (born 1931), philosophy of mathematics[24]
- Lazarus Bendavid (1762–1832), mathematician and philosopher[25]
- Stefan Bergman (1895–1977), complex analysis[26]
- Paul Bernays (1888–1977), logician[27]
- Felix Bernstein (1878–1956), set theory[28]
- Joseph Bernstein (born 1945), algebraic geometry, representation theory, and number theory[29]
- Sergei Bernstein (1880–1968), mathematician[30]
- Lipman Bers (1914–1993), mathematical analysis[31]
- Abram Besicovitch (1891–1970), mathematician (Karaite)[32]
- Zygmunt Wilhelm Birnbaum (1903-2000), functional analysis and probability[33]
- Max Black (1909–1988), philosopher of mathematics[34]
- André Bloch (1893–1948), complex analysis[35]
- Maurice Block (1816–1901), statistician[36]
- Lenore Blum (born 1942), mathematician and computer scientist[37]
- Otto Blumenthal (1876–1944), mathematician[38]
- Vladimir Boltyansky (born 1925), mathematician and educator[39]
- Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (1817–1880), mathematician[40]
- Moses Botarel Farissol (15th century), mathematician[41]
- Salomon Bochner (1899–1982), mathematician[42]
- Hermann Bondi (1919-2005), mathematician[43]
- Immanuel Bonfils (c. 1300–1377), mathematician and astronomer[44]
- Valentina Borok (1931–2004), partial differential equations[45]
- David Borwein (born 1924), mathematician[46]
- Jonathan Borwein (1951–2016), mathematician[46]
- Peter Borwein (born 1953), mathematician[46]
- Raoul Bott (1923–2005), geometry[4]
- Alfred Brauer (1894-1985), number theory[47]
- Richard Brauer (1901-1977), modular representation theory[48]
- Haïm Brezis (born 1944), functional analysis and partial differential equations[49]
- Selig Brodetsky (1888-1954), mathematician and President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews[50]
- Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974), mathematician and science educator[51]
- Felix Browder (1927-2016), nonlinear functional analysis[52]
- Anneli Cahn Lax (1922–1999), mathematician[53]
- Eugenio Calabi (born 1923), mathematician[54]
- Georg Cantor (1845–1918), set theorist[55][32]
- Moritz Cantor, historian of mathematics[56]
- Emma Castelnuovo (1913–2014), mathematics education[57]
- Guido Castelnuovo (1865–1952), mathematician[58]
- Herman Chernoff (born 1923), applied mathematics and statistics[59]
- David Chudnovsky (born 1947), mathematician and engineer[60]
- Gregory Chudnovsky (born 1952), mathematician and engineer[60]
- Paul Cohen (1934-2007), set theorist; Fields Medal (1966)[61]
- Wim Cohen (1923-2000), queueing theory[62]
- Paul Cohn (1924–2006), algebraist[63]
- Stephan Cohn-Vossen (1902-1936), differential geometry[8]: 132, 133, 346, 370, 373, 399
- Mordecai Comtino (died c. 1485), mathematician[64]
- Richard Courant (1888–1972), mathematical analysis and applied mathematics[53]
- Luigi Cremona (1830–1903), mathematician[53]
D–F
- Noah Dana-Picard (born 1954), mathematician[65]
- Henry Daniels (1912–2000), statistician[66]
- Martin Davis (born 1928), mathematician[67]
- Philip Dawid,[68] statistician
- Max Dehn (1878–1952), topology[69]
- Samuel Dickstein (1851–1939), mathematician[70]
- Nathan Divinsky (1925–2012), mathematician[71]
- Wolfgang Doeblin (1915–1940), probabilist[72]
- Domninus of Larissa (c. 420–c. 480 AD), mathematician[73]
- Jesse Douglas (1897–1965), mathematician; Fields Medal (1936)[74][53]
- Vladimir Drinfeld (born 1954), algebraic geometry; Fields Medal (1990), Wolf Prize (2018)[75]
- Eugene Dynkin (1924-1914), probability and algebra[76]
- Bernard Dwork (1923-1998), mathematician[5]
- Tatyana Pavlovna Ehrenfest (1905–1984), mathematician[77]
- Samuel Eilenberg (1913-1988), category theory; Wolf Prize (1986)[78]
- Gotthold Eisenstein (1823–1852), mathematician[79]
- Emanuel Lodewijk Elte (1881-1943), mathematician[80]
- David Emmanuel (1854–1941), mathematician[81]
- Federigo Enriques, algebraic geometer[82]
- Paul Epstein (1871–1939), number theory[83]
- Arthur Erdélyi (1908–1977), mathematician[4]
- Paul Erdős (1913–1996), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1983/84)[84]
- Gregory Eskin (born 1936), partial differential equations
- Theodor Estermann (1902–1991), analytic number theory[85]
- Gyula Farkas (1847–1930), mathematician and physicist[86]
- Solomon Feferman (1928–2016), mathematical logic and philosophy of mathematics[4]
- Charles Fefferman (born 1949), mathematician; Fields Medal (1978)[4]
- Walter Feit (1930–2004), finite group theory and representation theory[87]
- Lipót Fejér (1880–1959), harmonic analysis[88]
- Michael Fekete (1886–1957), mathematician[89]
- Jacques Feldbau (1914-1945), mathematician[90]
- Käte Fenchel (1905–1983), group theory[91]
- Werner Fenchel (1905–1988), geometry and optimization theory[92]
- John Fox, statistician
- Abraham Fraenkel (1891–1965), set theory[93]
- Péter Frankl (born 1953), combinatorics[94]
- Fabian Franklin (1853–1939), mathematician[95]
- Michael Freedman (born 1951), mathematician; Fields Medal (1986)[74]
- Hans Freudenthal (1905-1990), algebraic topology[96]
- David Friesenhausen (1756–1828), mathematician[97]
- Albrecht Fröhlich (1916–2001), algebra[98]
- Robert Frucht (1906–1997), graph theory[8]: 9, 132, 305
- Guido Fubini (1879–1943), mathematical analysis[53]
- Lazarus Fuchs (1833–1902), linear differential equations[99]
- Hillel Furstenberg (born 1935), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2006/07)[100]
G–I
- Boris Galerkin (1871–1945), mathematician and engineer[101]
- David Gans (1541–1613), mathematician[102]
- Hilda Geiringer (1893–1973), mathematician[103]
- Israel Gelfand (1913-2009), mathematician[104]
- Semyon Aranovich Gershgorin (1901–1933), mathematician[105]
- Gersonides (1288–1344), mathematician[106]
- David Gilbarg (1918-2001), mathematician[53]
- David Glass, demographer[107]
- Israel Gohberg (1928–2009), operator theory and functional analysis[108]
- Anatolii Goldberg (1930-2008), complex analysis[109]
- Dorian M. Goldfeld (born 1947), number theory[5]
- Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt (1807–1851), mathematician[110]
- Sydney Goldstein (1903-1989), mathematical physics[111]
- Daniel Goldston (born 1954), number theory[5]
- Solomon Golomb (1932-2016), mathematical games[112]
- Benjamin Gompertz (1779–1865), mathematician[113]
- Harold Grad (1923-1986), applied mathematics[53]
- Eugene Grebenik, demographer[114][4]
- Kurt Grelling (1886–1942), logician[115]
- Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov (born 1943), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1993), Abel Prize (2009)[116]
- Benedict Gross (born 1950), number theory[5]
- Marcel Grossmann (1878–1936), descriptive geometry[117]
- Emil Grosswald (1912–1989), number theory[118]
- Alexander Grothendieck (1928–2014), algebraic geometry[119]
- Géza Grünwald (1910–1943), mathematician[120]
- Alfréd Haar (1885–1933), mathematician[69]: 63
- Steven Haberman (born 1951), statistics[121]
- Jacques Hadamard (1865–1963), mathematician[32]
- John Hajnal, statistics[122]
- Heini Halberstam (1926–2014), number theory[123]
- Georges Henri Halphen (1844–1889), geometer[124]
- Hans Hamburger (1889–1956), mathematician[125]
- Haim Hanani (1912-1991), combinatorial design theory[126]
- Raphael Levi Hannover (1685–1779), mathematician and astronomer[127][128]
- David Harbater (born 1952), Galois theory, algebraic geometry and arithmetic geometry[5]
- Friedrich Hartogs (1874–1943), set theory and several complex variables[129]
- Felix Hausdorff (1868-1942), topology[32]
- Hans Heilbronn (1908-1975), mathematician[130]
- Ernst Hellinger (1883-1950), mathematician[131]
- Eduard Helly (1884–1943), mathematician[132]
- Reuben Hersh (born 1927), mathematics and philosopher of mathematics[53]
- Maximilian Herzberger (1899-1982), mathematician and physicist[133]
- Emil Hilb (1882-1929), mathematician[134]
- Kurt Hirsch (1906–1986), group theory[135]
- Gerhard Hochschild (1915-2010), mathematician[54]
- Melvin Hochster (born 1943), commutative algebra[5]
- Heinz Hopf (1894–1971), topology[32]
- Adolf Hurwitz (1859–1919), mathematician[136]
- Sahl ibn Bishr (c. 786–c. 845), mathematician[137]
- Abraham ibn Ezra (1089–c.1167), mathematician and astronomer[138]
- Issachar ben Mordecai ibn Susan (fl. 1539–1572), mathematician[139]
- Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon (1236–1305), mathematician and astronomer[140]
J–L
- Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis; first Jewish mathematician to be appointed professor at a German university[141][142]
- Nathan Jacobson (1910-1999), algebra[143]
- Svetlana Jitomirskaya (born 1966), dynamical systems and mathematical physics[144]
- Ferdinand Joachimsthal (1818–1861), mathematician[145]
- Fritz John (1910-1994), partial differential equations[146]
- Mark Kac (1914–1984), probability[147]
- Victor Kac (born 1943), representation theory[54]
- Mikhail Kadets (1923–2011), mathematical analysis[148]
- Richard Kadison (born 1925), mathematician[54]
- Franz Daniel Kahn (1926–1998), mathematician and astrophysicist[149]
- László Kalmár (1905–1976), mathematical logic[150]
- Daniel Kan (1927–2013), homotopy theory[151]
- Irving Kaplansky (1917-2006), mathematician[152]
- Samuel Karlin (1924–2007), mathematician[153]
- Edward Kasner (1878–1955), differential geometry[154]
- Nick Katz (born 1943), algebraic geometry[4]
- Bruria Kaufman (1918–2010), mathematician and physicist[155]
- Joseph Keller (1923–2016), applied mathematician; National Medal of Science (1988), Wolf Prize (1997)[156]
- John G. Kemeny (1926–1992), mathematician and computer scientist[157]
- Carlos Kenig (born 1953), harmonic analysis and partial differential equations[158]
- Harry Kesten (born 1931), probability[54]
- David Khorol (1920—1990), mathematician[159]
- Mojżesz David Kirszbraun (1903—1942), mathematical analysis[160]
- Sergiu Klainerman (born 1950), hyperbolic differential equations[158]
- Morris Kline (1908–1992), mathematician[53]
- Lipót Klug (1854–1945), mathematician[161]
- Hermann Kober, mathematical analysis[162]
- Simon B. Kochen (born 1934), model theory and number theory[5]
- Joseph J. Kohn (born 1932), partial differential operators and complex analysis[163]
- Dénes Kőnig (1884–1944), graph theorist[164]
- Gyula Kőnig (1849–1913), mathematician[165]
- Leo Königsberger (1837–1921), historian of mathematics[166]
- Arthur Korn (1870-1945), mathematician and inventor[93]: 92
- Thomas Körner, mathematician [167]
- Mark Krein (1907–1989), functional analysis; Wolf Prize (1982)[168]
- Cecilia Krieger (1894–1974), mathematician[169]
- Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891), number theory[32]
- Kazimierz Kuratowski (1896–1980), mathematics and logic[4]
- Simon Kuznets (1901–1985), statistician and economist; Nobel Prize in Economics (1971)[170]
- Imre Lakatos (1922–1974), philosopher of mathematics[171]
- Dan Laksov (1940–2013), algebraic geometry[172]
- Cornelius Lanczos (1893-1974), mathematician and physicist[173]
- Edmund Landau (1877–1938), number theory and complex analysis[32]
- Serge Lang (1927–2005), number theory[5]
- Emanuel Lasker (1868–1941), mathematician and chess player[174]
- Albert Lautman (1908–1944), philosophy of mathematics[175]
- Ruth Lawrence, mathematician and child prodigy[176]
- Peter Lax (born 1926), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1987), Abel Prize (2005)[177]
- Walter Ledermann (1911-2009), mathematician[178]
- Solomon Lefschetz (1884–1972), algebraic topology and ordinary differential equations[179]
- Beppo Levi (1875–1961), mathematician[180]
- Eugenio Elia Levi (1883–1917), mathematician
- Tullio Levi-Civita (1873–1941), tensor calculus[32]
- Boris Levin (1906–1993), function theory[181]
- Norman Levinson (1912-1975), mathematician[182]
- Armand Lévy (1795–1841), mathematician[183]
- Hyman Levy (1889–1975), mathematician[184]
- Hans Lewy (1904–1988), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1986)[22]
- Gabriel Judah Lichtenfeld (1811–1887), mathematician[185]
- Leon Lichtenstein (1878–1933), differential equations, conformal mapping, and potential theory[186]
- Paulette Libermann (1919–2007), differential geometry[187]
- Lillian Lieber (1886-1986), mathematician and popular author[188]
- Adolf Lindenbaum (1904-1942), mathematical logic[189]
- Elon Lindenstrauss (born 1970), mathematician; Fields Medal (2010)[190]
- Joram Lindenstrauss (1936–2012), mathematician[191]
- Yom Tov Lipman Lipkin (1846–1876), mathematician[192]
- Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician[4]
- Rehuel Lobatto (1797–1866), mathematician[193]
- Charles Loewner (1893–1968), mathematician[194]
- Alfred Loewy (1873–1935), representation theory[195]
- Gino Loria (1862–1954), mathematician and historian of mathematics[196]
- Eugene Lukacs (1906-1987), statistician[197]
- George Lusztig (born 1946), mathematician[198]
- Israel Lyons (1739–1775), mathematician[199]
M–O
- Ludwig Immanuel Magnus (1790–1861), geometer[200]
- Kurt Mahler (1903-1988), mathematician[201][202]
- Henry Mann (1905–2000), number theory and statistics[203]
- Solomon Marcus (1925-2016), mathematical analysis, mathematical linguistics and computer science[204]
- Szolem Mandelbrojt (1899–1983), mathematical analysis[205]
- Benoit Mandelbrot (1924-2010), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1993)[206]
- Grigory Margulis (born 1946), mathematician; Fields Medal (1978), Wolf Prize (2005)[74]
- Edward Marczewski (1907–1976), mathematician[207]
- Walther Mayer (1887–1948), mathematician[208]
- Barry Mazur (born 1937), mathematician[5]
- Naum Meiman (1912–2001), complex analysis, partial differential equations, and mathematical physics[209]
- Nathan Mendelsohn (1917–2006), discrete mathematics[210]
- Karl Menger (1902–1985), mathematician[211]
- Yves Meyer (born 1939), mathematician; Abel Prize (2017)[212]
- Solomon Mikhlin (1908–1990), mathematician[213]
- David Milman (1912–1982), functional analysis[214]
- Pierre Milman (born 1945), mathematician[214]
- Vitali Milman (born 1939), mathematical analysis[214]
- Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers[215]
- Boris Moishezon (1937–1993), mathematician
- Louis Mordell (1888–1972), number theory[216]
- Sir Claus Moser,[217] statistician
- George Mostow (1923-2017), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2013)[218]
- Herman Müntz (1884–1956), mathematician[219]
- Leopoldo Nachbin (1922-1993), topology and harmonic analysis[220]
- Assaf Naor (born 1975), metric spaces[158]
- Caryn Navy (born 1953), set-theoretic topology[221]
- Mark Naimark (1909–1978), functional analysis and mathematical physics[222]
- Rabbi Nehemiah (fl. c. 150), mathematician[223]
- Leonard Nelson, mathematician and philosopher[224]
- Paul Nemenyi (1895-1952), mathematician and physicist
- Peter Nemenyi (1927–2002), mathematician
- Bernhard Neumann, mathematician[225][226]
- Louis Nirenberg (born 1925), mathematical analysis[54]
- Emmy Noether, algebra and theoretical physics[32][227]
- Fritz Noether (1884-1941), mathematician[186]
- Max Noether (1844–1921), algebraic geometry and algebraic functions[228]
- Donald Samuel Ornstein (born 1934), ergodic theory[158]
- Stanley Osher (born 1942), applied mathematics[229]
- Robert Osserman (1926–2011), geometry[53]
- Alexander Ostrowski (1893-1986), mathematician[93]: 88
P–R
- Alessandro Padoa (1868–1937), mathematician and logician[230]
- Rudolf Peierls (1907–1995), physics and applied mathematics[231]
- Rózsa Péter (1905-1977), recursion theory[232]
- Grigori Perelman (born 1966), mathematician; Fields Medal (2006, declined), Millennium Prize (2010)[233]
- Leo Perutz (1882–1957), mathematician and novelist[234]
- Ralph S. Phillips (1913–1998), functional analysis[53]
- Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro (1929-2009), mathematician; Wolf Prize (1990)[235]
- Georg Alexander Pick (1859–1942), mathematician[236]
- Salvatore Pincherle (1853–1936), functional analysis[53]
- Abraham Plessner (1900-1961), functional analysis[237]
- Felix Pollaczek (1892-1981), number theory, mathematical analysis, mathematical physics and probability theory[238]
- George Pólya (1887-1985), combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis and probability[32]
- Carl Pomerance (born 1944), number theory[4]
- Emil Leon Post (1897–1954), mathematician and logician[239]
- Mojżesz Presburger (1904-1943?), mathematician and logician[240]
- Vera Pless (born 1931), combinatorics[241]
- Alfred Pringsheim (1850–1941), analysis, theory of functions[242]
- Heinz Prüfer (1896–1934), mathematician[243]
- Hilary Putnam (1926-2016), philosophy of mathematics[244]
- Giulio Racah (1909–1965), mathematician and physicist[245]
- Richard Rado (1906-1989), mathematician[246]
- Aleksander Rajchman (1890–1940), measure theory[247]
- Joseph Raphson (c. 1648–c. 1715), mathematician[248]
- Marina Ratner (1938–2017), ergodic theory[249]
- Isaac Samuel Reggio (1784–1855), mathematician and rabbi[250]
- Robert Remak (1888–1942), group theory[251]
- Alfréd Rényi (1921–1970), combinatorics, number theory and probability[252]
- Ida Rhodes (1900–1986), mathematician[253]
- Frigyes Riesz (1880–1956), functional analysis[254]
- Marcel Riesz (1886–1969), mathematician[4]
- Eliyahu Rips (born 1948), geometric group theory[255]
- Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis[256]
- Olinde Rodrigues (1795–1851), mathematician and social reformer[257]
- Werner Rogosinski (1894–1964), mathematician[258]
- Vladimir Rokhlin (1919–1984), mathematician[259]
- Jakob Rosanes (1842–1922), algebraic geometry and invariant theory[260]
- Maxwell Rosenlicht (1924-1999), algebra[5]
- Arthur Rosenthal (1887–1959), mathematician[53]
- Klaus Roth, diophantine approximation; Fields Medal (1958)[261][74]
- Leonard Roth (1904–1968), algebraic geometry[262]
- Karl Rubin (born 1956), elliptic curves[5]
S–U
- Philip Saffman (1931-2008), applied mathematics[263]
- Stanisław Saks (1897–1942), measure theory[264]
- Raphaël Salem (1898–1963), mathematician[265]
- Hans Samelson (1916-2005), differential geometry, topology, Lie groups and Lie algebras[53]
- Peter Sarnak (born 1953), analytic number theory; Wolf Prize (2014)[22]
- Leonard Jimmie Savage (1917-1971), mathematician and statistician[266]
- Hermann Schapira (1840-1898), mathematician[267]
- Robert Schatten (1911–1977), functional analysis[268]
- Juliusz Schauder (1899-1943), functional analysis and partial differential equations[269]
- Menahem Max Schiffer (1911-1997), complex analysis, partial differential equations, and mathematical physics[270]
- Ludwig Schlesinger (1864–1933), mathematician[69]: 52
- Lev Schnirelmann (1905–1938), calculus of variations, topology and number theory[271]
- Arthur Schoenflies, mathematician[272]
- Józef Schreier (1909-1943), functional analysis, group theory and combinatorics
- Issai Schur (1875–1941), group representations, combinatorics and number theory[273]
- Jacob T. Schwartz (1930–2009), mathematician[53]
- Laurent Schwartz (1915–2002), mathematician; Fields Medal (1950)[74]
- Marie-Hélène Schwartz (1913–2013), mathematician[274]
- Irving Segal (1918–1998), functional and harmonic analysis[275]
- Beniamino Segre (1903-1977), algebraic geometry[276]
- Corrado Segre (1863–1924), algebraic geometry[53]
- Esther Seiden (1908-2014), statistics[277]
- Gary Seitz (born 1943), group theory
- Reinhard Selten (1930-2016), mathematician and game theorist; Nobel Prize in Economics (1994)[278]
- Jeffrey Shallit (born 1957), number theory and computer science[279]
- Adi Shamir (born 1952), mathematician and cryptographer[280]
- Samuil Shatunovsky (1859–1929), mathematical analysis and algebra[281]
- Saharon Shelah (born 1945), mathematician; Wolf Prize (2001)[22]
- Naum Z. Shor (1937–2006), optimization[4]
- Barry Simon (born 1946), mathematical physicist[54]
- Leon Simon (born 1945), mathematician[158]
- Yakov Sinai (born 1935), dynamical systems; Wolf Prize (1997), Abel Prize (2014)[282]
- Isadore Singer (born 1924), mathematician[54]
- Hayyim Selig Slonimski (1810–1904), mathematician and astronomer[283]
- David Spiegelhalter, statistician[284]
- Elias M. Stein (born 1931), harmonic analysis; Wolf Prize (1999)[285]
- Hugo Steinhaus (1887-1972), mathematician[286]
- Moritz Abraham Stern (1807–1894), first Jewish full professor at a German university.[142]
- Shlomo Sternberg, mathematician
- Reinhold Strassmann (1893–1944), mathematician[287]
- Ernst G. Straus (1922–1983), analytic number theory, graph theory and combinatorics[288]
- Bella Subbotovskaya (1938-1982), mathematician[289]
- James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897), mathematician[32]
- Otto Szász (1884–1952), real analysis[290]
- Gábor Szegő (1895–1985), mathematical analysis[291]
- Esther Szekeres (1910-2005), mathematician[292]
- George Szekeres (1911-2005), mathematician[293]
- Alfred Tarski, logician, mathematician, and philosopher[294]
- Alfred Tauber (1866–1942), mathematical analysis[295]
- Olga Taussky-Todd (1906–1995), algebraic number theory and algebra[296]
- Olry Terquem (1782–1862), mathematician[297]
- Otto Toeplitz (1881-1940), linear algebra and functional analysis[298]
- Jakow Trachtenberg (1888–1953), mathematician and mental calculator[299]
- Avraham Trahtman (born 1944), combinatorics[300]
- Boris Trakhtenbrot (1921-2016), mathematical logic[301]
- Pál Turán (1910-1976), number theory[302]
- Stanislaw Ulam (1909–1984), mathematician[303]
- Fritz Ursell (1923–2012), mathematician[304]
V–Z
- Alfred van der Poorten (1942–2010), number theory[305]
- Andrew Vázsonyi (1916-2003), mathematician and operations researcher[306]
- Giulio Vivanti (1859–1949), mathematician[307]
- Vito Volterra (1860–1940), functional analysis[308]
- Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963), mathematical physics[309]
- Richard von Mises (1883-1953), physicist and statistician
- John von Neumann, set theory, quantum mechanics, computer science, economics[310]
- Klara Dan von Neumann (1911–1963), mathematician and computer scientist[311]
- Friedrich Waismann (1896-1950), mathematician and philosopher[312]
- Abraham Wald (1902–1950), decision theory, geometry and econometrics[313]
- Henri Wald (1920–2002), logician[314]
- Arnold Walfisz (1892–1962), analytic number theory[315]
- Stefan E. Warschawski (1904-1989), mathematician[316]
- André Weil (1906–1998), number theory and algebraic geometry; Wolf Prize (1979)[317]
- Wendelin Werner (born 1968), probability theory and mathematical physics; Fields Medal (2006)[74]
- Norbert Wiener (1894–1964), mathematician[318]
- Eugene Wigner (1902–1995), mathematician and theoretical physicist; Nobel Prize in Physics (1963)[319]
- Ernest Julius Wilczynski (1876–1932), geometer[320]
- Herbert Wilf (1931-2012), combinatorics and graph theory[321]
- Edward Witten (born 1951), mathematical physics; Fields Medal (1990)[322]
- Julius Wolff (1882–1945), mathematician[323]
- Paul Wolfskehl (1856-1906), mathematician[324]
- Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966), mathematician and historian[325]
- Abraham Zacuto (1452–c. 1515), mathematician and astronomer
- Lotfi Zadeh (1921–2017), fuzzy mathematics[280]
- Don Zagier (born 1951), number theory[5]
- Zygmunt Zalcwasser (1898–1943), mathematician[326]
- Oscar Zariski (1899–1986), algebraic geometer; Wolf Prize (1981)[32]
- Efim Zelmanov (born 1955), mathematician; Fields Medal (1994)[74]
- Leo Zippin (1905–1995), solved Hilbert's fifth problem[327]
See also
References
- JYB = Jewish Year Book
- Hundert, Gershon D., ed. (2008). The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11903-9.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help). - O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
{{citation}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)
Footnotes
- ^ Setting the record straight about Jewish mathematicians in Nazi Germany, Haaretz
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Abigdor, Abraham (called also Bonet ben Meshullam ben Solomon)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ article in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Jewish Mathematicians". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Jewish Recipients of the Frank Nelson Cole Prizes in Algebra and Number Theory". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Alcan, Félix". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ A Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ a b c Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard (2009), Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany: Individual Fates and Global Impact, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691140414.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Shimshon Avraham Amitsur.
- ^ [1]: "Following is a list of Jewish or Israeli recipients of Turing Prize, Fields Medal and other Mathematical Prizes to date:" Accessed 8 Apr 2007
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Siegfried Heinrich Aronhold.
- ^ Abu N.M. Wahid (2002). Frontiers of Economics: Nobel Laureates of the Twentieth Century. Greenwood Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 0-313-32073-X.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Ascoli, Giulio". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Guido Ascoli.
- ^ "Notes". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 51 (11): 868–873. 1945. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1945-08465-1. News on wartime fates of Polish mathematicians, pp. 868–869.
- ^ Hirsch, Pam (1 March 2009). "Hertha Ayrton". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Brookline, Massachusetts: Jewish Women's Archive.
- ^ Bar-Hillel,Yehoshua, Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Philip Strazny (ed.), New York, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 124-126.
- ^ Haskins, Charles Homer. (1967) Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., p. 11.
- ^ H. Bass, A professional autobiography, Algebra, K-theory, groups, and education, New York, 1997 (Contemp. Math., 243, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1999), 3-13.
- ^ Death notices in Jewish Chronicle, 15 November 1996 p 31; confirms Sidney Hart was his uncle
- ^ Charles Archibald Stonehill. The Jewish Contribution to Civilization, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d "Jewish Recipients of the Wolf Medal in Mathematics". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ Robert S. Roth, ed. (1986). The Bellman Continuum: A Collection of the Works of Richard E. Bellman. World Scientific. ISBN 9789971500900.
- ^ Moseley, Caroline (23 November 1998). "'Whatever I am now, it happened here'". Princeton Weekly Bulletin. Princeton University. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ Sven-Erik., Rose,. Jewish philosophical politics in Germany, 1789/1848. Waltham, Massachusetts. ISBN 9781611685787. OCLC 890067750.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Stefan Bergman.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Paul Isaac Bernays.
- ^ [2]
- ^ A Refugee at Harvard — Harvard's Scientific Minds: Soviet Researcher Joins the Math Department, The Harvard Crimson, February 25, 1983.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Sergei Natanovich Bernstein.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Lipman Bers.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l James, Ioan M. (2009). Driven to Innovate: A Century of Jewish Mathematicians and Physicists. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-906165-22-2.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Zygmunt Wilhelm Birnbaum.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Max Black.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, André Bloch.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed: "He was born in Berlin of Jewish parents. He studied at Bonn and Giessen, but settled in Paris, becoming naturalized there."
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Lenore Blum.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Ludwig Otto Blumenthal.
- ^ Lev Pontyagin's memoirs, p. 214.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Carl Wilhelm Borchardt.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Moses Botarel Farissol". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Salomon Bochner.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Hermann Bondi.
- ^ Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. Springer Verlag
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Valentina Mikhailovna Borok.
- ^ a b c Rogovoy, Seth (13 March 2015). "The Secret Jewish History of Pi". The Forward.
- ^ Carmichael, Richard D. (1986), "Alfred Brauer: Teacher, mathematician, and developer of libraries", Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 102 (3): 88–106
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Richard Dagobert Brauer.
- ^ Dalia Karpel (18 April 2002). "Oh my love, comely as Jerusalem". Haaretz Daily Newspaper. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
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: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Selig Brodetsky; "These include the papers of Anglo-Jewish leaders, such as Selig Brodetsky"
- ^ [3]
- ^ Lin, Thomas (20 December 2016). "Remembering Felix Browder, A Nonlinear Genius in a Nonlinear World". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hersh, Reuben (2010). "Under-Represented Then Over-Represented: A Memoir of Jews in American Mathematics". The College Mathematics Journal. 41 (1): 2–9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Jewish Recipients of the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ Tannery, Paul (1934) Memoires Scientifique 13 Correspondance, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, p. 306.
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Emma Castelnuovo.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Guido Castelnuovo.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Herman Chernoff.
- ^ a b Richard, Preston (2 March 1992). "The Mountains of Pi". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ Macintyre, A.J. "Paul Joseph Cohen" Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, London Mathematical Society. Accessed March 3, 2011.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Jacob Willem Cohen.
- ^ Obituary in The Times, "he was born in Hamburg in 1924 to Jewish parents." Accessed 9 July 2008.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Comtino, Mordecai ben Eliezer". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (23 May 2010). "Mixing Torah and flour". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74126.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Jackson, Allyn (September 2007), "Interview with Martin Davis" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 55, no. 5, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (published May 2008), pp. 560–571, ISSN 0002-9920, OCLC 1480366
- ^ [4]
- ^ a b c Bergmann, Birgit (2012). Transcending Tradition: Jewish Mathematicians in German Speaking Academic Culture.
- ^ de Bruyn, Dieter; van Heuckelom, Kris (2009). (Un)masking Bruno Schulz: New Combinations, Further Fragmentations, Ultimate Reintegrations. p. 423.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Nathan Joseph Harry Divinsky.
- ^ Handwerk, Agnes; Willems, Harrie (2007). Wolfgang Doeblin: A mathematician rediscovered. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-71960-1.
- ^ Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
- ^ a b c d e f g "Jewish Recipients of the Fields Medal in Mathematics". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Eugene Borisovich Dynkin.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Samuel Eilenberg.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein.
- ^ Emanuël Lodewijk Elte at joodsmonument.nl
- ^ Stoilow, Simion (1955), David Emmanuel, 1854-1941, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Federigo Enriques", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ William D. Rubinstein, Michael Jolles, Hilary L. Rubinstein, The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History, Palgrave Macmillan (2011), p. 260
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Farkas, Gyula (Julius)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ Scott, Leonard; Solomon, Ronald; Thompson, John; Walter, John; Zelmanov, Efim. "Walter Feit (1930–2004)" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 52 (7): 728–735.
- ^ Mikolás, Miklós (1970–1980). "Fejér, Lipót". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 561–2. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
- ^ Rogosinski, W. W. (1958). "Obituary: Michael Fekete". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series. 33: 496–500. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-33.4.496. ISSN 0024-6107. MR 0100535.
- ^ Michèle Audin, Publier sous l’Occupation. Autour du cas de Jacques Feldbau et de l’académie des sciences.
- ^ "Kate Fenchel", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College.
- ^ Kiselman, Christer (2016). "Werner Fenchel: A pioneer in convexity theory" (PDF). p. 13.
- ^ a b c Fraenkel, Abraham A. (2016). Cohen-Mansfield, Jiska (ed.). Recollections of a Jewish Mathematician in Germany. Translated by Brown, Allison. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-319-30845-6.
- ^ 在日ユダヤ人論序説-ピーター・フランクルを通して考える「日本」-
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Franklin, Fabian". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Hans Freudenthal.
- ^ The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Friesenhausen, David .
- ^ [7]
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Hillel Furstenberg.
- ^ Kurrer, Karl-Eugen, The History of the Theory of Structures, p. 1999, retrieved 20 October 2017
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Gans, David ben Solomon ben Seligman". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ Richards, Joan L. (1987), "Hilda Geiringer von Mises (1893--1973)", Women of mathematics, Westport, CT: Greenwood, pp. 41–46, MR 0911490
- ^ "Science Obituaries: Israel Gelfand". The Telegraph. London. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Semyon Aranovich Gershgorin.
- ^ Simonson, Shai. "The Mathematics of Levi ben Gershon, the Ralbag" (PDF). Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- ^ Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, Oct. 6 1978, p.32
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Israel Gohberg.
- ^ Eremenko, A.; Ostrovskii, I.; Sodin, M. (1998). "Anatolii Asirovich Gol'dberg" (PDF). Complex Variables, Theory and Application. 37 (1–4): 1–51. doi:10.1080/17476939808815121.
- ^ Küssner, Martha (1982). "Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt und Moritz Abraham Stern, zwei Gaußschüler jüdischer Herkunft" [Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt and Moritz Abraham Stern, Two Gauss Students of Jewish Origin]. Mitteilungen der Gauß-Gesellschaft [Releases of the Gauss Society] (in German) (19). Göttingen: 37–62.
- ^ [8]
- ^ Wolfram, Stephen (2016). "Solomon Golomb (1932–2016)". Idea Makers: Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People. Wolfram Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1579550035.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. .
- ^ [9]
- ^ Biography (in German) at Berlin Stolperstein site
- ^ Masha Gessen (2011). Perfect Rigour: A Genius and the Mathematical Breakthrough of a Lifetime. Icon Books Ltd.
- ^ Graf-Grossmann, Claudia (2018). Marcel Grossmann: For the Love of Mathematics. Translated by Brewer, William D. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-90076-6.
- ^ Knopp, Marvin I. (July–August 1989). "Emil Grosswald 1912–1989". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 36 (6): 685–686. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ Bruce Weber; Julie Rehmeyer (14 November 2014). "Alexander Grothendieck, Math Enigma, Dies at 86". The New York Times.
- ^ "The life and mathematics of Géza Grünwald". Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ [10]
- ^ JYB 2005 p.215
- ^ Champaign Resident Remembers the Kindertransport, WILL, 19 April 2012.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Halphen, Georges-Henri". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Hans Ludwig Hamburger", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Hartman, A. (1989). "Combinatorial Designs: A Tribute to Haim Hanani". Annals of Discrete Mathematics. Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780444881151. LCCN lc89023148.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Benbassa, Esther; Attias, Jean-Christophe; Gisel, Pierre (2002). Europe et les juifs (in French). Labor et Fides. p. 120. ISBN 978-2-8309-1048-3.
- ^ Schulte, Christoph (2008). "Leibniz und sein 'Schüler' Raphael Levi". In Rudolph, Hartmut (ed.). Leibniz und das Judentum (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. pp. 35–48. ISBN 978-3-515-09251-7.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Friedrich Moritz Hartogs", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Cohn, P. M. (2004). "Heilbronn, Hans Arnold (1908–1975)". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/51633.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Ernst David Hellinger", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Eduard Helly.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Maximilian Jacob Herzberger", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Flade, Roland (1985), Juden in Würzburg, 1918–1933, Mainfränkische Studien, vol. 34 (2nd ed.), p. 47.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Kurt Hirsch.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Adolf Hurwitz.
- ^ "Astrology in Medieval Judaism - My Jewish Learning". Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Steinschneider, Abraham ibn Ezra, in Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, xxv., Supplement, pp. 28, 59.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Ibn Shoshan". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon.
- ^ [11]
- ^ a b Setting the record straight about Jewish mathematicians in Nazi Germany, Haaretz
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Nathan Jacobson", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Svetlana Yakovlevna Jitomirskaya", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Joachimsthal, Ferdinand J.". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Fritz John.
- ^ Obituary in Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 11 November 1984.
- ^ "In memory of Mikhail Iosifovich Kadets (1923–2011)". Zh. Mat. Fiz. Anal. Geom. (in Russian). 7 (2): 194–195. 2011. MR 2829617.
- ^ Graham-Smith, Francis (2004). "Kahn, Franz Daniel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69540. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Reuben Hersh & Vera John-Steiner (1993). "A Visit to Hungarian Mathematics" (PDF).
- ^ Barwick, Clark; Hopkins, Michael; Miller, Haynes; Moerdijk, Ieke. "Daniel M. Kan (1927–2013)" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 62 (9): 1042–1045.
- ^ Irving Kaplansky Memoir by Nancy E. Albert
- ^ Sam Karlin, mathematician who improved DNA analysis, dies
- ^ Columbia and the "Jewish Problem”
- ^ "Bruria Kaufman-Harris: physicist who worked with Albert Einstein". Times Online. 3 March 2010.
- ^ Roberts, Sam. "Joseph B. Keller, Mathematician With Whimsical Curiosity, Dies at 93", The New York Times, September 16, 2016. Accessed September 19, 2016. "Joseph Bishop Keller was born in Paterson, N.J., on July 31, 1923. His father, Isaac Keiles — whose name, he said, was changed when he arrived in the United States — was a Russian refugee who fled pogroms against Jews."
- ^ Ohles, Frederik; Shirley M. Ohles; John G. Ramsay (1997). Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 189. ISBN 0-313-29133-0.
- ^ a b c d e "Jewish Recipients of the Bôcher Memorial Prize". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ "Хорол Давид Моисеевич". Герои страны ("Heroes of the Country") (in Russian).
- ^ Mojżesz Kirszbraun, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Leopold Klug", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Hermann Kober", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Cook, Mariana (2009). Mathematicians an outer view of the inner world (Online-Ausg. ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN 1400832888.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Dénes König", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Tamás, Turán; Wilke, Carsten (2016). Modern Jewish Scholarship in Hungary. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. p. 224.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Leo Königsberger", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Two Jewish parents: Stephan Körner (JYB 2005 p215) and Edith Körner
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Mark Grigorievich Krein", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Cypra Cecilia Krieger Dunaij", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Weyl, E. Glen (2007). "Simon Kuznets: Cautious Empiricist of the Eastern European Jewish Diaspora" (PDF). Harvard University Society of Fellows; Toulouse School of Economics. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Imre Lakatos (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
- ^ Ottosen, Kristian (1994). I slik en natt. Historien om deportasjonen av jøder fra Norge.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Cornelius Lanczos", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Hannak, J. (1959). Emanuel Lasker: The Life of a Chess Master. Simon and Schuster. p. 266. ISBN 0-486-26706-7.
- ^ Lautman, Albert (2011). Mathematics, Ideas, and the Physical Real (PDF). Translated by Duffy, Simon B. Continuum. p. xvi. ISBN 978-1-4411-2344-2.
- ^ [12]
- ^ Peter Lax, Britannica.com.
- ^ Obituary - Professor Walter Ledermann on Sussex University site
- ^ Hodge, W. (1973). "Solomon Lefschetz (1884-1972)". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 432. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0016.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Beppo Levi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Boris Yakovlevich Levin.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Norman Levinson.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Lévy, Armand (Abraham)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ Staff, Hyman Levy, Gazetteer for Scotland.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Lichtenfeld, Gabriel Judah)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ a b Segal, Sanford L. (2003). Mathematicians under the Nazis. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Chaperon, Marc (8 November 2009), Souvenirs de Paulette Libermann: Un portrait mathématique de Paulette Libermann (1919-2007) (in French), CNRS.
- ^ Alper, Joseph S. (1 March 2009). "Lillian R. Lieber". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Brookline, Massachusetts: Jewish Women's Archive.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Adolf Lindenbaum.
- ^ "Elon Lindenstrauss", Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ Abrams, Roy (1 August 2011). "Number Theory". Tablet.
- ^ Alan T. Levenson, Roger C. Klein, An Introduction to Modern Jewish Thinkers: From Spinoza to Soloveitchik, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Lobatto, Rehuel". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Charles Loewner", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alfred Loewy", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Loria, Gino". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Eugene Lukacs", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, George Lusztig; "I'm not religious but being Jewish played a role in my choice of mathematics, which seemed beyond the reach of politics, as well as the fact that it was an area where I had the best possible chance to be judged objectively."
- ^ Lynn B. Glyn, "Israel Lyons: A Short but Starry Career. The Life of an Eighteenth-Century Jewish Botanist and Astronomer," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2002, pp. 275–305.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Magnus, Ludwig Immanuel". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ JYB 2005 p.214
- ^ Olson, John (1977). "Henry B. Mann". In Zassenhaus, Hans (ed.). Number theory and algebra: Collected papers dedicated to Henry B. Mann, Arnold E. Ross, and Olga Taussky-Todd. New York-London: Academic Press [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers]. pp. xx–xxv. ISBN 0-12-776350-3. MR 0469653.
- ^ "Interviu Solomon Marcus, academician: "Până la 20 de ani, am purtat numai hainele fraţilor mei"". Adevarul.ro. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Szolem Mandelbrojt.
- ^ Mandelbrot, Benoit (14 January 2014). The Fractalist: Memoir of a Scientific Maverick (Reprint ed.). Vintage. ISBN 9780307389916.
- ^ Roman Duda and Stanisław Hartman, Edward Marczewski (November 15, 1907 – October 17, 1976).
- ^ Havas, Peter (1999), "Einstein, relativity, and gravitation research in Vienna before 1938", in Goenner, Hubert (ed.), The Expanding Worlds of General Relativity, Einstein Studies, vol. 7, Birkhäuser, pp. 161–206, ISBN 9780817640606.
- ^ Paul, Lisa (2011). Swimming in the Daylight: An American Student, a Soviet-Jewish Dissident, and the Gift of Hope. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61608-203-1.
- ^ Ron Csillag, Nathan Mendelsohn, Scholar 1917-2006, Globe and Mail. Published July 21, 2006.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Karl Menger.
- ^ "French-Jewish Mathematician Wins Math Nobel", The Forward.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Solomon Grigoryevich Mikhlin.
- ^ a b c I. Gohberg; M. S. Livšic; I. Piatetski-Shapiro (January 1986). "David Milman (1912–1982)". Integral Equations and Operator Theory. 9 (1). Birkhäuser Basel: ii. doi:10.1007/BF01257057.
- ^ Contemporary Authors V. 162 by Rooney, Scot Peacock, p. 169.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, SLouis Joel Mordell.
- ^ [13]
- ^ "Enlightenment at a red traffic light: Wolf Prize laureate Prof. George Daniel Mostow made his greatest scientific breakthrough while driving". Haaretz. 12 May 2013.
- ^ E. L. Ortiz, A. Pinkus, "Herman Müntz: A Mathematician's Odyssey", Mathematical Intelligencer 27 (2005), 22–31.
- ^ Garrido, Ángel; Wybraniec-Skardowska, Urszula, eds. (2018). The Lvov-Warsaw School: Past and Present. Birkhäuser. p. 782. ISBN 978-3-319-65429-4.
- ^ Hogan, Cara (20 February 2009). "Learning through their fingertips: Special needs organizations provide Jewish education to blind children" (PDF). The Jewish Advocate. p. 2. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Mark Aronovich Naimark.
- ^ Petr Beckmann, A History of Pi, St. Martin's (1971).
- ^ Reiss, H. S. (1954). "Leonard Nelson zum Gedächtnis by Minna Specht, Willi Eichler". The British Journal of Sociology. 5 (3). London School of Economics and Political Science: 290–1. doi:10.2307/587095. ISSN 1468-4446. JSTOR 587095 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|registration=
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suggested) (help) - ^ [14]
- ^ JYB 2005 p.214
- ^ Noether, CWP at physics.UCLA.edu, Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Max Noether.
- ^ Recent Advances in Scientific Computing and Partial Differential Equations (2003). AMS Contemporary Mathematics 330. p. vii.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alessandro Padoa", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Dalitz, Richard (2008) [2004]. "Peierls, Rudolf Ernst (1907–1995)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60076. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Rózsa Péter.
- ^ Osborn, Andrew (27 March 2010). "Russian maths genius may turn down $1m prize". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
He has suffered anti-Semitism (he is Jewish)....Grigory is pure Jewish and I never minded that but my bosses did.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Piper, Alan (2013). "Leo Perutz and the Mystery of St Peter's Snow". Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture. 6 (2): 176.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro, In Memoriam" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 57 (10): 1260–1275, 2010
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Georg Alexander Pick", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Abraham Ezechiel Plessner.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Leo Félix Pollaczek", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Emil Leon Post", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Jan Zygmunt (1991). "Mojżesz Presburger: Life and Work". History and Philosophy of Logic. 12: 211–223. doi:10.1080/014453409108837186.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Vera Pless.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Alfred Pringsheim.
- ^ Behnke, H.; Köthe, G. (1935), "Heinz Prüfer", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, XLV: 32–40
- ^ King, P.J. One Hundred Philosophers: The Life and Work of the World's Greatest Thinkers. Barron's 2004, p. 170.
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library, sourced from Encyclopaedia Judaica
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Richard Rado.
- ^ Zygmund, Antoni (1987), "Aleksander Rajchman (1890–1940)", Roczniki Polskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego. Seria II. Wiadomości Matematyczne (in Polish), 27 (2): 219–231, ISSN 0373-8302, MR 0908884
- ^ Thomas, David J. "Raphson, Joseph". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Hartsock, John (3 December 1987). "Soviet refusenik to be released". UPI.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Reggio, Isaac Samuel (YaSHaR)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ Emmer, Emmer (2004). Mathematics and culture I. Axel Springer AG. p. 59. ISBN 978-3-540-01770-7.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Alfréd Rényi; "Both of Alfréd's parents were Jewish, a fact which, sadly, was highly significant for those living in Hungary through this period of anti-Semitic fervour."
- ^ Morrow, Charlene; Perl, Teri (1 January 1998). Notable Women in Mathematics: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 180. ISBN 9780313291319.
- ^ Tibor, Frank (1997). "George Pólya and the Heuristic Tradition: Fascination with Genius in Central Europe". Polanyiana. 6 (2).
- ^ Lolita Tomsone (23 May 2016). "Sērkociņš Ripss" (in Latvian). Satori. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Dauben, Joseph W. "Robinson, Abraham (1918–1974)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ [15]
- ^ William D. Rubinstein, Michael Jolles, Hilary L. Rubinstein, The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History, Palgrave Macmillan (2011), p. 807
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Rosanes, Jacob". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Leonard Roth", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Moffatt, H. K. "Saffman, Philip Geoffrey (1931–2008)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stanisław Saks", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Raphaël Salem.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Leonard Jimmie Savage.
- ^ Kohut, Berühmte Israelitische Männer und Frauen, vi. 249-250.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Elliott Ward Cheney.
- ^ Ingarden, Roman (1993), "Juliusz Schauder - personal reminiscences", Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis, 2 (1): 1–14, Zbl 0795.01027
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Menahem Max Schiffer", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Schnirelmann, Lev .
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Arthur Moritz Schönflies", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Issai Schur.
- ^ Kosmann-Schwarzbach, Yvette (2015), "Women mathematicians in France in the mid-twentieth century", BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics, arXiv:1502.07597, doi:10.1080/17498430.2014.976804.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Irving Ezra Segal", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Beniamino Segre.
- ^ Gilliland, Dennis (15 November 2015), "Obituary: Esther Seiden, 1908–2014", IMS Bulletin
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Reinhard Selten.
- ^ About Joseph Shallit. Accessed 2 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Jews in Computer & Information Science". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Samuil Osipovich Shatunovsky.
- ^ "Legendary Russian academic Yakov Sinai awarded 'math Nobel'". RT. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Israel Zinberg, The Haskalah Movement in Russia, p. 180.
- ^ JYB 2007 p.198
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Elias Menachem Stein.
- ^ Kac, Mark (1987). Enigmas of chance: an autobiography. University of California Press. pp. 49–53. ISBN 978-0-520-05986-3.
- ^ Burkhard Madea, History of Forensic Medicine, Lehmanns Media (2017), p. 148
- ^ Cantor, David, Gordon, Basil, Hales, Alfred, and Schacher, Murray (1985). "Biography — Ernst G. Straus 1922–1983". Pacific Journal of Mathematics. 118 (2): i–xx (Special issue in memory of Ernst G. Straus). doi:10.2140/pjm.1985.118.i.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Bella Subbotovskaya", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Otto Szász", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Biography on the homepage of Kunhegyes (in Hungarian)
- ^ Cowling, Michael (7 November 2005). "A world of teaching and numbers - times two". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ Cowling, M., "Obituary George and Esther Szekeres", Gazette of the Australian Mathematical Society, Vol 32 (2005), No 4, pp. 221–224
- ^ * Feferman, Anita Burdman; Feferman, Solomon (2004). Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80240-6. OCLC 54691904.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alfred Tauber", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Olga Taussky-Todd.
- ^ "Terquem, Olry", Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, 1906.
- ^ Born, M. (1940). "Obituary: Prof. Otto Toeplitz". Nature. 145: 617. doi:10.1038/145617a0. MR 0002797., reprinted in Born, Max (1981). "Professor Otto Toeplitz". Integral Equations Operator Theory. 4 (2): 278–280. doi:10.1007/BF01702386. MR 0606137.
- ^ Jakow Trachtenberg, adapted by Ann Cutler and Rudolph McShane (1965). The Speed System of Basic Mathematics. London: Pan Books Ltd.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Avraham Naumovich Trahtman", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Boris Avraamovich Trakhtenbrot.
- ^ [16]
- ^ Ulam, Stanisław (1983). Adventures of a Mathematician. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-14391-0. OCLC 1528346.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Fritz Joseph Ursell", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Hunt, David (March 2011), "Obituary: Alfred Jacobus (Alf) van der Poorten" (PDF), Gazette of the Australian Mathematical Society, 38 (1): 33–36.
- ^ Gass, Saul I. (February 2004), "In Memoriam Andrew (Andy) Vazsonyi: 1916-2003. Operations research/management science pioneer, educator, researcher, illustrator and author helped shape profession", OR/MS Today.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Giulio Benedetto Isacco Vivanti.
- ^ Goodstein, Judith R. (2007), The Volterra Chronicles: The Life and Times of an Extraordinary Mathematician 1860–1940, History of Mathematics, vol. 31, Providence, RI-London: American Mathematical Society/London Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-3969-1, MR 2287463, Zbl 1123.01016
- ^ Goldstein, S. (1966). "Theodore von Karman 1881–1963". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 334–365. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0016.
- ^ Myhrvold, Nathan (21 March 1999). "John von Neumann". Time.
- ^ Withman, Sarah. "Meet the Computer Scientist You Should Thank For Your Smartphone's Weather App". Retrieved 19 June 2017.
- ^ McGuiness, Brian, ed. (1977). Friedrich Waismann: Philosophical Papers. D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. ix.
- ^ Morgenstern, Oskar (1951). "Abraham Wald, 1902–1950". Econometrica. 19 (4). Econometrica, Vol. 19, No. 4: 361–367. doi:10.2307/1907462. JSTOR 1907462.
- ^ The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Wald, Henri .
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Arnold Walfisz.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stefan E Warschawski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ [17]
- ^ "Norbert Wiener". NNDB. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ Szanton, Andrew (1992). The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner. Plenum. ISBN 0-306-44326-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Wilczynski, Ernest Julius". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Herbert Saul Wilf", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Edward Witten.
- ^ Bas Edixhoven, Who was the mathematician Julius Wolff?.
- ^ Barner, Klaus. "Paul Wolfskehl and the Wolfskehl Prize" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 44 (10): 1294–1303.
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Sof'ja Aleksandrovna Janovskaja.
- ^ Małgorzata Przeniosło, Powstanie i rozwój warszawskiej szkoły matematycznej w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (Development of the Warsaw School of Mathematics)
- ^ O'Connor & Robertson, Leo Zippin.