Satoshi Nakamoto: Difference between revisions

Satoshi Nakamoto
Satoshi Nakamoto
Born	5 April 1975 (age 49) (claimed); Japan (claimed)
Nationality	Japanese (claimed)
Known for	Inventing bitcoin, implementing the first blockchain, deploying the first decentralized digital currency
	Scientific career
Fields	Digital currencies, computer science, cryptography

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Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the unknown person or people who developed bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation.^[1] As part of the implementation, they also devised the first blockchain database.^[2] In the process they were the first to solve the double-spending problem for digital currency using a peer-to-peer network. They were active in the development of bitcoin up until December 2010.

History

On a P2P Foundation profile, Nakamoto claimed to be a man living in Japan, born on 5 April 1975.^[3] Speculation about the true identity of Nakamoto has mostly focused on a number of cryptography and computer science experts of non-Japanese descent, living in the United States and various European countries.^[4] Satoshi Nakamoto also created the bitcointalk forum, and posted the first message in 2009 under the pseudonym satoshi.^[5]

Development of bitcoin

In October 2008, Nakamoto published a paper^[6]^[7] on the cryptography mailing list at metzdowd.com^[8] describing the bitcoin digital currency. It was titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In January 2009, Nakamoto released the first bitcoin software that launched the network and the first units of the bitcoin cryptocurrency, called bitcoins.^[9]^[10] Satoshi Nakamoto released the Version 0.1 of bitcoin software on Sourceforge on 9 January 2009.

Nakamoto claimed that work on the writing of the code began in 2007.^[11] Nakamoto knew that due to its nature, the core design would have to be able to support a broad range of transaction types. The implemented solution enabled specialized codes and data fields from the start through the use of a predicative script.^[12]

Nakamoto created a website with the domain name bitcoin.org and continued to collaborate with other developers on the bitcoin software until mid-2010. Around this time, he handed over control of the source code repository and network alert key to Gavin Andresen,^[13] transferred several related domains to various prominent members of the bitcoin community, and stopped his involvement in the project. Until shortly before his absence and handover, Nakamoto made all modifications to the source code himself.

On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.^[14]^[15] Embedded in the coinbase transaction of this block was the text:

The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.^[16]

The text refers to a headline in The Times published on 3 January 2009.^[17] This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp of the genesis date and a derisive comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.^[18]^: 18 It is a strong indication that the first block was mined no earlier than this date.^[19] The genesis block has a timestamp of 18:15:05 GMT on 3 January 2009. This block is unlike all other blocks in that it doesn't have a previous block to reference.^[19] This required the use of custom code to mine it. Timestamps for subsequent blocks indicate that Nakamoto did not try to mine all the early blocks solely for himself.^[19]

As initially the sole and subsequently the predominant miner, Nakamoto was awarded bitcoin at genesis and for 10 days afterwards.^[20] Except for test transactions these remain unspent since mid January 2009.^[20] The public bitcoin transaction log shows that Nakamoto's known addresses contain roughly one million bitcoins.^[21] At bitcoin's peak in December 2017, this was worth over 19 billion USD,^[22]^[23] making Nakamoto possibly the 44th richest person in the world at the time.^[24]

Characteristics and identity

Nakamoto has not disclosed any personal information when discussing technical matters.^[4] He provided some commentary on banking and fractional-reserve banking. On his P2P Foundation profile as of 2012, Nakamoto claimed to be a 37-year-old male who lived in Japan,^[25] but some speculated he was unlikely to be Japanese due to his use of perfect English and his bitcoin software not being documented or labelled in Japanese.^[4]

Occasional British English spelling and terminology (such as the phrase "bloody hard") in both source code comments and forum postings led to speculation that Nakamoto, or at least one individual in the consortium claiming to be him, was of Commonwealth origin.^[4]^[6]^[26] Moreover, the first bitcoin block that could only be mined by Satoshi contains the encoded text The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks which implies that he was reading the London's The Times newspaper at the time of the inception of bitcoin.^[16]^[27]^: 18

Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's bitcoin forum posts (more than 500); the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. This was between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Japanese time, suggesting an unusual sleep pattern for someone presumably living in Japan. As this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time.^[4]

Nakamoto's initial email to Dai is dated 22 August 2008; the metadata for this PDF (pdftk bitcoin.pdf dump_data) yields as the CreationDate the value 20081003134958-07'00' – this implies 3 October 2008 or a bit over a month later, which is consistent with the local date mentioned in the Cypherpunk mailing list email. This is an earlier draft than the final draft on bitcoin.org, which is dated 20090324113315-06'00' or 24 March 2009; the timezone differs: −7 vs −6.^[28]

Gavin Andresen has said of Nakamoto's code: "He was a brilliant coder, but it was quirky".^[29]

Possible identities

There is still doubt about the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto.^[30]

Hal Finney

Hal Finney (4 May 1956 – 28 August 2014) was a pre-bitcoin cryptographic pioneer and the first person (other than Nakamoto himself) to use the software, file bug reports, and make improvements.^[31] He also lived a few blocks from Dorian Nakamoto's family home, according to Forbes journalist Andy Greenberg.^[32] Greenberg asked the writing analysis consultancy Juola & Associates to compare a sample of Finney's writing to Satoshi Nakamoto's, and they found that it was the closest resemblance they had yet come across (including the candidates suggested by Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson and Skye Grey).^[32] Greenberg theorized that Finney may have been a ghostwriter on behalf of Nakamoto, or that he simply used his neighbor Dorian's identity as a "drop" or "patsy whose personal information is used to hide online exploits". However, after meeting Finney, seeing the emails between him and Nakamoto and his bitcoin wallet's history (including the very first bitcoin transaction from Nakamoto to him, which he forgot to pay back) and hearing his denial, Greenberg concluded that Finney was telling the truth. Juola & Associates also found that Nakamoto's emails to Finney more closely resemble Nakamoto's other writings than Finney's do. Finney's fellow extropian and sometimes co-blogger Robin Hanson assigned a subjective probability of "at least" 15% that "Hal was more involved than he’s said", before further evidence suggested that was not the case.^[33]

Nick Szabo

In December 2013, a blogger named Skye Grey linked Nick Szabo to the bitcoin whitepaper using a stylometric analysis.^[34]^[35]^[36] Szabo is a decentralized currency enthusiast and published a paper on "bit gold", which is considered a precursor to bitcoin.^[35]^[36] He is known to have been interested in using pseudonyms in the 1990s.^[37] In a May 2011 article, Szabo stated about the bitcoin creator: "Myself, Wei Dai, and Hal Finney were the only people I know of who liked the idea (or in Dai's case his related idea) enough to pursue it to any significant extent until Nakamoto (assuming Nakamoto is not really Finney or Dai)."^[38]

Detailed research by financial author Dominic Frisby provides much circumstantial evidence but, as he admits, no proof that Satoshi is Szabo.^[39] Speaking on RT's The Keiser Report, he said "I've concluded there is only one person in the whole world that has the sheer breadth but also the specificity of knowledge and it is this chap ...".^[40] However, Szabo has denied being Satoshi. In a July 2014 email to Frisby, he said: 'Thanks for letting me know. I'm afraid you got it wrong doxing me as Satoshi, but I'm used to it'.^[41] Nathaniel Popper wrote in the New York Times that "the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo."^[42]

Dorian Nakamoto

In a high-profile 6 March 2014 article in the magazine Newsweek,^[43] journalist Leah McGrath Goodman identified Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto, a Japanese American man living in California, whose birth name is Satoshi Nakamoto,^[43]^[44]^[45] as the Nakamoto in question. Besides his name, Goodman pointed to a number of facts that circumstantially suggested he was the bitcoin inventor.^[43] Trained as a physicist at Cal Poly University in Pomona, Nakamoto worked as a systems engineer on classified defense projects and computer engineer for technology and financial information services companies. Nakamoto was laid off twice in the early 1990s and turned libertarian, according to his daughter, and encouraged her to start her own business "not under the government's thumb." In the article's seemingly biggest piece of evidence, Goodman wrote that when she asked him about bitcoin during a brief in-person interview, Nakamoto seemed to confirm his identity as the bitcoin founder by stating: "I am no longer involved in that and I cannot discuss it. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now. I no longer have any connection."^[43]^[46] The article's publication led to a flurry of media interest, including reporters camping out near Dorian Nakamoto's house and subtly chasing him by car when he drove to do an interview.^[47] However, during the subsequent full-length interview, Dorian Nakamoto denied all connection to bitcoin, saying he had never heard of the currency before, and that he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being about his previous work for military contractors, much of which was classified.^[48] In a Reddit "ask-me-anything" interview, he claimed he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being related to his work for Citibank.^[49] Later that day, the pseudonymous Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account posted its first message in five years, stating: "I am not Dorian Nakamoto."^[50]^[51] However, it is generally believed that Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account had been hacked, and the message was not sent by him.^[52]^[53]^[54]

Craig Wright

On 8 December 2015, Wired wrote that Craig Steven Wright, an Australian academic, "either invented bitcoin or is a brilliant hoaxer who very badly wants us to believe he did".^[55] Craig Wright took down his Twitter account and neither he nor his ex-wife responded to press inquiries. The same day, Gizmodo published a story with evidence obtained by a hacker who supposedly broke into Wright's email accounts, claiming that Satoshi Nakamoto was a joint pseudonym for Craig Steven Wright and computer forensics analyst David Kleiman, who died in 2013.^[56] A number of prominent bitcoin promoters remained unconvinced by the reports.^[57] Subsequent reports also raised the possibility that the evidence provided was an elaborate hoax,^[58]^[59] which Wired acknowledged "cast doubt" on their suggestion that Wright was Nakamoto.^[60]

On 9 December, only hours after Wired claimed Wright was Nakamoto, Wright's home in Gordon, New South Wales was raided by at least ten police officers. His business premises in Ryde, New South Wales were also searched by police. The Australian Federal Police stated they conducted searches to assist the Australian Taxation Office and that "This matter is unrelated to recent media reporting regarding the digital currency bitcoin."^[61] According to a document released by Gizmodo alleged to be a transcript of a meeting between Wright and the ATO, he had been involved in a taxation dispute with them for several years.^[56]

On 2 May 2016, Craig Wright posted on his blog publicly claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto. In articles released on the same day, journalists from the BBC and The Economist stated that they saw Wright signing a message using the private key associated with the first bitcoin transaction.^[62]^[63] During his BBC interview (which was also video recorded, aired and published by BBC News) Wright said:

Some people will believe, some people won't, and to tell you the truth, I don't really care. ... I didn't decide [to reveal my identity now]. People decided this matter for me. And they're making life difficult not for me but my friends, my family, my staff. ... They want to be private. They don't want all of this to affect them. And I don't want any of them to be impacted by this. None of it's true. There are lots of stories out there that have been made up. And I don't like it hurting those people I care about. So I am going to do this thing only once. And once only. I am going to come in front of a camera once. And I will never, ever, be on the camera ever again for any TV station, or any media, ever.

Wright's claim was supported by Jon Matonis (former director of the Bitcoin Foundation) and bitcoin developer Gavin Andresen, both of whom met Wright and witnessed a similar signing demonstration.^[64]

However, bitcoin developer Peter Todd said that Wright's blog post, which appeared to contain cryptographic proof, actually contained nothing of the sort.^[65] The Bitcoin Core project released a statement on Twitter saying "There is currently no publicly available cryptographic proof that anyone in particular is bitcoin's creator."^[66]^[67] Bitcoin developer Jeff Garzik agreed that evidence publicly provided by Wright does not prove anything, and security researcher Dan Kaminsky concluded Wright's claim was "intentional scammery".^[68]^[69]

On 4 May 2016, Wright made another post on his blog intimating his intentions to publish "a series of pieces that will lay the foundations for this extraordinary claim".^[70]^[71] But the following day, he deleted all his blog posts and replaced them with a notice entitled "I'm Sorry", which read in part:

I believed that I could put the years of anonymity and hiding behind me. But, as the events of this week unfolded and I prepared to publish the proof of access to the earliest keys, I broke. I do not have the courage. I cannot.^[72]^[73]

On Thursday 5 May 2016 shortly before closing his blog, Wright sent around an email link to a news story from an impostor site resembling SiliconAngle saying "Craig Wright faces criminal charges and serious jail time in UK". Wright stated that "I am the source of terrorist funds as bitcoin creator or I am a fraud to the world. At least a fraud is able to see his family. There is nothing I can do."^[74].

In June 2016, the London Review of Books published an article by Andrew O'Hagan about the events, based on his book "The Secret Life: Three True Stories" in which O'Hagan spends several weeks with Wright at the request of Wright's public relations team; which, as revealed in the book, was set up as a result of a business deal between Wright and various individuals including Calvin Ayre after bitcoin was created. All of those involved in the described business deal seemed to agree that they wanted a significant event in human history to be documented by a writer with complete impartiality and freedom to investigate. O'Hagan was with Wright during the time of his various media interviews. O'Hagan also interviews Wright's wife, colleagues and many of the other people involved in his claims.^[75]^[76]^[77] It also reveals that the Canadian company nTrust was behind Wright's claim made in May 2016 (perhaps referencing nTrust as being the same entity which created the public relations team for Wright). Further, O'Hagan suggests that Wright provided an invalid private key because he was legally unable to provide the valid one as a result of legal obligations agreed as part of a Seychelles trust deal previously reached. O'Hagan's book also corroborates the suggestion that both Wright and David Kleiman were the identies of the moniker "Satoshi Nakamoto".

Following O'Hagan's article, BBC journalist Rory Cellan-Jones (who interviewed Wright on camera for the BBC) wrote a follow up article citing O'Hagan's account as the possible reasons for Wright's apparent unwillingness to declare himself as Nakamoto:

To me, the key revelation is about this motivation.
He had told the BBC that he had not wanted to come out into the spotlight but needed to dispel damaging rumours affecting his family, friends and colleagues.
But O'Hagan shows us something rather different - a man under intense pressure from business associates who stood to profit from him if he could be shown to be Nakamoto.^[78]

This is in reference to O'Hagan's firsthand account, which describes business associates as being furious when they learned that Wright had provided invalid proof (despite showing them valid proof privately) and for his failure to disclose the details of the Seychelles Trust deal which meant that he could neither provide said proof publicly or yet gain access to the bitcoin attributed to Nakamoto. Cellan-Jones concludes his article by expressing doubts about Wright but admits "It seems very likely he was involved, perhaps as part of a team that included Dave Kleiman and Hal Finney, the recipient of the first transaction with the currency."

The 2017 Netflix documentary titled Banking on Bitcoin concluded with an extract of Wright's 2016 interview with the BBC.^[79]^[80]

On February 14, 2018 a suit against Wright (said to be living in London) for more than US$10bn was lodged in a Florida court on behalf of David Kleiman's estate, alleging that Wright has fraudulently appropriated Kleiman's share of the bitcoins that he and Kleiman mined together.^[81]^[82] The suit sets out much detail of the collaboration between Wright and Kleiman, but does not speculate on whether they or either of them created bitcoin.^[83]

Ian Grigg, who is credited with inventing triple entry accounting^[84] describes the events as follows^[85]:

Firstly, Satoshi Nakamoto is not one human being. It is or was a team. Craig Wright named one person in his recent communications, being the late Dave Kleinman. Craig did not name others, nor should I. While he was the quintessential genius who had the original idea for Bitcoin and wrote the lion's share of the code, Craig could not have done it alone. Satoshi Nakamoto was a team effort.

New Liberty Dollar issuer Joseph VaughnPerling says he met Wright at a conference in Amsterdam three years before publication of the bitcoin white paper and that Wright introduced himself as Satoshi Nakamoto at that time.^[86]^[87]

Other claimed candidates

In a 2011 article in The New Yorker, Joshua Davis claimed to have narrowed down the identity of Nakamoto to a number of possible individuals, including the Finnish economic sociologist Dr. Vili Lehdonvirta and Irish student Michael Clear,^[88] then a graduate student in cryptography at Trinity College Dublin and now a post-doctoral student at Georgetown University.^[89] Clear strongly denied he was Nakamoto,^[90] as did Lehdonvirta.^[91]

In October 2011, writing for Fast Company, investigative journalist Adam Penenberg cited circumstantial evidence suggesting Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry could be Nakamoto.^[92] They jointly filed a patent application that contained the phrase "computationally impractical to reverse" in 2008, which was also used in the bitcoin white paper by Nakamoto.^[93] The domain name bitcoin.org was registered three days after the patent was filed. All three men denied being Nakamoto when contacted by Penenberg.^[92]

The late Dave Kleiman has been also named as a possible candidate, and Craig Wright claimed an association with him as well.^[94]

In May 2013, Ted Nelson speculated that Nakamoto is really Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki.^[95] Later, an article was published in The Age newspaper that claimed that Mochizuki denied these speculations, but without attributing a source for the denial.^[96]

A 2013 article^[97] in Vice listed Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, or a government agency as possible candidates to be Nakamoto. Dustin D. Trammell, a Texas-based security researcher, was suggested as Nakamoto, but he publicly denied it.^[98]

In 2013, two Israeli mathematicians, Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir, published a paper claiming a link between Nakamoto and Ross William Ulbricht. The two based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of bitcoin transactions,^[99] but later retracted their claim.^[100]

Some have considered that Nakamoto might be a team of people: Dan Kaminsky, a security researcher who read the bitcoin code,^[101] said that Nakamoto could either be a "team of people" or a "genius";^[26] Laszlo Hanyecz, a former Bitcoin Core developer who had emailed Nakamoto, had the feeling the code was too well designed for one person.^[4]

A 2017 article^[102] published by a former SpaceX intern espoused the possibility of SpaceX and Tesla CEO Elon Musk being the real Satoshi, based on Musk's technical expertise with financial software and history of publishing whitepapers. However, in a tweet on November 28th, Musk denied the claim.^[103]

References

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External links

The Satoshi Affair. Andrew O'Hagan on the many lives of Satoshi Nakamoto

[1] S., L. (2 November 2015). "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?". The Economist explains. The Economist. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[te20151031-2] Economist Staff (31 October 2015). "Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things". The Economist. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[3] Patron, Travis (9 November 2014). "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?". diginomics.com. Diginomics. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[wallace-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wallace, Benjamin (23 November 2011). "The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin". Wired. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2016. It seemed doubtful that Nakamoto was even Japanese. His English had the flawless, idiomatic ring of a native speaker. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[5] "From Nakamoto to 'HODL': 5 Intriguing Facts About Iconic Bitcointalk Forum". CoinTelegraph. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[whitepaper-6] Nakamoto, Satoshi (24 May 2009). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[7] Nakamoto, Satoshi (31 October 2008). "Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper". Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] "Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list". Mail-archive.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[inventor-9] Davis, Joshua. "The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[10] Penenberg, Adam. "The Bitcoin Crypto-Currency Mystery Reopened". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. A New Yorker writer implies he found Bitcoin's mysterious creator. We think he got the wrong man, and offer far more compelling evidence that points to someone else entirely. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[17nov-11] Satoshi Nakamoto (17 November 2008). "Re: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper 2008-11-17 16:33:04 UTC". Satoshi Nakamoto Institute. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[17jun-12] Satoshi Nakamoto (17 June 2010). "Re: Transactions and Scripts: DUP HASH160 ... EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG". Satoshi Nakamoto Institute. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[13] Bosker, Bianca. "Gavin Andresen, Bitcoin Architect: Meet The Man Bringing You Bitcoin (And Getting Paid In It)". HuffPostTech. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Wired:RFB-14] Wallace, Benjamin (23 November 2011). "The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin". Wired. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[17] Elliott, Francis; Duncan, Gary (3 January 2009). "Chancellor Alistair Darling on brink of second bailout for banks". The Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

[18] Pagliery, Jose (2014). Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. ISBN 9781629370361. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[21] "The Well Deserved Fortune of Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin creator, Visionary and Genius". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018.

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[betabeat-26] Jeffries, Adrianne (4 October 2011). "The New Yorker's Joshua Davis Attempts to Identify Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto". Betabeat. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[27] Pagliery, Jose (2014). Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. ISBN 9781629370361. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[28] Dai, Satoshi Nakamoto, Wei. "Dai/Nakamoto emails - Gwern.net". www.gwern.net. Retrieved 1 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[MITTechReview-29] Simonite, Tom (15 August 2014). "The Man Who Really Built Bitcoin". MIT Technology Review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

[30] Feins, William. "Satoshi Nakamoto". www.eurocheddar.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[31] "Hal Finney received the first Bitcoin transaction. Here's how he describes it". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[neighbor-32] Andy Greenberg (25 March 2014). "Nakamoto's Neighbor: My Hunt For Bitcoin's Creator Led To A Paralyzed Crypto Genius". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[33] "Conspiracy Theory, Up Close & Personal". 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[34] John Biggs. "Who is the real Satoshi Nakamoto? One researcher may have found the answer". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[likeinamirror1-35] Grey, Skye (1 December 2013). "Satoshi Nakamoto is (probably) Nick Szabo". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[likeinamirror2-36] Grey, Skye (11 March 2014). "Occam's Razor: who is most likely to be Satoshi Nakamoto?". Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[37] "Re: on anonymity, identity, reputation, and spoofing". 18 October 1993. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[38] Nick Szabo (28 May 2011). "Bitcoin, what took ye so long?". Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[39] Frisby, Dominic (2014) "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" In Bitcoin: the Future of Money?, pp. 85–149. Unbound. ISBN 1783520779

[40] "Nick Szabo is (probably) Satoshi Nakamoto". 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) at ~17:30 into the show

[41] Frisby p 147

[42] Popper, Nathaniel (15 May 2015). "Decoding the Enigma". New York Times. the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo.

[newsweek-43] Leah McGrath Goodman (6 March 2014). "The Face Behind Bitcoin". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[44] Andy Greenberg. "Bitcoin Community Responds To Satoshi Nakamoto's Outing With Disbelief, Anger, Fascination". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[45] Oremus, Will (26 November 2013). "The real Satoshi Nakamoto: Newsweek finds mysterious bitcoin creator in Los Angeles". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[46] Winton, Richard (7 March 2014). "Deputies: Newsweek Bitcoin story quoted Satoshi Nakamoto accurately". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[latimes_dorian_denial-47] Rodriguez, Salvador (6 March 2014). "Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto chased by reporters, denies founding Bitcoin". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Hedman_Rahm-48] Hedman Rahm, Victor. "The Unbelievable story of Bitcoin". Coinworld. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[49] "Hi r/bitcoin I am Dorian Nakamoto. AMA". Reddit. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[53] "The Satoshi Nakamoto Email Hacker Says He's Negotiating with the Bitcoin Founder". VICE. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[54] "Hi r/bitcoin I am Dorian Nakamoto. AMA". Reddit AMA. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[55] Greenberg, Andy; Branwen, Gwern (8 December 2015). "Bitcoin's Creator Satoshi Nakamoto Is Probably This Unknown Australian Genius". Wired. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[gizmodo-56] Biddle, Sam; Cush, Andy (8 December 2015). "This Australian Says He and His Dead Friend Invented Bitcoin". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[57] Kaminska, Izabella (9 December 2015). "So, Satoshi is an Aussie?". FT Alphaville. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[58] Jeong, Sarah (9 December 2015). "Satoshi's PGP Keys Are Probably Backdated and Point to a Hoax". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[59] Ryall, Jenni (10 December 2015). "New chase for Bitcoin founder leaves everyone exhausted and no wiser". Mashable. Mashable. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[new_clues-60] Greenberg A (11 December 2015). "New Clues Suggest Craig Wright, Suspected Bitcoin Creator, May Be a Hoaxer". Wired. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[61] Hunt, Ellie; Farrell, Paul (9 December 2015). "Reported bitcoin 'founder' Craig Wright's home raided by Australian police". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[68] "Craig Wright's New Evidence That He Is Satoshi Nakamoto Is Worthless". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[69] "Validating Satoshi (Or Not)". Dan Kaminsky's Blog. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[74] "Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts" by David Gerard, pp. 67-78

[75] Nakamoto, Andrew O’Hagan on the many lives of Satoshi (30 June 2016). "The Satoshi Affair". London Review of Books. pp. 7–28. ISSN 0260-9592. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[77] O'Hagan, Andrew (6 June 2017). The Secret Life: Three True Stories. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571335855.

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[80] Christopher Cannucciari. "Banking on Bitcoin". Netflix.

[81] Pearson, Jordan (27 February 2018). "The Man Who Claimed to Invent Bitcoin Is Being Sued for $10 Billion". Motherboard. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[82] Hern, Alex (27 February 2018). "Self-proclaimed bitcoin 'creator' sued for $10bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[83] "Ira Kleiman v. Craig Wright". United States District Court, Southern District of Florida. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[84] Why Everyone Missed the Most Important Invention in the Last 500 Years, Daniel Jeffries , Jun 23, 2017

[85] Metzworld, Cryptography, "Proof-of-Satoshi fails Proof-of-Proof." ianG, Wed May 4 18:44:46 EDT 2016

[86] "Satoshi Saga Continues: Tulip Trust Trustee Expected to Appear by September 19, Says Joseph VaughnPerling" by Aaron van Wirdum Staff Writer, Bitcoin magazine, May 5, 2016 1:03 PM EST

[87] Twitter communication with Brian Cohen, 2 May 2016

[88] "Michael Clear". Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[89] Davis, Joshua (10 October 2011). "The Crypto-Currency". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[90] Clear, Michael (4 April 2013). "Clarifications on Bitcoin Article". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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[93] Updating and Distributing Encryption Keys US 20100042841 A1

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[99] Markoff, John (23 November 2013). "Study Suggests Link Between Dread Pirate Roberts and Satoshi Nakamoto". New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[100] Wile, Rob. "Researchers Retract Claim Of Link Between Alleged Silk Road Mastermind And Founder Of Bitcoin". Business Week. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | image_size =
 | caption =
-| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|2|22|df=yes}}
+| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|4|5|df=yes}} (claimed)
-| birth_place = [[korea]]
+| birth_place = [[Japan]] (claimed)
+| death_date =
 | death_place =
 | residence =
-| nationality = [[korea]]ese
+| nationality = [[Japan]]ese (claimed)
 | field = [[Digital currencies]], [[computer science]], [[cryptography]]
 | work_institutions =
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 | prizes =
 }}
+'''Satoshi Nakamoto''' is the name used by the unknown person or people who developed [[bitcoin]], authored the bitcoin white paper, created and deployed bitcoin's original [[reference implementation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/11/economist-explains-1|last1=S.|first1=L.|title=Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?|accessdate=3 November 2015|publisher=The Economist|work=The Economist explains|date=2 November 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821154511/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/11/economist-explains-1|archivedate=21 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As part of the implementation, they also devised the first [[blockchain]] database.<ref name=te20151031>{{cite journal|author=Economist Staff|date=31 October 2015|title=Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things|journal=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable|accessdate=18 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703000844/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable|archivedate=3 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the process they were the first to solve the [[double-spending]] problem for [[digital currency]] using a [[peer-to-peer]] network. They were active in the development of bitcoin up until December 2010.
+== History ==
-Facebook adress : https://www.facebook.com/junyoung.park.16100
+On a [[P2P Foundation]] profile, Nakamoto claimed to be a man living in [[Japan]], born on 5 April 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diginomics.com/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/|title=Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?|date=9 November 2014|publisher=Diginomics|website=diginomics.com|first=Travis|last=Patron|accessdate=7 July 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811054828/https://www.diginomics.com/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=11 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Speculation about the true identity of Nakamoto has mostly focused on a number of [[cryptography]] and [[computer science]] experts of non-Japanese descent, living in the United States and various European countries.<ref name="wallace"/> Satoshi Nakamoto also created the [[bitcointalk]] forum, and posted the first message in 2009 under the pseudonym satoshi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/from-nakamoto-to-hodl-5-intriguing-facts-about-iconic-bitcointalk-forum|title=From Nakamoto to ‘HODL’: 5 Intriguing Facts About Iconic Bitcointalk Forum|date=September 14, 2017|work=CoinTelegraph|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145406/https://cointelegraph.com/news/from-nakamoto-to-hodl-5-intriguing-facts-about-iconic-bitcointalk-forum|archivedate=30 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+== Development of bitcoin ==
+In October 2008, Nakamoto published a paper<ref name="whitepaper">{{cite web|last=Nakamoto|first=Satoshi|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System|url=https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|accessdate=5 March 2014|date=24 May 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320135003/https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nakamoto|first=Satoshi|date=31 October 2008|url=http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/|title=Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper|accessdate=5 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121228025845/http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/|archivedate=28 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> on the cryptography mailing list at metzdowd.com<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22|title=Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list|publisher=Mail-archive.com|date=|accessdate=14 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130103200631/http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22|archivedate=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> describing the bitcoin digital currency. It was titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In January 2009, Nakamoto released the first bitcoin software that launched the network and the first units of the bitcoin [[cryptocurrency]], called ''bitcoins''.<ref name="inventor">{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Joshua|title=The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor.|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis|work=The New Yorker|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6J555dPUv?url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis|archivedate=23 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Penenberg|first=Adam|title=The Bitcoin Crypto-Currency Mystery Reopened|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened|publisher=Fast Company|quote=A New Yorker writer implies he found Bitcoin's mysterious creator. We think he got the wrong man, and offer far more compelling evidence that points to someone else entirely.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006235216/http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened|archivedate=6 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Satoshi Nakamoto released the Version 0.1 of bitcoin software on Sourceforge on 9 January 2009.
+Nakamoto claimed that work on the writing of the code began in 2007.<ref name="17nov">{{cite web|url=http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/emails/cryptography/15/|title=Re: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper 2008-11-17 16:33:04 UTC|author=Satoshi Nakamoto|accessdate=4 December 2016|date=17 November 2008|publisher=Satoshi Nakamoto Institute|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207145306/http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/emails/cryptography/15/|archivedate=7 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nakamoto knew that due to its nature, the core design would have to be able to support a broad range of transaction types. The implemented solution enabled specialized codes and data fields from the start through the use of a [[Predicate (mathematical logic)|predicative]] [[Scripting language|script]].<ref name="17jun">{{cite web|url=http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/126/#selection-5.0-5.66|title=Re: Transactions and Scripts: DUP HASH160 ... EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG|author=Satoshi Nakamoto|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=17 June 2010|publisher=Satoshi Nakamoto Institute|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083806/http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/126/#selection-5.0-5.66|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Nakamoto created a website with the domain name bitcoin.org and continued to collaborate with other developers on the bitcoin software until mid-2010.  Around this time, he handed over control of the [[Codebase|source code repository]] and network alert key to [[Gavin Andresen]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Bosker|first=Bianca|title=Gavin Andresen, Bitcoin Architect: Meet The Man Bringing You Bitcoin (And Getting Paid In It)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/16/gavin-andresen-bitcoin_n_3093316.html|publisher=HuffPostTech|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803102036/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/16/gavin-andresen-bitcoin_n_3093316.html|archivedate=3 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> transferred several related [[domain name|domain]]s to various prominent members of the bitcoin community, and stopped his involvement in the project. Until shortly before his absence and handover, Nakamoto made all modifications to the source code himself.
+On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the ''[[Bitcoin#Blockchain|genesis block of bitcoin]]'' (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.<ref name="Wired:RFB">{{cite news|author=Wallace, Benjamin|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|date=23 November 2011|accessdate=13 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031043919/http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin|archivedate=31 October 2013|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Block 0&nbsp;– Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015154613/http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f |archivedate=15 October 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Embedded in the [[Bitcoin#Supply|coinbase transaction]] of this block was the text:
+<blockquote>The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.<ref name="NY2011" /></blockquote>
+The text refers to a headline in ''[[The Times]]'' published on 3 January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Francis|last2=Duncan|first2=Gary|title=Chancellor Alistair Darling on brink of second bailout for banks|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chancellor-alistair-darling-on-brink-of-second-bailout-for-banks-n9l382mn62h|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=The Times|date=3 January 2009}}</ref> This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp of the genesis date and a derisive comment on the instability caused by [[fractional-reserve banking]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pagliery|first1=Jose|title=Bitcoin: And the Future of Money|date=2014|publisher=Triumph Books|isbn=9781629370361|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_-wuBAAAQBAJ|accessdate=20 January 2018|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071329/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_-wuBAAAQBAJ|archivedate=21 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|18}} It is a strong indication that the first block was mined no earlier than this date.<ref name="htu"/> The genesis block has a timestamp of 18:15:05 GMT on 3 January 2009. This block is unlike all other blocks in that it doesn't have a previous block to reference.<ref name="htu"/> This required the use of custom code to mine it. Timestamps for subsequent blocks indicate that Nakamoto did not try to mine all the early blocks solely for himself.<ref name="htu">{{cite web|url=https://21.co/learn/view-the-genesis-block/#the-genesis-block|title=How to use hexdump to look at the Genesis Block|publisher=21.co|accessdate=25 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214556/https://21.co/learn/view-the-genesis-block/#the-genesis-block|archivedate=25 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+As initially the sole and subsequently the predominant miner, Nakamoto was awarded bitcoin at genesis and for 10 days afterwards.<ref name="hoda"/> Except for test transactions these remain unspent since mid January 2009.<ref name="hoda">{{cite news|url=http://www.coindesk.com/dangerous-satoshi-nakamoto/|title=How Dangerous is Satoshi Nakamoto?|author=Danny Bradbury|accessdate=24 December 2016|date=23 November 2014|work=Coindesk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224165351/http://www.coindesk.com/dangerous-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=24 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The public bitcoin transaction log shows that Nakamoto's known addresses contain roughly one million bitcoins.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-well-deserved-fortune-of-satoshi-nakamoto/|title=The Well Deserved Fortune of Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin creator, Visionary and Genius|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204075938/https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-well-deserved-fortune-of-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=4 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At bitcoin's peak in December 2017, this was worth over 19 billion USD,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://preev.com/|title=Bitcoin Exchange Rate — Bitcoin Live Converter — Preev|website=preev.com|access-date=20 October 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915080601/http://preev.com/|archivedate=15 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Steemit">{{Cite news|url=https://steemit.com/bitcoin/@sames/satoshi-nakamoto-has-got-richer-in-theory|title=Satoshi Nakamoto has got richer in theory — Steemit|date=5 August 2017|work=Steemit|access-date=5 August 2017|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806021134/https://steemit.com/bitcoin/@sames/satoshi-nakamoto-has-got-richer-in-theory|archivedate=6 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> making Nakamoto possibly the 44th richest person in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Billionaires|url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/2/#version:static|website=Forbes|publisher=forbes.com|accessdate=13 December 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223083758/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/2/#version:static|archivedate=23 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+== Characteristics and identity ==
+Nakamoto has not disclosed any personal information when discussing technical matters.<ref name="wallace"/>  He provided some commentary on banking and [[fractional-reserve banking]]. On his [[P2P Foundation]] profile as of 2012, Nakamoto claimed to be a 37-year-old male who lived in [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Satoshi Nakamoto's Page|url=http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/profile/SatoshiNakamoto|website=P2P Foundation|accessdate=2 May 2016|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529203623/http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/profile/SatoshiNakamoto|archivedate=29 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but some speculated he was unlikely to be Japanese due to his use of perfect [[English language|English]] and his bitcoin [[software]] not being documented or labelled in Japanese.<ref name="wallace">{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Benjamin|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all/|publisher=Wired|quote=It seemed doubtful that Nakamoto was even Japanese. His English had the flawless, idiomatic ring of a native speaker.|accessdate=31 May 2016|date=23 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095105/http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all/|archivedate=26 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Occasional [[British English]] spelling and terminology (such as the phrase "bloody hard") in both source code comments and forum postings led to speculation that Nakamoto, or at least one individual in the consortium claiming to be him, was of [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] origin.{{r|"wallace"}}{{r|"whitepaper"}}{{r|"betabeat"}} Moreover, the first bitcoin block that could only be mined by Satoshi contains the encoded text <code>The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks</code> which implies that he was reading the London's ''The Times'' newspaper at the time of the inception of bitcoin.<ref name="NY2011">{{cite web |last = Davis |first = Joshua |title = The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor |url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/10/the-crypto-currency |work = The New Yorker |date = 10 October 2011 |accessdate = 31 October 2014 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141101014157/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/10/the-crypto-currency |archivedate = 1 November 2014 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pagliery|first1=Jose|title=Bitcoin: And the Future of Money|date=2014|publisher=Triumph Books|isbn=9781629370361|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_-wuBAAAQBAJ|accessdate=20 January 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071329/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_-wuBAAAQBAJ|archivedate=21 January 2018}}</ref>{{rp|18}}
+Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's bitcoin forum posts (more than 500); the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. [[Greenwich Mean Time]]. This was between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. [[UTC+9|Japanese time]], suggesting an unusual sleep pattern for someone presumably living in Japan. As this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time.<ref name="wallace" />
+Nakamoto's initial email to Dai is dated <q>22 August 2008</q>; the metadata for this PDF (<code>pdftk bitcoin.pdf dump_data</code>) yields as the <code>CreationDate</code> the value <code>20081003134958-07'00'</code> – this implies 3 October 2008 or a bit over a month later, which is consistent with the local date mentioned in the Cypherpunk mailing list email. This is an earlier draft than the final draft on <code>bitcoin.org</code>, which is dated <code>20090324113315-06'00'</code> or 24 March 2009; the timezone differs: −7 vs −6.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gwern.net/docs/2008-nakamoto|title=Dai/Nakamoto emails - Gwern.net|last=Dai|first=Satoshi Nakamoto, Wei|website=www.gwern.net|language=en|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref>
+[[Gavin Andresen]] has said of Nakamoto's code: "He was a brilliant coder, but it was quirky".<ref name="MITTechReview">{{cite news|last1=Simonite|first1=Tom|title=The Man Who Really Built Bitcoin|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/527051/the-man-who-really-built-bitcoin/|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|date=15 August 2014}}</ref>
+=== Possible identities{{anchor|Candidates}} ===
+There is still doubt about the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurocheddar.com/profiles-in-europe/satoshi-nakamoto-creator-bitcoin/|title=Satoshi Nakamoto|last=Feins|first=William|website=www.eurocheddar.com|language=en-US|access-date=20 August 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115902/http://www.eurocheddar.com/profiles-in-europe/satoshi-nakamoto-creator-bitcoin/|archivedate=20 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+==== Hal Finney ====
+[[Hal Finney (computer scientist)|Hal Finney]] (4 May 1956 – 28 August 2014) was a pre-bitcoin cryptographic pioneer and the first person (other than Nakamoto himself) to use the software, file bug reports, and make improvements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/01/03/hal-finney-received-the-first-bitcoin-transaction-heres-how-he-describes-it/|title=Hal Finney received the first Bitcoin transaction. Here’s how he describes it.|work=Washington Post|accessdate=24 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227213647/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/01/03/hal-finney-received-the-first-bitcoin-transaction-heres-how-he-describes-it/|archivedate=27 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also lived a few blocks from Dorian Nakamoto's family home, according to ''[[Forbes]]'' journalist Andy Greenberg.<ref name="neighbor">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/03/25/satoshi-nakamotos-neighbor-the-bitcoin-ghostwriter-who-wasnt/|title=Nakamoto's Neighbor: My Hunt For Bitcoin's Creator Led To A Paralyzed Crypto Genius|author=Andy Greenberg|work=Forbes|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=18 January 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104029/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/03/25/satoshi-nakamotos-neighbor-the-bitcoin-ghostwriter-who-wasnt/|archivedate=26 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Greenberg asked the writing analysis consultancy [[Patrick Juola|Juola & Associates]] to compare a sample of Finney's writing to Satoshi Nakamoto's, and they found that it was the closest resemblance they had yet come across (including the candidates suggested by ''Newsweek'', ''Fast Company'', ''The New Yorker'', Ted Nelson and Skye Grey).<ref name="neighbor" /> Greenberg theorized that Finney may have been a ghostwriter on behalf of Nakamoto, or that he simply used his neighbor Dorian's identity as a "drop" or "patsy whose personal information is used to hide online exploits". However, after meeting Finney, seeing the emails between him and Nakamoto and his bitcoin wallet's history (including the very first bitcoin transaction from Nakamoto to him, which he forgot to pay back) and hearing his denial, Greenberg concluded that Finney was telling the truth. Juola & Associates also found that Nakamoto's emails to Finney more closely resemble Nakamoto's other writings than Finney's do. Finney's fellow [[extropian]] and sometimes co-blogger [[Robin Hanson]] assigned a subjective probability of "at least" 15% that "Hal was more involved than he’s said", before further evidence suggested that was not the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overcomingbias.com/2014/03/conspiracy-theory-up-close-personal.html|title=Conspiracy Theory, Up Close & Personal|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=25 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326081004/http://www.overcomingbias.com/2014/03/conspiracy-theory-up-close-personal.html|archivedate=26 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+==== Nick Szabo ====
+In December 2013, a blogger named Skye Grey linked [[Nick Szabo]] to the bitcoin whitepaper using a [[Stylometry|stylometric]] [[Content analysis|analysis]].<ref>{{cite news|author=John Biggs|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/05/who-is-the-real-satoshi-nakamoto-one-researcher-may-have-found-the-answer/|title=Who is the real Satoshi Nakamoto? One researcher may have found the answer|publisher=TechCrunch|date=|accessdate=6 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313180301/http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/05/who-is-the-real-satoshi-nakamoto-one-researcher-may-have-found-the-answer/|archivedate=13 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="likeinamirror1">{{cite news|author=Grey, Skye|url=https://likeinamirror.wordpress.com/2013/12/01/satoshi-nakamoto-is-probably-nick-szabo/|title=Satoshi Nakamoto is (probably) Nick Szabo|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=13 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413135108/https://likeinamirror.wordpress.com/2013/12/01/satoshi-nakamoto-is-probably-nick-szabo/|archivedate=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="likeinamirror2">{{cite news|author=Grey, Skye|url=https://likeinamirror.wordpress.com/2014/03/11/occams-razor-who-is-most-likely-to-be-satoshi-nakamoto/|title=Occam's Razor: who is most likely to be Satoshi Nakamoto?|date=11 March 2014|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314145252/http://likeinamirror.wordpress.com/2014/03/11/occams-razor-who-is-most-likely-to-be-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=14 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Szabo is a [[Decentralization|decentralized]] currency enthusiast and published a paper on [[Nick Szabo#Bit gold|"bit gold"]], which is considered a precursor to bitcoin.<ref name="likeinamirror1" /><ref name="likeinamirror2"/> He is known to have been interested in using pseudonyms in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cypherpunks.venona.com/date/1993/10/msg00759.html|title=Re: on anonymity, identity, reputation, and spoofing|date=18 October 1993|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316020636/http://cypherpunks.venona.com/date/1993/10/msg00759.html|archivedate=16 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In a May 2011 article, Szabo stated about the bitcoin creator: "Myself, [[Wei Dai]], and [[Hal Finney (cypherpunk)|Hal Finney]] were the only people I know of who liked the idea (or in Dai's case his related idea) enough to pursue it to any significant extent until Nakamoto (assuming Nakamoto is not really Finney or Dai)."<ref>{{cite news|author=Nick Szabo|url=http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/bitcoin-what-took-ye-so-long.html|title=Bitcoin, what took ye so long?|date=28 May 2011|accessdate=12 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217103323/http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/bitcoin-what-took-ye-so-long.html|archivedate=17 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Detailed research by financial author [[Dominic Frisby]] provides much circumstantial evidence but, as he admits, no proof that Satoshi is Szabo.<ref>Frisby, Dominic (2014) "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" In Bitcoin: the Future of Money?, pp. 85–149. [[Unbound (publisher)|Unbound]]. {{ISBN|1783520779}}</ref> Speaking on [[RT (TV network)|RT's]] ''[[The Keiser Report]]'', he said "I've concluded there is only one person in the whole world that has the sheer breadth but also the specificity of knowledge and it is this chap&nbsp;...".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/shows/keiser-report/202535-episode-max-keiser-676/|title=Nick Szabo is (probably) Satoshi Nakamoto|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=6 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106231725/http://rt.com/shows/keiser-report/202535-episode-max-keiser-676/|archivedate=6 November 2014|df=dmy-all}} at ~17:30 into the show</ref> However, Szabo has denied being Satoshi. In a July 2014 email to Frisby, he said: 'Thanks for letting me know. I'm afraid you got it wrong [[doxing]] me as Satoshi, but I'm used to it'.<ref>Frisby p 147</ref> Nathaniel Popper wrote in the ''New York Times'' that "the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Nathaniel|last1=Popper|title=Decoding the Enigma|quote=the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo.|work=New York Times|date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
+==== Dorian Nakamoto ====
+In a high-profile 6 March 2014 article in the magazine ''[[Newsweek]]'',<ref name="newsweek"/> journalist [[Leah McGrath Goodman]] identified Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto, a Japanese American man living in [[California]], whose [[Name at birth|birth name]] is Satoshi Nakamoto,<ref name="newsweek">{{cite journal|url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto.html|title=The Face Behind Bitcoin|work=Newsweek|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=6 March 2014|author=[[Leah McGrath Goodman]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NtE8qHbJ?url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto.html|archivedate=7 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andy Greenberg|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/03/06/bitcoin-community-responds-to-satoshi-nakamotos-outing-with-disbelief-anger-fascination/|title=Bitcoin Community Responds To Satoshi Nakamoto's Outing With Disbelief, Anger, Fascination|publisher=Forbes|date=|accessdate=6 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306211349/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/03/06/bitcoin-community-responds-to-satoshi-nakamotos-outing-with-disbelief-anger-fascination/|archivedate=6 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oremus|first=Will|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/03/06/the_real_satoshi_nakamoto_newsweek_finds_mysterious_bitcoin_creator_in_los.html|title=The real Satoshi Nakamoto: Newsweek finds mysterious bitcoin creator in Los Angeles|publisher=Slate.com|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=6 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429180701/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/03/06/the_real_satoshi_nakamoto_newsweek_finds_mysterious_bitcoin_creator_in_los.html|archivedate=29 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> as the Nakamoto in question. Besides his name, Goodman pointed to a number of facts that circumstantially suggested he was the bitcoin inventor.<ref name="newsweek" /> Trained as a physicist at [[California State Polytechnic University, Pomona|Cal Poly University in Pomona]], Nakamoto worked as a systems engineer on classified defense projects and computer engineer for technology and financial information services companies. Nakamoto was laid off twice in the early 1990s and turned [[libertarian]], according to his daughter, and encouraged her to start her own business "not under the government's thumb." In the article's seemingly biggest piece of evidence, Goodman wrote that when she asked him about bitcoin during a brief in-person interview, Nakamoto seemed to confirm his identity as the bitcoin founder by stating: "I am no longer involved in that and I cannot discuss it. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now. I no longer have any connection."<ref name="newsweek"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Winton|title=Deputies: Newsweek Bitcoin story quoted Satoshi Nakamoto accurately|date=7 March 2014|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-la-sheriffs-say-satoshi-nakamoto-man-did-talk-about-bitcoin-to-newsweek-reporter-20140307,0,609860.story|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=9 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308181437/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-la-sheriffs-say-satoshi-nakamoto-man-did-talk-about-bitcoin-to-newsweek-reporter-20140307,0,609860.story|archivedate=8 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+The article's publication led to a flurry of media interest, including reporters camping out near Dorian Nakamoto's house and subtly chasing him by car when he drove to do an interview.<ref name="latimes dorian denial">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-bitcoin-founder-la-chased-20140306,0,3692933.story|title=Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto chased by reporters, denies founding Bitcoin|first=Salvador|last=Rodriguez|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=6 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306233446/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-bitcoin-founder-la-chased-20140306,0,3692933.story|archivedate=6 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, during the subsequent full-length interview, Dorian Nakamoto denied all connection to bitcoin, saying he had never heard of the currency before, and that he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being about his previous work for military contractors, much of which was classified.<ref name="Hedman Rahm">{{cite news|last=Hedman Rahm|first=Victor|url=https://www.coinworld.io/learn/unbelievable-story-bitcoin/|title=The Unbelievable story of Bitcoin|work=Coinworld|accessdate=1 July 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827043010/https://www.coinworld.io/learn/unbelievable-story-bitcoin/|archivedate=27 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In a Reddit "ask-me-anything" interview, he claimed he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being related to his work for [[Citibank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3nzqqh/hi_rbitcoin_i_am_dorian_nakamoto_ama/|title=Hi r/bitcoin I am Dorian Nakamoto. AMA|website=Reddit|date=8 October 2016|accessdate=7 July 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607093419/https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3nzqqh/hi_rbitcoin_i_am_dorian_nakamoto_ama/|archivedate=7 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Later that day, the [[Pseudonym|pseudonymous]] Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account posted its first message in five years, stating: "I am not Dorian Nakamoto."<ref name="p2p_foundation">{{cite web|url=http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source?commentId=2003008%3AComment%3A52186|title=Bitcoin open source implementation of P2P currency|date=7 March 2014|accessdate=7 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307021221/http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source%3FcommentId=2003008%253AComment%253A52186|archivedate=7 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101474673|title='Real' bitcoin creator: 'I am not Dorian Nakamoto'|publisher=CNBC|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513123331/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101474673|archivedate=13 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, it is generally believed that Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account had been hacked, and the message was not sent by him.<ref name="p2p_hack">{{cite web|url=http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topic/listForContributor?user=0ye0gncqg772o|title=Satoshi Nakamoto's Discussions|date=October 8, 2017|accessdate=October 8, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008180743/http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topic/listForContributor?user=0ye0gncqg772o|archivedate=8 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/jp5dk8/the-satoshi-nakamoto-email-hacker-says-hes-negotiating-with-the-bitcoin-founder|title=The Satoshi Nakamoto Email Hacker Says He's Negotiating with the Bitcoin Founder|publisher=VICE|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008180814/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/jp5dk8/the-satoshi-nakamoto-email-hacker-says-hes-negotiating-with-the-bitcoin-founder|archivedate=8 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3nzqqh/hi_rbitcoin_i_am_dorian_nakamoto_ama/cvt07wx/|title=Hi r/bitcoin I am Dorian Nakamoto. AMA|publisher=Reddit AMA|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210063809/https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3nzqqh/hi_rbitcoin_i_am_dorian_nakamoto_ama/cvt07wx/|archivedate=10 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+==== Craig Wright ====
+{{See also|Craig Steven Wright#Bitcoin}}
+On 8 December 2015, ''Wired'' wrote that [[Craig Steven Wright]], an Australian academic, "either invented bitcoin or is a brilliant hoaxer who very badly wants us to believe he did".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/12/bitcoins-creator-satoshi-nakamoto-is-probably-this-unknown-australian-genius/|title=Bitcoin's Creator Satoshi Nakamoto Is Probably This Unknown Australian Genius|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=8 December 2015|accessdate=8 December 2015|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|last2=Branwen|first2=Gwern|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208214655/http://www.wired.com/2015/12/bitcoins-creator-satoshi-nakamoto-is-probably-this-unknown-australian-genius/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Craig Wright took down his Twitter account and neither he nor his ex-wife responded to press inquiries. The same day, [[Gizmodo]] published a story with evidence obtained by a [[hacker (computer security)|hacker]] who supposedly broke into Wright's email accounts, claiming that Satoshi Nakamoto was a joint pseudonym for Craig Steven Wright and computer forensics analyst [[David Kleiman]], who died in 2013.<ref name="gizmodo">{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/this-australian-says-he-and-his-dead-friend-invented-bi-1746958692|title=This Australian Says He and His Dead Friend Invented Bitcoin|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=8 December 2015|accessdate=8 December 2015|last1=Biddle|first1=Sam|last2=Cush|first2=Andy|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208235451/http://gizmodo.com/this-australian-says-he-and-his-dead-friend-invented-bi-1746958692|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A number of prominent bitcoin promoters remained unconvinced by the reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2015/12/09/2147378/so-satoshi-is-an-aussie/|title=So, Satoshi is an Aussie?|last=Kaminska|first=Izabella|date=9 December 2015|work=FT Alphaville|accessdate=9 December 2015|via=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212182304/http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2015/12/09/2147378/so-satoshi-is-an-aussie/|archivedate=12 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Subsequent reports also raised the possibility that the evidence provided was an elaborate hoax,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jeong|first1=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Jeong|title=Satoshi's PGP Keys Are Probably Backdated and Point to a Hoax|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/satoshis-pgp-keys-are-probably-backdated-and-point-to-a-hoax|accessdate=10 December 2015|publisher=Motherboard|date=9 December 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210082014/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/satoshis-pgp-keys-are-probably-backdated-and-point-to-a-hoax|archivedate=10 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New chase for Bitcoin founder leaves everyone exhausted and no wiser|url=http://mashable.com/2015/12/10/bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto-craig-wright/|website=Mashable|accessdate=10 December 2015|first=Jenni|last=Ryall|publisher=Mashable|date=10 December 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211032111/http://mashable.com/2015/12/10/bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto-craig-wright/|archivedate=11 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which ''Wired'' acknowledged "cast doubt" on their suggestion that Wright was Nakamoto.<ref name="new clues">{{cite news|vauthors=Greenberg A|date=11 December 2015|title=New Clues Suggest Craig Wright, Suspected Bitcoin Creator, May Be a Hoaxer|work=Wired|accessdate=12 December 2015|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/12/new-clues-suggest-satoshi-suspect-craig-wright-may-be-a-hoaxer/|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212085436/http://www.wired.com/2015/12/new-clues-suggest-satoshi-suspect-craig-wright-may-be-a-hoaxer/|archivedate=12 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+On 9 December, only hours after ''Wired'' claimed Wright was Nakamoto, Wright's home in [[Gordon, New South Wales]] was raided by at least ten police officers. His business premises in [[Ryde, New South Wales]] were also searched by police. The [[Australian Federal Police]] stated they conducted searches to assist the [[Australian Taxation Office]] and that "This matter is unrelated to recent media reporting regarding the digital currency bitcoin."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/09/bitcoin-founder-craig-wrights-home-raided-by-australian-police|title=Reported bitcoin 'founder' Craig Wright's home raided by Australian police|work=The Guardian|date=9 December 2015|accessdate=9 December 2015|author1=Hunt, Ellie|author2=Farrell, Paul|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209061643/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/09/bitcoin-founder-craig-wrights-home-raided-by-australian-police|archivedate=9 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to a document released by Gizmodo alleged to be a transcript of a meeting between Wright and the ATO, he had been involved in a taxation dispute with them for several years.<ref name="gizmodo"/>
+On 2 May 2016, Craig Wright posted on his blog publicly claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto. In articles released on the same day, journalists from the [[BBC]] and ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that they saw Wright signing a message using the private key associated with the first bitcoin transaction.<ref name="wright-bbc">{{cite news|title=Creator of Bitcoin digital cash reveals identity – BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36168863|accessdate=2 May 2016|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|publisher=BBC|date=2 May 2016|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502071346/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36168863|archivedate=2 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="wright-economist">{{cite news|title=Craig Steven Wright claims to be Satoshi Nakamoto. Is he?|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefings/21698061-craig-steven-wright-claims-be-satoshi-nakamoto-bitcoin|accessdate=2 May 2016|work=The Economist|date=2 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502074720/http://www.economist.com/news/briefings/21698061-craig-steven-wright-claims-be-satoshi-nakamoto-bitcoin|archivedate=2 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During his BBC interview (which was also video recorded, aired and published by BBC News) Wright said:
+{{Quote|Some people will believe, some people won't, and to tell you the truth, I don't really care.&nbsp;... I didn't decide [to reveal my identity now]. People decided this matter for me. And they're making life difficult not for me but my friends, my family, my staff.&nbsp;... They want to be private. They don't want all of this to affect them. And I don't want any of them to be impacted by this. None of it's true. There are lots of stories out there that have been made up. And I don't like it hurting those people I care about. So I am going to do this thing only once. And once only. I am going to come in front of a camera once. And I will never, ever, be on the camera ever again for any TV station, or any media, ever.|sign=|source=}}
+Wright's claim was supported by Jon Matonis (former director of the [[Bitcoin Foundation]]) and bitcoin developer [[Gavin Andresen]], both of whom met Wright and witnessed a similar signing demonstration.<ref>{{citation|url=http://gavinandresen.ninja/satoshi|title=Satoshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134626/http://gavinandresen.ninja/satoshi|archivedate=5 May 2016|accessdate=7 May 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+However, bitcoin developer Peter Todd said that Wright's blog post, which appeared to contain cryptographic proof, actually contained nothing of the sort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2016/05/02/craig-wright-satoshi-nakamoto-doubt/|title=Craig Wright Claims He's Bitcoin Creator Satoshi – Experts Fear An Epic Scam|author=Thomas Fox-Brewster|date=2 May 2016|work=Forbes|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719025810/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2016/05/02/craig-wright-satoshi-nakamoto-doubt/|archivedate=19 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Bitcoin Core]] project released a statement on [[Twitter]] saying "There is currently no publicly available cryptographic proof that anyone in particular is bitcoin's creator."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bitcoincoreorg/status/727079957537677312|title=Bitcoin Core Project|work=Twitter|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527204705/https://twitter.com/bitcoincoreorg/status/727079957537677312|archivedate=27 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/050216/has-bitcoin-creator-satoshi-nakamoto-been-found.asp|title=Has Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto Been Found?|first=David|last=Floyd|date=2 May 2016|accessdate=7 July 2017|publisher=Investopedia|website=investopedia.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404062742/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/050216/has-bitcoin-creator-satoshi-nakamoto-been-found.asp|archivedate=4 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bitcoin developer Jeff Garzik agreed that evidence publicly provided by Wright does not prove anything, and security researcher [[Dan Kaminsky]] concluded Wright's claim was "intentional scammery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/craig-wright-satoshi-nakamoto-evidence-signature-is-worthless|title=Craig Wright's New Evidence That He Is Satoshi Nakamoto Is Worthless|work=Motherboard|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502174320/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/craig-wright-satoshi-nakamoto-evidence-signature-is-worthless|archivedate=2 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dankaminsky.com/2016/05/02/validating-satoshi-or-not/|title=Validating Satoshi (Or Not)|work=Dan Kaminsky's Blog|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502095314/https://dankaminsky.com/2016/05/02/validating-satoshi-or-not/|archivedate=2 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+On 4 May 2016, Wright made another post on his blog intimating his intentions to publish "a series of pieces that will lay the foundations for this extraordinary claim".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/04/bitcoin-craig-wright-promises-extraordinary-evidence-prove-identity|title=Bitcoin: Craig Wright promises new evidence to prove identity|author=Alex Hern|work=the Guardian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505073105/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/04/bitcoin-craig-wright-promises-extraordinary-evidence-prove-identity|archivedate=5 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.drcraigwright.net/extraordinary-claims-require-extraordinary-proof/|title=Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Proof – Dr. Craig Wright BlogDr. Craig Wright Blog|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504045648/http://www.drcraigwright.net/extraordinary-claims-require-extraordinary-proof/|archivedate=4 May 2016|accessdate=7 May 2016|deadurl=yes}}</ref> But the following day, he deleted all his blog posts and replaced them with a notice entitled "I'm Sorry", which read in part:
+{{Quote|I believed that I could put the years of anonymity and hiding behind me. But, as the events of this week unfolded and I prepared to publish the proof of access to the earliest keys, I broke. I do not have the courage. I cannot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drcraigwright.net/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507165900/http://www.drcraigwright.net/|archivedate=7 May 2016|deadurl=yes|title=Dr. Craig Wright|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/05/craig-wright-u-turn-on-pledge-to-provide-evidence-he-invented-bitcoin|title=Craig Wright U-turns on pledge to provide evidence he invented bitcoin|author=Alex Hern|work=the Guardian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506005504/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/05/craig-wright-u-turn-on-pledge-to-provide-evidence-he-invented-bitcoin|archivedate=6 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}
+On Thursday 5 May 2016 shortly before closing his blog, Wright sent around an email link to a news story from an impostor site resembling ''SiliconAngle'' saying "Craig Wright faces criminal charges and serious jail time in UK". Wright stated that "I am the source of terrorist funds as bitcoin creator or I am a fraud to the world. At least a fraud is able to see his family. There is nothing I can do."<ref>"Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts" by David Gerard, pp.  67-78</ref>.
+In June 2016, the ''[[London Review of Books]]'' published an article by [[Andrew O'Hagan]] about the events, based on his book "The Secret Life: Three True Stories" in which O'Hagan spends several weeks with Wright at the request of Wright's public relations team; which, as revealed in the book, was set up as a result of a business deal between Wright and various individuals including [[Calvin Ayre]] after bitcoin was created. All of those involved in the described business deal seemed to agree that they wanted a significant event in human history to be documented by a writer with complete impartiality and freedom to investigate. O'Hagan was with Wright during the time of his various media interviews. O'Hagan also interviews Wright's wife, colleagues and many of the other people involved in his claims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n13/andrew-ohagan/the-satoshi-affair|title=The Satoshi Affair|last=Nakamoto|first=Andrew O’Hagan on the many lives of Satoshi|date=30 June 2016|newspaper=London Review of Books|pages=7–28|issn=0260-9592|access-date=28 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911201904/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n13/andrew-ohagan/the-satoshi-affair|archivedate=11 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/316272/craig-wright-bitcoin-creator-london-review-of-books/|title=There could be a lot of money in claiming to have invented Bitoin|access-date=28 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624152034/http://fusion.net/story/316272/craig-wright-bitcoin-creator-london-review-of-books/|archivedate=24 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=O'Hagan|first=Andrew|date=6 June 2017|title=The Secret Life: Three True Stories|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Secret-Life-Three-True-Stories-ebook/dp/B06Y6BSGM3/ref=sr_1_3/261-3398753-5385011?ie=UTF8&qid=1513084215&sr=8-3&keywords=the+secret+life+book|publisher=Faber & Faber|page=|isbn=9780571335855}}</ref> It also reveals that the Canadian company [[nTrust]] was behind Wright's claim made in May 2016 (perhaps referencing nTrust as being the same entity which created the public relations team for Wright). Further, O'Hagan suggests that Wright provided an invalid private key because he was legally unable to provide the valid one as a result of legal obligations agreed as part of a Seychelles trust deal previously reached. O'Hagan's book also corroborates the suggestion that both Wright and [[David Kleiman]] were the identies of the moniker "Satoshi Nakamoto".
+Following O'Hagan's article, [[BBC]] journalist [[Rory Cellan-Jones]] (who interviewed Wright on camera for the BBC) wrote a follow up article citing O'Hagan's account as the possible reasons for Wright's apparent unwillingness to declare himself as Nakamoto:
+{{Quote|To me, the key revelation is about this motivation.
+He had told the BBC that he had not wanted to come out into the spotlight but needed to dispel damaging rumours affecting his family, friends and colleagues.
+But O'Hagan shows us something rather different - a man under intense pressure from business associates who stood to profit from him if he could be shown to be Nakamoto.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36575524|title=Back to the Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin affair|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207212521/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36575524|archivedate=7 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
+This is in reference to O'Hagan's firsthand account, which describes business associates as being furious when they learned that Wright had provided invalid proof (despite showing them valid proof privately) and for his failure to disclose the details of the Seychelles Trust deal which meant that he could neither provide said proof publicly or yet gain access to the bitcoin attributed to Nakamoto. Cellan-Jones concludes his article by expressing doubts about Wright but admits "It seems very likely he was involved, perhaps as part of a team that included Dave Kleiman and Hal Finney, the recipient of the first transaction with the currency."
+The 2017 [[Netflix]] documentary titled ''[[Banking on Bitcoin]]'' concluded with an extract of Wright's 2016 interview with the BBC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/banking-bitcoin-available-netflix-good-intro-bitcoin-need-sequel/|title=Banking on Bitcoin Available on Netflix: A Good Intro to Bitcoin in Need of a Sequel|work=Bitcoin Magazine|date=1 September 2017|accessdate=29 November 2017|author=Prisco, Giulio|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032055/https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/banking-bitcoin-available-netflix-good-intro-bitcoin-need-sequel/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80154500|title=Banking on Bitcoin|author=Christopher Cannucciari|work=Netflix}}</ref>
+On February 14, 2018 a suit against Wright (said to be living in London) for more than US$10bn was lodged in a Florida court on behalf of David Kleiman's estate, alleging that Wright has fraudulently appropriated Kleiman's share of the bitcoins that he and Kleiman mined together.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3k74qj/craig-wright-is-being-sued-for-10-billion-dave-kleiman|last=Pearson|first=Jordan|work=Motherboard|title=The Man Who Claimed to Invent Bitcoin Is Being Sued for $10 Billion|date=February 27, 2018|accessdate=February 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/27/bitcoin-craig-wright-self-proclaimed-creator-sued-10bn-former-coding-partner-family#img-1|last=Hern|first=Alex|title=Self-proclaimed bitcoin 'creator' sued for $10bn|work=The Guardian|date=February 27, 2018|accessdate=February 28, 2018}}</ref>  The suit sets out much detail of the collaboration between Wright and Kleiman, but does not speculate on whether they or either of them created bitcoin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4388885-Wright-Kleiman-Lawsuit.html|website=United States District Court, Southern District of Florida|title=Ira Kleiman v. Craig Wright|date=February 14, 2018|accessdate=February 28, 2018}}</ref>
+Ian Grigg, who is credited with inventing ''triple entry accounting''<ref>[https://hackernoon.com/why-everyone-missed-the-most-important-invention-in-the-last-500-years-c90b0151c169 Why Everyone Missed the Most Important Invention in the Last 500 Years, Daniel Jeffries , Jun 23, 2017]</ref> describes the events as follows<ref>[http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2016-May/029323.html Metzworld, Cryptography, "Proof-of-Satoshi fails Proof-of-Proof." ianG,  Wed May 4 18:44:46 EDT 2016]</ref>:
+<blockquote>Firstly, Satoshi Nakamoto is not one human being. It is or was a team. Craig Wright named one person in his recent communications, being the late Dave Kleinman. Craig did not name others, nor should I. While he was the quintessential genius who had the original idea for Bitcoin and wrote the lion's share of the code, Craig could not have done it alone. Satoshi Nakamoto was a team effort.
+</blockquote>
+New Liberty Dollar issuer Joseph VaughnPerling says he met Wright at a conference in Amsterdam three years before publication of the bitcoin white paper and that Wright introduced himself as Satoshi Nakamoto at that time.<ref>[https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/satoshi-saga-continues-tulip-trust-trustee-expected-to-appear-by-september-says-joseph-vaughnperling-1462467803/ "Satoshi Saga Continues: Tulip Trust Trustee Expected to Appear by September 19, Says Joseph VaughnPerling" by Aaron van Wirdum Staff Writer, Bitcoin magazine, May 5, 2016 1:03 PM EST]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/haq4good/status/727295380019277830 Twitter communication with Brian Cohen, 2 May 2016]</ref>
+==== Other claimed candidates ====
+{{expand section|find more info about people listed below|date=May 2018}}
+In a 2011 article in ''The New Yorker'', [[Joshua Davis (writer)|Joshua Davis]] claimed to have narrowed down the identity of Nakamoto to a number of possible individuals, including the Finnish economic sociologist Dr. Vili Lehdonvirta and Irish student Michael Clear,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciphron.netsoc.ie|title=Michael Clear|accessdate=6 January 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003165356/http://ciphron.netsoc.ie/|archivedate=3 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> then a graduate student in cryptography at [[Trinity College Dublin]] and now a post-doctoral student at [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis?currentPage=all|title=The Crypto-Currency|work=The New Yorker|date=10 October 2011|accessdate=17 December 2013|author=Davis, Joshua|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217120451/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis?currentPage=all|archivedate=17 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Clear strongly denied he was Nakamoto,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/~clearm/bitcoin.html|title=Clarifications on Bitcoin Article|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=17 December 2013|last=Clear|first=Michael|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031180459/https://www.scss.tcd.ie/~clearm/bitcoin.html|archivedate=31 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> as did Lehdonvirta.<ref name="coindesk">{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/information/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/|title=Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?|publisher=coindesk.com|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=17 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125155821/http://www.coindesk.com/information/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=25 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In October 2011, writing for ''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'', investigative journalist [[Adam Penenberg]] cited circumstantial evidence suggesting Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry could be Nakamoto.<ref name="Penenberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened|title=The Bitcoin Crypto-currency Mystery Reopened|publisher=The Fast Company|date=11 October 2011|accessdate=17 December 2013|author=Penenberg, Adam|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006235216/http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened|archivedate=6 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They jointly filed a patent application that contained the phrase "computationally impractical to reverse" in 2008, which was also used in the bitcoin white paper by Nakamoto.<ref>{{US patent|20100042841|Updating and Distributing Encryption Keys US 20100042841 A1}}</ref> The [[domain name]] bitcoin.org was registered three days after the patent was filed. All three men denied being Nakamoto when contacted by Penenberg.<ref name=" Penenberg"/>
+The late [[Dave Kleiman]] has been also named as a possible candidate, and Craig Wright claimed an association with him as well.<ref name="Hardy">{{cite web|url=https://seebitcoin.com/2016/05/everything-makes-sense-if-david-kleiman-was-satoshi-nakamoto-heres-why/|title=Everything makes sense if David Kleiman was Satoshi Nakamoto. Here’s why|publisher=Everything Money|date=3 May 2016|accessdate=29 January 2017|author=Hardy, John|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803193209/https://seebitcoin.com/2016/05/everything-makes-sense-if-david-kleiman-was-satoshi-nakamoto-heres-why/|archivedate=3 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In May 2013, [[Ted Nelson]] speculated that Nakamoto is really Japanese mathematician [[Shinichi Mochizuki]].<ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emDJTGTrEm0|title=I Think I Know Who Satoshi Is|publisher=YouTube TheTedNelson Channel|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414151824/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emDJTGTrEm0|archivedate=14 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Later, an article was published in ''[[The Age]]'' newspaper that claimed that Mochizuki denied these speculations, but without attributing a source for the denial.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ormsby|first1=Eileen|url=http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/the-outlaw-cult-20130709-2po5j.html|title=The outlaw cult|publisher=Theage.com.au|date=10 July 2013|accessdate=19 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122125718/http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/the-outlaw-cult-20130709-2po5j.html|archivedate=22 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+A 2013 article<ref>{{cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto-the-creator-of-bitcoin|title=Who Is Satoshi Nakamoto, the Creator of Bitcoin?|publisher=vice.com|accessdate=17 December 2013|author=Liu, Alec|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205034824/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto-the-creator-of-bitcoin|archivedate=5 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in ''Vice'' listed [[Gavin Andresen]], [[Jed McCaleb]], or a government agency as possible candidates to be Nakamoto. Dustin D. Trammell, a Texas-based security researcher, was suggested as Nakamoto, but he publicly denied it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.dustintrammell.com/2013/11/26/i-am-not-satoshi|title=I am not Satoshi|accessdate=21 February 2014|format=blog|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217003002/http://blog.dustintrammell.com/2013/11/26/i-am-not-satoshi/|archivedate=17 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+In 2013, two Israeli mathematicians, Dorit Ron and [[Adi Shamir]], published a paper claiming a link between Nakamoto and [[Ross Ulbricht|Ross William Ulbricht]]. The two based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of bitcoin transactions,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/study-suggests-link-between-dread-pirate-roberts-and-satoshi-nakamoto|title=Study Suggests Link Between Dread Pirate Roberts and Satoshi Nakamoto|publisher=New York Times|date=23 November 2013|author=Markoff, John|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125093841/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/study-suggests-link-between-dread-pirate-roberts-and-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=25 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but later retracted their claim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/silk-road-satoshi-paper-retraction-2013-11|title=Researchers Retract Claim Of Link Between Alleged Silk Road Mastermind And Founder Of Bitcoin|work=Business Week|accessdate=17 December 2013|author=Wile, Rob|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326211601/http://www.businessinsider.com/silk-road-satoshi-paper-retraction-2013-11|archivedate=26 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Some have considered that Nakamoto might be a team of people: [[Dan Kaminsky]], a security researcher who read the bitcoin code,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/07/bitcoin-scares-banks-governments|title=Why Bitcoin scares banks and governments|last=Naughton|first=John|date=7 April 2013|work=The Observer|accessdate=11 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302170424/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/07/bitcoin-scares-banks-governments|archivedate=2 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> said that Nakamoto could either be a "team of people" or a "genius";<ref name="betabeat">{{cite web|url=http://betabeat.com/2011/10/did-the-new-yorkers-joshua-davis-nail-the-identity-of-bitcoin-creator-satoshi-nakamoto/|title=The New Yorker's Joshua Davis Attempts to Identify Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto|publisher=Betabeat|date=4 October 2011|accessdate=27 December 2013|author=Jeffries, Adrianne|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001515/http://betabeat.com/2011/10/did-the-new-yorkers-joshua-davis-nail-the-identity-of-bitcoin-creator-satoshi-nakamoto/|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Laszlo Hanyecz, a former Bitcoin Core developer who had emailed Nakamoto, had the feeling the code was too well designed for one person.<ref name="wallace"/>
+A 2017 article<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://medium.com/@sahil50/elon-musk-probably-invented-bitcoin-9d6c7b7f9c3b|title=Elon Musk Probably Invented Bitcoin|last=|first=|date=2017-11-22|work=Medium|accessdate=2017-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127031602/https://medium.com/@sahil50/elon-musk-probably-invented-bitcoin-9d6c7b7f9c3b|archivedate=27 November 2017|deadurl=no|language=en-US|df=dmy-all}}</ref> published by a former SpaceX intern espoused the possibility of [[SpaceX]] and [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] CEO [[Elon Musk]] being the real Satoshi, based on Musk's technical expertise with financial software and history of publishing whitepapers. However, in a tweet on November 28th, Musk denied the claim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-28/elon-musk-tweets-to-debunk-speculation-that-he-s-behind-bitcoin|title=Musk: I Am Not Bitcoin’s Satoshi Nakamoto|date=2017-11-28|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-11-29|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129014607/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-28/elon-musk-tweets-to-debunk-speculation-that-he-s-behind-bitcoin|archivedate=29 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 == References ==