Jump to content

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Add url citation
Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
That is perfectly valid info. People should know about the evidence and the fact that the US hasn't even given any and it's just allegations without proofs. Reverted censored info. Second case of vandalism count.
Line 4: Line 4:
Four members of the [[Five Eyes]] international intelligence alliance—Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the US—have declared the use of Huawei telecommunications equipment, particularly in 5G networks, poses "significant security risks", while Canada is carrying out its own security review. The United States, Australia<ref name=ft1626294>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/543621ce-504f-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294|title=Subscribe to read &#124; Financial Times|website=Financial Times|date=27 March 2019|last1=Smyth|first1=Jamie}}</ref> and Vietnam<ref name=scmp3024479>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3024479/vietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g|title=Vietnam shuns Huawei as it seeks to build Southeast Asia's first 5G network|date=27 August 2019|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> have banned Chinese companies from providing its 5G equipment due to security concerns. The United Kingdom is also expected to implement a complete ban following resistance from MPs.<ref name=20200522telegraph>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/22/boris-johnson-reduce-huaweis-role-britains-5g-network-wake-coronavirus/|title=Boris Johnson to reduce Huawei's role in Britain's 5G network in the wake of coronavirus outbreak|first=Camilla|last=Tominey|date=22 May 2020|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=20200524theguardian>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/24/cyber-security-review-may-lead-to-huawei-loss-of-uk-5g-deal|title=Cyber security review may spell end for Huawei 5G deal|first=Dan|last=Sabbagh|date=24 May 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Japan had initially discouraged use of Chinese equipment but in October 2020, Japanese media reported that Tokyo had refused to ban Huawei from their networks.<ref name=20200218mobileworldlive>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/featured-content/top-three/japan-seeks-domestic-alternatives-to-huawei-zte/|title=Japan seeks domestic alternatives to Huawei, ZTE|date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldman|first=David P.|date=2020-11-30|title=Huawei hits 5G critical mass with Germany’s approval|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/11/huawei-hits-5g-critical-mass-with-germanys-approval/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
Four members of the [[Five Eyes]] international intelligence alliance—Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the US—have declared the use of Huawei telecommunications equipment, particularly in 5G networks, poses "significant security risks", while Canada is carrying out its own security review. The United States, Australia<ref name=ft1626294>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/543621ce-504f-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294|title=Subscribe to read &#124; Financial Times|website=Financial Times|date=27 March 2019|last1=Smyth|first1=Jamie}}</ref> and Vietnam<ref name=scmp3024479>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3024479/vietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g|title=Vietnam shuns Huawei as it seeks to build Southeast Asia's first 5G network|date=27 August 2019|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> have banned Chinese companies from providing its 5G equipment due to security concerns. The United Kingdom is also expected to implement a complete ban following resistance from MPs.<ref name=20200522telegraph>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/22/boris-johnson-reduce-huaweis-role-britains-5g-network-wake-coronavirus/|title=Boris Johnson to reduce Huawei's role in Britain's 5G network in the wake of coronavirus outbreak|first=Camilla|last=Tominey|date=22 May 2020|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=20200524theguardian>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/24/cyber-security-review-may-lead-to-huawei-loss-of-uk-5g-deal|title=Cyber security review may spell end for Huawei 5G deal|first=Dan|last=Sabbagh|date=24 May 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Japan had initially discouraged use of Chinese equipment but in October 2020, Japanese media reported that Tokyo had refused to ban Huawei from their networks.<ref name=20200218mobileworldlive>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/featured-content/top-three/japan-seeks-domestic-alternatives-to-huawei-zte/|title=Japan seeks domestic alternatives to Huawei, ZTE|date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldman|first=David P.|date=2020-11-30|title=Huawei hits 5G critical mass with Germany’s approval|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/11/huawei-hits-5g-critical-mass-with-germanys-approval/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>


These concerns led to [[The Clean Network]], a US government-led, bi-partisan effort to address what it describes as "the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights and principled collaboration posed to the free world from authoritarian malign actors." It has resulted in an "alliance of democracies and companies," "based on democratic values."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mink |first1=Michael |title=How the Clean Network Alliance of Democracies Turned the Tide on Huawei in 5G - Life and News |url=https://www.lifeandnews.com/articles/how-the-clean-network-alliance-of-democracies-turned-the-tide-on-huawei-in-5g/ |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> According to the United States, The Clean Network is intended to implement internationally accepted digital trust standards across a coalition of trusted partners.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Boadle|first=Anthony|date=2020-11-11|title=Brazil backs U.S. Clean Network proposal for transparent 5G technology|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-5g-idUSKBN27R06T|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Chinese embassy in Brazil hits back as Brasilia joins 'Clean Network'|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3109581/china-us-ties-chinese-embassy-brazil-hits-back-brasilia-joins|access-date=2020-11-15|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Sees More Support for 'Clean Network' Plan to Counter China|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/u-s-sees-more-support-for-clean-network-plan-to-counter-china|access-date=2020-11-15|website=BloombergQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hassan|first=Khalid|date=2020-11-04|title=US warns Egypt to avoid Chinese companies on 5G connections|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/11/egypt-china-us-war-5g-networks-boycott.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref>
These concerns led to [[The Clean Network]], a US government-led, bi-partisan effort to address what it describes as "the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights and principled collaboration posed to the free world from authoritarian malign actors." It has resulted in an "alliance of democracies and companies," "based on democratic values."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mink |first1=Michael |title=How the Clean Network Alliance of Democracies Turned the Tide on Huawei in 5G - Life and News |url=https://www.lifeandnews.com/articles/how-the-clean-network-alliance-of-democracies-turned-the-tide-on-huawei-in-5g/ |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> According to the United States, The Clean Network is intended to implement internationally accepted digital trust standards across a coalition of trusted partners.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Boadle|first=Anthony|date=2020-11-11|title=Brazil backs U.S. Clean Network proposal for transparent 5G technology|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-5g-idUSKBN27R06T|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Chinese embassy in Brazil hits back as Brasilia joins 'Clean Network'|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3109581/china-us-ties-chinese-embassy-brazil-hits-back-brasilia-joins|access-date=2020-11-15|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Sees More Support for 'Clean Network' Plan to Counter China|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/u-s-sees-more-support-for-clean-network-plan-to-counter-china|access-date=2020-11-15|website=BloombergQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hassan|first=Khalid|date=2020-11-04|title=US warns Egypt to avoid Chinese companies on 5G connections|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/11/egypt-china-us-war-5g-networks-boycott.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref>


To date, the United States government has not produced evidence of it's claims of espionage, and multiple investigations, including by the United States, Philippines, France and United Kingdom has found no evidence of spying.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19988919</ref><ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3011195/philippines-police-inquiry-finds-no-evidence-huawei-spying</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-britain-idUSKCN1Q91PM</ref><ref>https://theprint.in/world/theres-no-proof-to-show-huawei-was-spying-in-europe-france-says/357011/</ref> This has led to views that the US government's claims were politically motivated and meant to unfairly suppress China's high tech enterprises.<ref>https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/no-freedom-for-me-without-a-strong-motherland-huaweis-meng-wanzhou</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==

Revision as of 11:11, 4 November 2021

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks stem from allegations that cellular network equipment sourced from Chinese vendors may contain backdoors enabling surveillance by the Chinese government (as part of its intelligence activity internationally) and Chinese laws, such as the China Internet Security Law, which compel companies and individuals to assist the state intelligence agency on the collection of information whenever requested.[1] The allegations came against the backdrop of the rising prominence of Chinese telecommunication vendors Huawei and ZTE in the 5G equipment market, and the controversy has led to other countries debating whether Chinese vendors should be allowed to participate in 5G deployments.

Four members of the Five Eyes international intelligence alliance—Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the US—have declared the use of Huawei telecommunications equipment, particularly in 5G networks, poses "significant security risks", while Canada is carrying out its own security review. The United States, Australia[2] and Vietnam[3] have banned Chinese companies from providing its 5G equipment due to security concerns. The United Kingdom is also expected to implement a complete ban following resistance from MPs.[4][5] Japan had initially discouraged use of Chinese equipment but in October 2020, Japanese media reported that Tokyo had refused to ban Huawei from their networks.[6][7]

These concerns led to The Clean Network, a US government-led, bi-partisan effort to address what it describes as "the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights and principled collaboration posed to the free world from authoritarian malign actors." It has resulted in an "alliance of democracies and companies," "based on democratic values."[8] According to the United States, The Clean Network is intended to implement internationally accepted digital trust standards across a coalition of trusted partners.[9][10][11][12]

To date, the United States government has not produced evidence of it's claims of espionage, and multiple investigations, including by the United States, Philippines, France and United Kingdom has found no evidence of spying.[13][14][15][16] This has led to views that the US government's claims were politically motivated and meant to unfairly suppress China's high tech enterprises.[17]

Background

5G succeeds 4G LTE wireless technology; developments have been focused on enabling low-latency communications, and promises of a minimum peak network speed of 20 gigabits per/second (20 times faster than the equivalent on 4G LTE networks), and uses within Internet of things and smart city technology.[18][19]

The initial development of 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies were centred upon Japan, Europe, and the United States, respectively. China's five-year plan for 2016–2020 and the Made in China 2025 initiative both identified 5G as a "strategic emerging industry", with goals for Chinese companies to become more competitive and innovative in the global market, and avert the country's prior reputation for low-quality and counterfeit goods.[20][21] All wireless carriers in China are state-owned, which has helped the government to expedite the development of 5G networks, and access to wireless spectrum. It has been argued that early access to 5G would give China an advantage in developing services that can leverage the technology.[21] Domestic vendors such as Huawei and ZTE have subsequently leveraged China's position to market 5G-compatible equipment for international deployments; Huawei had seen significant growth in the 2010s, aided by its ability to undercut competitors, a large number of international partnerships, the increasing success of its smartphone business, the amount it has invested in R&D, competitive deployment support and investments by the China Development Bank.[20][22] As of 2019, the only other major manufacturers of 5G equipment are the European rivals of Ericsson and Nokia: they, along with Huawei and ZTE, account for two-thirds of the overall market.[20]

Huawei has faced various allegations of intellectual property theft and corporate espionage, including copying proprietary source code from Cisco Systems equipment, and an employee stealing a robotic arm for smartphone stress testing from a T-Mobile US laboratory.[23][24][25] In January 2019, US authorities indicted Huawei and its vice-chairwoman and CFO Meng Wanzhou on charges of theft of trade secrets (including allegations that Huawei's Chinese division had a program to issue bonuses for employees who successfully obtain confidential information from competitors. In regards to the aforementioned T-Mobile robotic arm, Huawei's US division disavowed the employee's actions and this program, as it is not in line with local business practices), and having used a shell company to mask investments in Iran that violated US sanctions (including resale of technology of US origin); in October 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that Huawei was the largest provider of telecommunications equipment in Iran.[26][27][28]

In 2012, it was reported by The Wall Street Journal that Canadian telecom equipment firm Nortel Networks had been the subject of an intrusion by Chinese hackers from 2000 through its bankruptcy in 2009, who had accessed internal documents and other proprietary information. The company's former security adviser Brian Shields alleged that the intrusion was a state-sponsored attack that may have benefited domestic competitors such as Huawei and ZTE, and acknowledged that there was circumstantial evidence that connected the company's downfall to the beginning of Huawei's international growth. He warned against cooperation with Chinese vendors, arguing that "they've got this Communist Party over there right in their corporate offices. What are these people doing? Why is it such a close relationship with the Chinese government?"[29][30][23][31]

Allegations surrounding Chinese surveillance via network infrastructure cite the 2017 National Intelligence Law, and the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law. The National Intelligence Law gives intelligence agencies the ability to compel citizens and organizations to cooperate in investigations,[32] and that China will protect any organization or individual that helps the Chinese government. The 2014 Counter-Espionage law states that "when the state security organ investigates and understands the situation of espionage and collects relevant evidence, the relevant organizations and individuals shall provide it truthfully and may not refuse."[33] Softbank CTO Miyagawa Jyunichi explained that unlike a 4G core network (where data is encrypted and transmitted using a tunneling protocol that makes it difficult to extract communication data from the network), if technology like mobile edge computing is used, processing servers could be placed near 5G base stations, to enable information processing on the base station side of the carrier network. This makes it possible to extract user data via these servers, which theoretically allows for surveillance.[34]

The United States government claims that the Chinese government can force wireless infrastructure vendors to incorporate software backdoors or hardware that would allow China to spy on the US or its allies.[35]

US security concerns surrounding Huawei have pre-dated the current 5G-related controversies; in 2007, Bain Capital attempted to acquire network equipment vendor 3Com with minority financing from Huawei. However, the transaction faced scrutiny from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, which deemed it a threat to national security due to Huawei founder Ren Zhengfei having been a former engineer for the People's Liberation Army, and concerns that China could gain access to intrusion detection technology that 3Com had developed for the US government and armed forces.[36][37] When Huawei bought out its joint venture with Symantec in 2012, The New York Times reported that Symantec had fears that the partnership "would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyberthreats".[38]

It has been argued that Huawei has ties to the Chinese government: the CIA has cited anonymous British sources claiming that entities such as the National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army have provided funding to Huawei.[39] US senator Marco Rubio referred to Huawei and ZTE as being "state-directed", and warned that the US had to be "vigilant" in preventing them from "undermining and endangering America's 5G networks". He also stated that Huawei "undermine[s] foreign competition by stealing trade secrets and intellectual property, and through artificially low prices backed by the Chinese government."[40] During testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee in 2018, US intelligence chiefs warned against the company, with FBI director Christopher A. Wray stating that they were "concerned about the risks of allowing any company or entity that is beholden to foreign governments that don't share our values to gain positions of power inside our telecommunications networks."[41][42]

Fellow senator Mark Warner argued that "no major Chinese company is independent of the Chinese government and Communist Party", and warned that the Chinese government can exploit consumer electronics products from these companies, such as smartphones. He claimed that "software reviews of existing Huawei products are not sufficient to preclude the possibility of a vendor pushing a malicious update that enables surveillance in the future. Any supposedly safe Chinese product is one firmware update away from being an insecure Chinese product."[40] Robert Strayer, US State Department ambassador for cyber and international communications, stated at MWC Barcelona in 2019 that they were "asking other governments and the private sector to consider the threat posed by Huawei and other Chinese information technology companies."[43] The country has threatened to withdraw some co-operations with its allies if they install Huawei equipment on telecommunication networks.[44]

Australia

Australia banned Chinese vendors from providing equipment for 5G networks, citing the aforementioned intelligence laws as a factor.[45][33][46] Other countries like Japan have cited security concerns and have successfully persuaded carriers to exclude Huawei or ZTE equipment in their 5G networks.[46][47] while Taiwan has issued guidelines banning the use of Mainland Chinese telecommunications equipment for all its government departments, organizations and government-controlled companies.[48][49]

Belgium

Belgium is seat of the European Commission, other EU institutions, the NATO headquarters, SHAPE and other high-ranking institutions. On 9 October 2020 Orange S.A. and its competitor Proximus (ex belgacom) have declared that Nokia and Ericsson are going to deliver 5G equipment.[50]

Canada

Rogers cooperated with Ericsson to build their 5G network. Bell Canada has worked with both Ericsson and Nokia. Telus is working with Ericsson, Nokia and Samsung.[51]

Netherlands

In April 2019, Dutch telecom KPN said that it would select a Western supplier to build its core 5G mobile network, making it one of the first European operators to eliminate Huawei. On 15 October 2020, KPN said in a statement that it will “collaborate with Ericsson” for the implementation of its core 5G technology. The US government had expressed fears that if KPN's 5G backbone contained Huawei equipment it would be vulnerable to spying by the Chinese state.[52]

In March 2021, Reuters reported that Amsterdam-based telecom and pay TV company United Group is considering removal of Huawei equipment from its networks.[53] United Group's operations are primarily in Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Greece, and Serbia. United Group's CEO said that "switching to something that is more US-approved is the right approach" although he is concerned about the costs associated with doing so.[54]

France

In January 2020, the head of France’s cybersecurity agency ANSSI said his agency had not uncovered any evidence of Huawei spying through its equipment in Europe.[55] In June 2020 ANSSI informed French telecommunications companies that they would not be allowed to renew licenses for 5G equipment made from Huawei after 2028.[56]

Germany

In March 2019, Germany's Federal Network Agency announced that all wireless networks, including 5G and all other standards, will be subject to heightened security requirements. This includes mandatory security testing by the Federal Office for Information Security before equipment is deployed, and operators being required to report any abnormalities. Operators are also being encouraged to source equipment from multiple vendors.[57]

New Zealand

In late November 2018, the New Zealand signals intelligence agency Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) blocked telecommunications company Spark from using Huawei equipment in its planned 5G upgrade, claiming that it posed a "significant network security risk." The NZ ban followed a similar ban in Australia in August 2018.[58][59]

In mid July 2020, GCSB Minister Andrew Little confirmed that New Zealand would not join the United Kingdom and United States in excluding Huawei from the country's 5G networks on national security grounds. Telecommunications Users Association chief executive Craig Young welcomed the Government's announcement, saying that a ban would force companies with Huawei equipment to replace expensive equipment due to the integrated nature of the country's 2G, 3G and 4G networks.[60][61] In response to the Government's announcement, Huawei NZ's deputy managing director Andrew Bowater emphasized the company's commitment to helping customers deal with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand.[60][62]

The Philippines

On 21 May 2019, as the result of an inquiry performed in cooperation with other foreign law enforcement agencies, the Philippine National Police concluded that there was no evidence that Huawei has been involved in espionage.[63]

Poland

On 11 January 2019, Poland announced that two people working on a 5G Huawei network had been arrested: Wang Weijing (a Huawei executive), and Piotr Durbaglo, a consultant having worked for Polish domestic security, but currently working for Orange on 5G network testing.[64] Poland has insisted, however, that the spying charges were due to individual actions and not directly connected with the international Chinese corporation.[65]

Romania

In November 2020, Romania’s prime minister Ludovic Orban stated that Huawei “does not meet [security] conditions” to be part of building 5G networks in the country. The remarks come after Romanian Prime Minister Ludovic Orban said Huawei "does not meet conditions" to be part of 5G networks in the country. "With respect to 5G, [China] cannot be our partner," Orban told media in an interview published on November 1.[66]

In February 2021, the Government of Romania approved a memorandum to limit the companies from non-EU countries that have no trade agreements with Romania or the European Union from participating in public tenders. In March 2021, prime minister Florin Citu announced that Romania's Government will evaluate an ordinance that will exclude companies from non-EU countries that do not have trade agreements with the European Union, including China, from participating in infrastructure projects in Romania.[67]

Japan

In May 2019, Japan announced that effective 1 August 2019, the telecom, integrated circuitry, and mobile phone manufacturing industries would be added to laws allowing the government to block foreign investments within sensitive sectors for security reasons. The government stated that these regulations were due to "the increased importance of securing cyber security in recent years", but did not name any specific companies or countries.[68][69] The announcement followed trade talks the same day between Trump and prime minister Shinzō Abe.[68]

In October 2020, Japanese media reported that Tokyo had rejected American pressures to ban Huawei from its 5G network.[70]

Serbia

Serbia will prohibit the use of 5G equipment supplied by untrusted vendors. Where such equipment is already present, Serbia committed to removal and other mediation efforts in a timely fashion. Officials from Serbia said this was a reference to Chinese companies such as Huawei Technologies.[71]

South Korea

In South Korea, LG Uplus is the only carrier to have adopted Huawei equipment for its 5G equipment due to its favourable pricing, unlike the other two carriers that have rejected Huawei for security reasons.[72][73] LG Uplus does not believe that there are problems in the security of Huawei equipment,[74] which has resulted in boycott movements against the carrier for their perceived negligence in security by choosing Huawei as its supplier.[75] It is reported that the South Korean government is not willing to ban Huawei equipment, fearing a repeat of the Chinese retaliation that resulted from the deployment of THAAD.[76] China’s tourism boycott as a result of THAAD is reported to have cost South Korea $5.1 billion in lost revenues.[77]

The US have asked South Korea to join its "Clean Network" campaign against China and ban Huawei from its network, but Seoul has refused to do so. A South Korean diplomat asserted that it is up to companies' decision on what technology they will use and "the government cannot interfere in the decision-making process of private firms".[78]

Sweden

In Sweden, the Post and Telecom Authority (PTS) decided in October 2020 that Huawei and ZTE are not allowed to deliver parts for the 5G net in Sweden. In case that parts of them already have been installed they have to be removed until January 2025.[79] PTS was advised by the Swedish military and security services that China was “one of the biggest threats against Sweden.” The language Sweden used in their ban was particularly strong and the next day the ban was denounced by Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian who stated that “China deplores Sweden’s decision.” that the Swedes were using “national security as a pretext to slander Chinese companies, openly oppress Chinese telecom companies, and politicize normal economic cooperation.” and that PTS should “correct its mistake” to “avoid negative impact on China-Sweden economic cooperation and the Swedish businesses operating in China.”[80]

United Kingdom

In October 2018, BT Group announced that it had been phasing out Huawei equipment from "core" components of its wireless infrastructure (excluding parts such as phone mast antennas), including its 5G services,[81] and the Emergency Services Network project.[82]

In December 2018, Gavin Williamson, the UK's Defence Secretary, expressed "grave" and "very deep concerns" about the company providing technology to upgrade Britain's services to 5G. He accused Beijing of acting "sometimes in a malign way". Alex Younger, the head of MI6, also raised questions about Huawei's role.[83]

In 2019, the UK National Cyber Security Centre concluded that the risk from using Huawei equipment for their 5G infrastructure, was manageable.[84][85][86] Former head of GCHQ, Robert Hannigan in that year, wrote in an op-ed in the Financial Times that the NCSC had “never found evidence of malicious Chinese state cyber activity through Huawei” and "assertions that any Chinese technology in any part of a 5G network represents an unacceptable risk are nonsense" while advocating that "the UK and other European countries should hold their nerve and base decisions on Chinese involvement in future telecoms on technical expertise and rational assessment of risk, rather than political fashion or trade wars".[84][87][88][89]

The UK is expected to ban Huawei and remove it from its network[90] by 2023[91] having initially attempted to ban it from core networks and limit its involvement in its non-core network to 35%.[92] The review was announced following concern from MPs, intelligence officials and allies.[93] Liu Xiaoming, Chinese ambassador to the UK, called the persecution of Huawei a kind of "a witch-hunt" and assured that as a private-owned company, the brand has nothing to do with the Chinese authorities. Several Conservative Party members, on their part, have warned against using Huawei.[94]

The costs involved in removing Huawei technology from the UK networks are likely to be significant as the company accounts for about three quarters of the radio access across Britain's 4G network infrastructure. At the same time, a significant portion of the initial stages of the 5G network come from Huawei.[95]

In April 2020, the China Research Group was founded by Conservative MPs; as part of its remit, the group aims to look into "how the development, ownership and regulation of platform technologies that underpin future economic growth and innovation are being influenced" by China.[96][97]

On 7 October 2020, the Defence Select Committee released a report claiming that there was clear evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party. The committee said that the government should now consider assessing equipment from other vendors in a similar fashion.[98]

United States

A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China and said instead that security vulnerabilities on its products posed a greater threat to its users. The details of the leaked review came a week after a US House Intelligence Committee report which warned against letting Huawei supply critical telecommunications infrastructure in the United States. [99]

The United States has engaged in several domestic actions designed to hinder Chinese telecom providers from doing business in the country. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 barred the US federal government from obtaining equipment from several Chinese vendors, including Huawei and ZTE.[100][101][102]

On 15 May 2019, president Donald Trump signed executive order 13873 to declare a national emergency under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, allowing for restrictions to be imposed on commerce with "foreign adversaries" that involve information and communications technology. Trump stated that the US needed to protect itself against "foreign adversaries" that create and exploit security vulnerabilities in information and communications systems: the order made no specific references to any country or vendor.[103][104] The same day, the US Department of Commerce also added Huawei and various affiliates to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations (restricting its ability to perform commerce with US companies), citing that it had been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, reexport, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)".[105] Some US media reports suggested that the timing of the latter was not coincidental.[106][107][108][109][110]

In February 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that US officials claimed Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials since 2009. These backdoors are found on carrier equipment like antennas and routers. Huawei's equipment is widely used around the world due to its low cost.[111][112]

Vietnam

In July 2019, It was reported that Vietnamese telecom companies were looking to avoid Huawei equipment for their 5G networks.[113] Telefónica has also announced plans to reduce the amount of Huawei equipment in its 5G networks.[114] The CEO of Orange S.A., has stated that some fears about Huawei equipment are unfounded.[115]

Chinese response

Huawei has encouraged the US to present evidence regarding its espionage claims. Founder Ren Zhengfei felt that these allegations were politically motivated, and that the US was treating 5G as a strategic advantage akin to an atomic bomb, since they wanted to remain a global leader in technology. He argued that the west could face a "second Cold War" if they did not accept new entrants such as China.[116]

Ren also stated in an interview that Huawei had never given data to the Chinese government, would not allow the Chinese government access to data (noting that his membership in the Communist Party of China would not affect this ability), nor would it assist in espionage against the United States, even if required by law. He explained that "China's ministry of foreign affairs has officially clarified that no law in China requires any company to install mandatory back doors. Huawei and me personally have never received any request from any government to provide improper information", and that "when it comes to cybersecurity and privacy protection we are committed to be sided with our customers. We will never harm any nation or any individual."[117]

In a speech at the Mobile World Congress 2019, Huawei's rotating chairman Guo Ping similarly addressed the allegations, stating that innovation "is nothing without security", and pledging that Huawei had never placed backdoors in its equipment, would never place backdoors, and would not allow other parties to do so. Ping also called out the US government for engaging in surveillance activities of its own, including PRISM, and the National Security Agency having hacked Huawei in the past, arguing that "if the NSA wants to modify routers or switches to eavesdrop, a Chinese company will be unlikely to co-operate".[118][119][120] In a Financial Times editorial, Ping stated that Huawei "hampers US efforts to spy on whomever it wants," and stated again that it "has not and will never plant backdoors."[119]

On 14 May 2019, chairman Liang Hua stated at a conference in London that Huawei was willing to accept a "no spy" pact with the British government to ease concerns over its involvement in local 5G deployments. The National Security Council had made a decision to only allow Huawei to provide "non-core" components due to the security concerns.[121][122]

Houlin Zhao, secretary-general of the International Telecommunication Union, has also suggested that the US allegations are politically motivated.[123]

In a statement published by Chinese Communist Party-owned tabloid Global Times in response to Trump's May 2019 executive order, Huawei stated that the move would "only force the US to use inferior and expensive alternative equipment, lagging behind other countries", and that they were willing to "communicate with the US to ensure product security".[106]

In September 2019, Ren told The Economist and The New York Times that Huawei was open to the possibility of selling a blanket license for its 5G intellectual property to a US company. He saw it as an effort to spur domestic competition, and quell fears over espionage allegations by allowing the licensee to analyze and iterate upon the technology as they see fit.[124][125][126][127]

In an op-ed for the South China Morning Post, Chandran Nair, founder of the self-described pan-Asian[128] Hong Kong-based think-tank The Global Institute for Tomorrow, described the dispute as being "a sequel of the Yellow Peril", and compared it to examples of US anti-Japanese sentiment in the 1980s.[129] Nair has in other op-eds questioned the legitimacy of Meng's arrest[130] and supported China's model of development.[131]

An opinion piece published in Wired Magazine written by the vice President of the Law institute at the state-backed[132] Chinese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that the Chinese government could not force Huawei to make backdoors and cited two reviews which were both commissioned by Huawei[132] of the two aforementioned intelligence laws by attorneys from Zhong Lun and Clifford Chance which also concluded that there was no law requiring companies to place backdoors in their hardware.[133] The opinion was criticized by three current and former American law professors.[132]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hobbling Huawei: Inside the U.S. war on China's tech giant". Reuters. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  2. ^ Smyth, Jamie (27 March 2019). "Subscribe to read | Financial Times". Financial Times. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  3. ^ "Vietnam shuns Huawei as it seeks to build Southeast Asia's first 5G network". South China Morning Post. 27 August 2019.
  4. ^ Tominey, Camilla (22 May 2020). "Boris Johnson to reduce Huawei's role in Britain's 5G network in the wake of coronavirus outbreak". The Daily Telegraph.
  5. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 May 2020). "Cyber security review may spell end for Huawei 5G deal". The Guardian.
  6. ^ "Japan seeks domestic alternatives to Huawei, ZTE". 18 February 2020.
  7. ^ Goldman, David P. (30 November 2020). "Huawei hits 5G critical mass with Germany's approval". Asia Times. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  8. ^ Mink, Michael. "How the Clean Network Alliance of Democracies Turned the Tide on Huawei in 5G - Life and News". Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  9. ^ Boadle, Anthony (11 November 2020). "Brazil backs U.S. Clean Network proposal for transparent 5G technology". Reuters. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Chinese embassy in Brazil hits back as Brasilia joins 'Clean Network'". South China Morning Post. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  11. ^ "U.S. Sees More Support for 'Clean Network' Plan to Counter China". BloombergQuint. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  12. ^ Hassan, Khalid (4 November 2020). "US warns Egypt to avoid Chinese companies on 5G connections". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  13. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19988919
  14. ^ https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3011195/philippines-police-inquiry-finds-no-evidence-huawei-spying
  15. ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-britain-idUSKCN1Q91PM
  16. ^ https://theprint.in/world/theres-no-proof-to-show-huawei-was-spying-in-europe-france-says/357011/
  17. ^ https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/no-freedom-for-me-without-a-strong-motherland-huaweis-meng-wanzhou
  18. ^ Edwards, John (7 January 2019). "5G versus 4G: How speed, latency and application support differ". Network World. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  19. ^ Supalla, Zach (20 July 2018). "What's so special about 5G and IoT?". Network World. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  20. ^ a b c Fung, Brian (10 April 2019). "How China's Huawei took the lead over U.S. companies in 5G technology". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  21. ^ a b Woyke, Elizabeth. "China is racing ahead in 5G. Here's what that means". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  22. ^ "UK, Huawei and 5G: six myths debunked". IISS. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  23. ^ a b Paddon, David (8 December 2018). "Little-known among consumers, Huawei has high profile in Canadian tech networks". Financial Post. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  24. ^ Worth, Dan (12 October 2012). "Cisco upbraids Huawei over source code copying claims". V3.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Huawei accused of offering bonuses to staff to steal secrets". Financial Times. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  26. ^ Stecklow, Steve (19 October 2011). "Chinese Tech Giant Aids Iran". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  27. ^ Sanger, David E.; Benner, Katie; Goldstein, Matthew (28 January 2019). "Huawei and Top Executive Face Criminal Charges in the U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  28. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (29 January 2019). "US indicts Huawei for stealing T-Mobile robot arm, selling US tech to Iran". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  29. ^ Smith, Jim. "Did Outsourcing and Corporate Espionage Kill Nortel?". Assembly. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  30. ^ Payton, Laura (11 October 2012). "Former Nortel exec warns against working with Huawei". CBC News. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  31. ^ Kehoe, John (26 May 2014). "How Chinese hacking felled telecommunication giant Nortel". afr.com. Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  32. ^ "What you need to know about China's intelligence law that takes effect today". Quartz. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  33. ^ a b Kharpal, Arjun (4 March 2019). "Huawei would have to give data to China government if asked: experts". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  34. ^ "ソフトバンク最高技術責任者が漏らした「ファーウェイ排除」への本音". まぐまぐニュース！. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  35. ^ Schulze, Elizabeth (22 April 2019). "The US is attacking Huawei and China – without its own 5G strategy". CNBC. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  36. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (21 February 2008). "Sale of 3Com to Huawei is derailed by U.S. security concerns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  37. ^ Naraine, Ryan. "3Com-Huawei deal 'in trouble' over China connection". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  38. ^ Perlroth, Nicole; Markoff, John (26 March 2012). "Symantec Dissolves Alliance with Huawei of China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  39. ^ Liptak, Andrew (20 April 2019). "The CIA says that China's security agencies provided funds for Huawei: report". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  40. ^ a b Lecher, Colin (17 March 2019). "Is Huawei a security threat? Seven experts weigh in". The Verge. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  41. ^ Vincent, James (14 February 2018). "Don't use Huawei phones, say heads of FBI, CIA, and NSA". The Verge. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  42. ^ Salinas, Sara (13 February 2018). "Six top US intelligence chiefs caution against buying Huawei phones". CNBC. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  43. ^ Schulze, Elizabeth (27 February 2019). "Top US official urges allies to reject 'deceitful' Huawei citing China spying fears". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  44. ^ "U.S. Tries to Freeze Huawei Out of Europe With Court Argument". Bloomberg.com. 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  45. ^ Hunter, Kirsty Needham, Fergus (14 April 2019). "China takes Australia's Huawei 5G ban to global trade umpire". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ a b Hunter, Kirsty Needham, Fergus (14 April 2019). "China takes Australia's Huawei 5G ban to global trade umpire". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "楽天は中国系機器使わず、ソフトバンクも暗に認める". Reuters. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  48. ^ "Taiwan preps China blacklist banning Huawei and ZTE". Nikkei Asian REview. Nikkei Asian Review. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  49. ^ "Taiwan follows US in shutting out China's top tech". Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei Asian Review. 20 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  50. ^ Nokia, Ericsson score 5G tech wins with Orange, Proximus
  51. ^ Stephen Clark (31 January 2019). "5G in Canada Guide: WhistleOut Answers Your Questions". WhistleOut. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  52. ^ Reuters Staff (15 October 2020). "Dutch telecom KPN picks Ericsson over Huawei for 5G network". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2020. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  53. ^ "United Group could remove Huawei equipment from networks". Telegeography. PriMetrica Inc. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  54. ^ Mukherjee, Supantha (10 March 2021). "Huawei customer United Group considering changing telecom gear vendor". Reuters. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  55. ^ https://theprint.in/world/theres-no-proof-to-show-huawei-was-spying-in-europe-france-says/357011/
  56. ^ "France introduces de facto ban on Huawei 5G equipment by 2028". Politico. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  57. ^ McCaskill, Steve (11 March 2019). "Germany won't ban Huawei but tightens rules for all 5G vendors". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  58. ^ "New Zealand halts Huawei from 5G upgrade over security fears". The New Zealand Herald. Associated Press. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  59. ^ "Huawei: NZ bars Chinese firm on national security fears". BBC News. 28 November 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  60. ^ a b Thomas, Rachel (15 July 2020). "Andrew Little says New Zealand won't follow UK's Huawei 5G ban". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  61. ^ Walton, Felix (27 July 2020). "Both the UK and the US have cancelled Huawei. Should NZ be next?". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  62. ^ Daalder, Marc (20 July 2020). "Huawei NZ conciliatory after UK ban". Newsroom. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  63. ^ "Philippine police inquiry finds no evidence of Huawei spying for Beijing". South China Morning Post. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  64. ^ Thibault, Harold; Leplâtre, Simon (1 February 2019). "Chine-Etats Unis: avec Huawei, la guerre de la 5G est déclarée" [China – USA: with Huawei, the war of 5G is declared]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  65. ^ "Boycott Huawei Get Mixed Response in Europe". Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  66. ^ Pavlovska, Elena (2 November 2020). "Romania rejects partnering with China's Huawei on 5G, prime minister says".
  67. ^ "Romania to ban Chinese companies from big infrastructure projects". 4 March 2021.
  68. ^ a b Kwan, Campbell. "Japan to restrict foreign investment for domestic tech and telco companies". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  69. ^ "Japan to restrict foreign investment in IT firms". Japan Times. 28 May 2019. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  70. ^ Goldman, David P. (30 November 2020). "Huawei hits 5G critical mass with Germany's approval". Asia Times. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  71. ^ "Serbia, Kosovo Agree to Normalize Economic Relations". Wall Street Journal. 4 September 2020.
  72. ^ "Huawei Fails to Expand Presence in Korea's 5G Equipment Market". 비즈니스코리아 – BusinessKorea. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  73. ^ "LGU+, 보안우려에도 5G장비 '화웨이'선정..."11월까지 준비"". 뉴스핌. 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  74. ^ NEWSIS (26 February 2019). "[MWC 2019]'화웨이 보안 논란' 韓 이통3사 CEO 입장차…LGU+만 긍정적". newsis.
  75. ^ "5G 불만…기지국 최소 LGU+엔 '화웨이' 거론 불매 목소리 – 여성소비자신문". wsobi.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  76. ^ "홍콩 언론 "한국, 5G 글로벌 경쟁 승리 화웨이덕분"". news.chosun.com. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  77. ^ Hemmings, John (7 July 2020). "South Korea's Growing 5G Dilemma".
  78. ^ 김승연 (14 October 2020). "U.S. renews calls on S. Korea to join economic security campaign against China". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  79. ^ pts.se: Four companies approved for participation in the 3.5 GHz and 2.3 GHz auctions
  80. ^ Tiezzi, Shannon. "Sweden Becomes Latest – and Among Most Forceful – to Ban Huawei From 5G". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  81. ^ "BT bars Huawei kit from core of 5G network". BBC News. 5 December 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  82. ^ "Huawei's kit removed from police network". BBC News. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  83. ^ "BBC News: Huawei: 'Deep concerns' over firm's role in UK 5G upgrade". BBC News. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  84. ^ a b Sevastopulo, Demetri; Bond, David (17 February 2019). "UK says Huawei is manageable risk to 5G". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  85. ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri. "UK says Huawei is manageable risk to 5G". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  86. ^ "Huawei risk can be managed, say UK cyber-security chiefs". BBC News. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  87. ^ "Former British surveillance head criticises call for ban on China 5G tech". South China Morning Post. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  88. ^ "Blanket Bans on Chinese Tech Companies Like Huawei Make No Sense". Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  89. ^ Hannigan, Robert (12 February 2019). "Blanket bans on Chinese tech companies like Huawei make no sense". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  90. ^ Sheridan, Danielle (25 May 2020). "Security officials launch review of Huawei's involvement in Britain's 5G network". The Daily Telegraph.
  91. ^ Pickard, Jim; Fildes, Nic (23 May 2020). "Subscribe to read | Financial Times". Financial Times. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  92. ^ "U.S. to keep pressing U.K. to drive Huawei from networks, official says". Politico.
  93. ^ Finley, Klint. "UK Has a Plan to Corral Huawei. But Security Concerns Linger". Wired.
  94. ^ "Huawei: UK 5G concerns 'a witch-hunt' says Chinese ambassador". BBC News. 9 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020.
  95. ^ "The numbers that show it's hard for the UK to ditch Huawei". South China Morning Post. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  96. ^ "Coronavirus: Tory MPs to examine 'rise of China'". BBC. London. 25 April 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  97. ^ Pamilih, Julia. "China Research Group News". chinaresearchgroup.substack.com. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  98. ^ Corera, Gordon (7 October 2020). "Huawei: MPs claim 'clear evidence of collusion' with Chinese Communist Party". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  99. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19988919
  100. ^ "Senate rejects Trump's plan to lift ZTE export ban". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  101. ^ "China Contributing ,00 Million to Trump-Linked Project in Indonesia". National Review. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  102. ^ "New law bans US gov't from buying tech from Chinese giants ZTE and Huawei". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  103. ^ "Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain". Federal Register. 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  104. ^ Kuo, Lily; Siddiqui, Sabrina (16 May 2019). "Huawei hits back over Trump's national emergency on telecoms 'threat'". The Guardian. Washington. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  105. ^ "Addition of Entities to the Entity List". Federal Register. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  106. ^ a b "Tech stocks slide on US decision to blacklist Huawei and 70 affiliates". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  107. ^ Sottek, T. C. (19 May 2019). "Google pulls Huawei's Android license, forcing it to use open source version". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  108. ^ Satariano, Adam; Zhong, Raymond; Wakabayashi, Daisuke (20 May 2019). "U.S. Tech Suppliers, Including Google, Restrict Dealings With Huawei After Trump Order". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  109. ^ Yu, Eileen. "Japan telcos pull back sale of new Huawei smartphones". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  110. ^ Amadeo, Ron (21 May 2019). "The US DOC gives Huawei a 90-day window to support existing devices". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  111. ^ Reichert, Corinne. "US finds Huawei has backdoor access to mobile networks globally, report says". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  112. ^ Pancevski, Bojan (12 February 2020). "WSJ News Exclusive | U.S. Officials Say Huawei Can Covertly Access Telecom Networks". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  113. ^ Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company. "Vietnam quietly avoids Huawei in building 5G network". Bangkok Post. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  114. ^ "Telefonica to drastically reduce Huawei kit for its core 5G network". Reuters. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  115. ^ "Some fears about Huawei are 'complete nonsense', Orange's boss says". Reuters. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  116. ^ "Interview: Huawei-Chef Ren Zhengfei: "5G ist für die USA eine Art Atombombe"". Handelsblatt. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  117. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (5 March 2019). "Huawei says it would never hand data to China's government. Experts say it wouldn't have a choice". CNBC. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  118. ^ Sanger, David E.; Perlroth, Nicole (22 March 2014). "N.S.A. Breached Chinese Servers Seen as Security Threat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  119. ^ a b Byford, Sam (27 February 2019). "Huawei chairman accuses American critics of hypocrisy over NSA hacks". The Verge. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  120. ^ "Huawei leader calls out U.S. for privacy contradictions". FierceWireless. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  121. ^ "Huawei willing to sign 'no-spy' agreements". 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  122. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (14 May 2019). "Huawei 'prepared to sign no-spy agreement with UK government'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  123. ^ "Huawei allegations driven by politics not evidence: U.N. telecoms..." Reuters. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  124. ^ "Huawei head says he might sell 5G knowledge". TechRadar. 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  125. ^ "Ren Zhengfei may sell Huawei's 5G technology to a Western buyer, Ren Zhengfei may sell Huawei's 5G technology to a Western buyer". The Economist. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  126. ^ "Huawei has made a peace offering that deserves consideration". The Economist. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  127. ^ Su, Jeb. "Huawei CEO Reportedly Offers To License 5G Technology To American Companies in Peace Offer To Trump". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  128. ^ "Global Institute For Tomorrow (@Global_Inst_FT)". Twitter. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.[non-primary source needed]
  129. ^ Nair, Chandran (11 May 2019). "US anxiety over Huawei a sequel of the Yellow Peril". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  130. ^ Nair, Chandran (21 December 2018). "Why Asia Should Be Worried By America's Bullying of China". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  131. ^ Nair, Chandran (31 May 2019). "Canada must learn to co-operate with, not fear, China". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  132. ^ a b c SIMONITE, TOM (4 March 2019). "US LAWYERS DON'T BUY HUAWEI'S ARGUMENT ON CHINESE HACKING". Wired Mag. Wired Mag. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  133. ^ Hanhua, Zhou (4 March 2019). "Law Expert: Chinese Government Can't Force Huawei to Make Backdoors". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks&oldid=1053516329"