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Coordinates: 3°58′2.96″S 122°35′40.92″E / 3.9674889°S 122.5947000°E / -3.9674889; 122.5947000
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=== Early history ===
=== Early history ===
Bay of Kendari is known since 15th century and written on Portuguese chartered maps, marked with name "''Citta dela Baia''" and the bay was known as "''Baia du Tivora''".<ref name=":0" /> Kingdom of Konawe, which ruled the settlement, exist since 5th century founded by Tolaki people. However, its early days government structure was simple and resemble those of tribal societies. The kingdom was divided into several period of times.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Islamisasi Sejarah Konawe|url=http://download.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/article.php?article=952290&val=14678&title=LINGKAR%20ROTAN%20KALOSARA%20PERJUMPAAN%20ISLAM%20DAN%20TRADISI%20DALAM%20SEJARAH%20ISLAM%20KONAWE|url-status=live}}</ref><sup>:42</sup>
The Bay of Kendari has been known since the 15th century and appears on Portuguese chartered maps, marked with the name "''Citta dela Baia''" ("City of the Bay"). The bay was known as "''Baia du Tivora''" ("Tivora Bay").<ref name=":0" /> The Kingdom of Konawe, founded in the fifth century by the Tolaki people, ruled the settlement. Its early government structure was simple and resembled those of tribal societies. The kingdom had several historical periods.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Islamisasi Sejarah Konawe|url=http://download.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/article.php?article=952290&val=14678&title=LINGKAR%20ROTAN%20KALOSARA%20PERJUMPAAN%20ISLAM%20DAN%20TRADISI%20DALAM%20SEJARAH%20ISLAM%20KONAWE|url-status=live}}</ref><sup>:42</sup>


Its first king was Mokole Roro who ruled the kingdom between year 428–447. This period was known as Ancient Konawe. During this period, the kingdom was still small and not yet ruled all of today's Konawe region including today's Kendari city.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:42</sup> The kingdom's capital was in Rahambuu, which is known today as Unaaha town, around 60 kilometers from Kendari. During this time, the kingdom had three smaller kingdoms below it which were loyal to Unaaha.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:42</sup>
Its first king was Mokole Roro, who ruled the kingdom between 428 and 447, in a period known as Ancient Konawe. The kingdom was still small and did not yet rule all of today's Konawe region or Kendari city.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:42</sup> The kingdom's capital was in Rahambuu, a town known today as Unaaha, around {{convert|60|km|sp=us}} from Kendari. The kingdom included three smaller kingdoms loyal to Unaaha.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:42</sup>


The Ancient Konawe period was followed by Old Konawe period. It was marked by unification and consolidation of kingdom's power on the region as well as a huge unknown disaster which was thought almost eliminated all people in the region.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:42</sup> During this time, there was also according to local legend arrival of ''Onggodo'',a holy man thought to came from [[Maluku Islands]].<ref name=":1" /><sup>:43</sup> He was believed to save the kingdom from the brink of the disaster, and later married princess of the kingdom.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:43</sup> Konawe society was divided into three classes during this time, ''Anakia'' which were nobles and upper classes, ''Tononggapa'' which were the commoners and peasants, and ''Oata'' which were slaves.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:43</sup> People in the region were tied to a religious symbol called ''Kalo Sara'', which symbolized harmony, peace, and kinship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yahya, M., dan Subair, M.|date=November 2019|title=Prakarsa Bugis-Mandar dalam Pendidikan Keagamaan di Lalowura Loea Kolaka Timur Sulawesi Tenggara|url=https://blamakassar.e-journal.id/pusaka/article/view/260/198|journal=Pusaka|volume=7|issue=2|pages=155|doi=10.31969/pusaka.v7i2.260|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><sup>:45</sup> Kalo Sara means "circle of tribal laws", and symbolized in forms of a big bracelet made out of three rattan pieces that were tied together and a white napkin as place to put the bracelet.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=ZonaSultra|first=Admin|date=2019-10-30|title=Kalosara dari Dulu hingga Kini: Merawat Perdamaian, Mengokohkan Persatuan (Bagian 1) {{!}} ZonaSultra.com|url=https://zonasultra.com/kalosara-dari-dulu-hingga-kini-merawat-perdamaian-mengokohkan-persatuan-bagian-1.html|access-date=2021-08-06|language=id}}</ref> The rattan bracelet symbolized unity and the white napkin symbolized good deeds.<ref name=":2" /> The three pieces of rattan have various meanings and interpretation, such as father, mother, and children's, or government, religion, and tradition.<ref name=":2" />
The Old Konawe period followed the Ancient Konawe period. It was marked by the unification and consolidation of the kingdom's power over the region. There was a huge unknown disaster, which is thought to have almost eliminated all the people in the region.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:42</sup> According to local legend, ''Onggodo'', a holy man, is thought to have arrived in the kingdom from the [[Maluku Islands]].<ref name=":1" /><sup>:43</sup> He is believed to have saved the kingdom from disaster{{clarify|date=November 2021}},<!--Any idea what the disaster was?---> and later married one of the kingdom's princesses.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:43</sup> Konawe society was divided into three classes. ''Anakia'' were nobles and the upper classes; ''Tononggapa'' were the commoners and peasants, and ''Oata'' were slaves.<ref name=":1" /><sup>:43</sup> People in the region were tied to a religious symbol called the ''Kalo Sara'', which symbolized harmony, peace, and kinship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yahya, M., dan Subair, M.|date=November 2019|title=Prakarsa Bugis-Mandar dalam Pendidikan Keagamaan di Lalowura Loea Kolaka Timur Sulawesi Tenggara|url=https://blamakassar.e-journal.id/pusaka/article/view/260/198|journal=Pusaka|volume=7|issue=2|pages=155|doi=10.31969/pusaka.v7i2.260|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><sup>:45</sup> Kalo Sara means "circle of tribal laws", and is symbolized in the form of a large bracelet made of three rattan pieces that are tied together and a white napkin on which to put the bracelet.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=ZonaSultra|first=Admin|date=2019-10-30|title=Kalosara dari Dulu hingga Kini: Merawat Perdamaian, Mengokohkan Persatuan (Bagian 1)|website=ZonaSultra.com|url=https://zonasultra.com/kalosara-dari-dulu-hingga-kini-merawat-perdamaian-mengokohkan-persatuan-bagian-1.html|access-date=2021-08-06|language=id}}</ref> The rattan bracelet symbolized unity and the white napkin symbolized good deeds.<ref name=":2" /> The three pieces of rattan have various meanings and interpretations, such as father, mother, and children, or government, religion, and tradition.<ref name=":2" />


=== Islamic period ===
=== Islamic period ===

Revision as of 21:56, 17 November 2021

Not to be confused with Kandari.
Kendari
Kota Kendari
City
Clockwise, from top: Kendari at night, Kendari Bay Bridge, a road section in Kendari, Al-Alam Mosque, and MTQ Unity Monument
Flag of Kendari
Flag
Official seal of Kendari
Seal
Location within Southeast Sulawesi
Location within Southeast Sulawesi
Kendari is located in Sulawesi
Kendari
Kendari
Location in Sulawesi and Indonesia
Kendari is located in Indonesia
Kendari
Kendari
Kendari (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 3°58′2.96″S 122°35′40.92″E / 3.9674889°S 122.5947000°E / -3.9674889; 122.5947000
Country Indonesia
Province Southeast Sulawesi
Incorporated1 July 1978
City Status27 September 1995
Government
 • MayorSulkarnain Kadir
 • Vice MayorSiska Karina Imran
Area
 • Total271.76 km2 (104.93 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 Census)
 • Total345,107
Time zoneUTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
Area code(+62) 401
HDIIncrease 0.828 (Very high)
Websitekendarikota.go.id

Kendari is a city and the capital of Southeast Sulawesi, a province in Indonesia. With a population of 345,107 according to the 2020 census, it is the most populous city in the province, and the fourth most on Sulawesi. The city covers an area of 271.76 square kilometres (104.93 sq mi), or about 0.7% of Southeast Sulawesi's land area.

The city was historically the center of the Tolaki people, who make up a majority of both the city's and the province's population. Located on Kendari Bay, it continues to be an important trade center hosting the province's main port and airport. It is the economic and educational center of the province, and is home to various universities and colleges. Kendari has the highest Human Development Index (HDI) in Sulawesi.

History

Etymology

The word "Kendari" is thought to come from a version of the word "Kandai", meaning a tool made of bamboo and wooden planks to push boats away from a dock. Over time, the pronunciation changed, and the city is now officially known as Kendari.[1]

Early history

The Bay of Kendari has been known since the 15th century and appears on Portuguese chartered maps, marked with the name "Citta dela Baia" ("City of the Bay"). The bay was known as "Baia du Tivora" ("Tivora Bay").[1] The Kingdom of Konawe, founded in the fifth century by the Tolaki people, ruled the settlement. Its early government structure was simple and resembled those of tribal societies. The kingdom had several historical periods.[2]:42

Its first king was Mokole Roro, who ruled the kingdom between 428 and 447, in a period known as Ancient Konawe. The kingdom was still small and did not yet rule all of today's Konawe region or Kendari city.[2]:42 The kingdom's capital was in Rahambuu, a town known today as Unaaha, around 60 kilometers (37 mi) from Kendari. The kingdom included three smaller kingdoms loyal to Unaaha.[2]:42

The Old Konawe period followed the Ancient Konawe period. It was marked by the unification and consolidation of the kingdom's power over the region. There was a huge unknown disaster, which is thought to have almost eliminated all the people in the region.[2]:42 According to local legend, Onggodo, a holy man, is thought to have arrived in the kingdom from the Maluku Islands.[2]:43 He is believed to have saved the kingdom from disaster[clarification needed], and later married one of the kingdom's princesses.[2]:43 Konawe society was divided into three classes. Anakia were nobles and the upper classes; Tononggapa were the commoners and peasants, and Oata were slaves.[2]:43 People in the region were tied to a religious symbol called the Kalo Sara, which symbolized harmony, peace, and kinship.[3][2]:45 Kalo Sara means "circle of tribal laws", and is symbolized in the form of a large bracelet made of three rattan pieces that are tied together and a white napkin on which to put the bracelet.[4] The rattan bracelet symbolized unity and the white napkin symbolized good deeds.[4] The three pieces of rattan have various meanings and interpretations, such as father, mother, and children, or government, religion, and tradition.[4]

Islamic period

Islam has been present in the kingdom since early 15th century, especially after the foundation of the neighbouring Sultanate of Buton just south of Konawe. It was brought by Buginese merchants from Makassar, which mostly settled on coastal regions and through trades. The kingdom officially embraced Islam during reign of king Lakidende (1724-1786). Lakidende embraced Islam after traveling around Western parts of Sulawesi and studying about Islam in Bone kingdom around today's South Sulawesi.[2]45 During Lakidende's reign, the kingdom banned things that were considered unislamic such as eating pigs, consturction of mosques in each villages, and marriage in accordance to Islamic tradition.[2]:46 However, despite Islamisation, the kingdom's government structure did not change significantly and many animist traditions were incorporated to Islamic beliefs of people there.[2]:46 Kalo Sara symbol were also interpreted differently in accordance of Islamic beliefs instead of abandoned altogether.[2]:47 During this time, Konawe also became multicultural society with merchants from Java, Makassar, and Maluku settled.[2]:48

Colonial period

A house in Kendari, 1920

On 1828, a sailor named Jacques Nicholas Vosmaer was tasked to map eastern coast of Sulawesi to find suitable spot for trading post by the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The first detailed map of Kendari Bay was published on 9 May 1831 and named Vosmaer Bay in his honor.[1] During this time, Konawe was in a weakened state following a succession crisis.[5]:39 In 1858, La Mangu signed a treaty with the Dutch, desiring to create a separate kingdom, Laiwoi, which would be independent from Konawe.[5]:40 The kingdom would be located in Ranome Eto, and the founding was kept secret from Konawe royal council members.[5]:40 Laiwoi existed legally, but didn't control any territory, as Konawe maintained it's hold on the area. The Dutch promised armed assistance to create the kingdom with condition that the treaty would be kept secret from people of Konawe until their other wars in South Sulawesi ended.[5]:41

In 1905, following the end of their war against Gowa Sultanate, the Dutch turned their attention to the eastern coast of Sulawesi. La Mangu had died at this time, but the Dutch maintained their plans to establish Laiwoi, approaching nobles from Ranome Eto with the treaty,[5] and finally, naming Saosao as king, increasing tensions with the Konawe. To avoid armed conflict, the Dutch government mediated an agreement.[5]:44 However, Konawe secretly mobilised its troops and establishing an arms store in Puwilalo. In response, the Dutch attempted an failed to negotiate with their leader, Watukila. Finally, the Dutch decided to attack Watukila's troops and invade the kingdom.[5]:46 On 1908, Dutch troops besieged Puundombi Fort, leading to the fall of Konawe.[5]:49 Laiwoi would move it's capital to Kendari, and armed resistance to it and the Dutch continued into 1937.[5]:59

Japanese occupation & independence

File:Dutch Guerrilla Area in Kendari, 1942.jpg
Dutch guerrilla area in Kendari, 1942
See also: Battle of Kendari and Kolaka incident

The city was occupied by Japanese troops after Battle of Kendari in 1942. The Dutch garrison opted for guerilla warfare, but following increased Indonesian nationalist sentiment and the lack of resistance that followed, Dutch command ultimately pressed for surrender, officially occurring on 27 March, 1942.[6][7] As in other regions, Japanese troops gave opportunities for Indonesian nationalism to spread in the region, and gave nationalist groups military training.[5]:60

One month after Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, youth in the region created a militia headquartered in Kolaka. The militia was controlled by PRI (Indonesian Republican Youth) and spread its influence to cities and towns in Southeast Sulawesi including Kendari. Lasandara, a local administrator for the Dutch, officially supported independence.[5]:61 However, in October, Australian troops entered the region with theNetherlands Indies Civil Administration. On the 19th of November, a Republican militia clashed with Dutch troops, in an event known as Kolaka incident. In February 1946, large cities in the region were occupied by Dutch troops.[5]:64 However, guerilla resistance by Republicans continued until 1948.[5]:64 The city and region around it became part of State of East Indonesia, which later incorporated into the newly recognised Indonesian Republic a year later. The city was heavily impacted by the Darul Islam rebellion, which started in South Sulawesi but spread to the eastern coast. As the result of the conflict, there were several refugee camps around the city. On 1964, new province of Southeast Sulawesi was created with Kendari as its capital city.[8] On 1978, Kendari gained city status as an administrative city and on 1995 as kotamadya.[1]

Geography

Kendari borders Konawe Regency in the north, South Konawe Regency in the south and west, and Kendari Bay sea in the east. The city is located on thecsoutheastern part of mainland Sulawesi island, and includes several smaller islands around the bay. The city's topography varies from flat to hilly. Coastal areas tend to be flatter, while the northern part of the city is part of the Nipa-Nipa mountain formation which has an altitude of around 450 meters.[9] In general, slopes in the city are less than 25% except those in the north, which at times reaches above 40%.[9]

Soil formation in the city is relatively young dominated by cambisol and gleisolacic soils, which made up around 30% of city's soil. Other soil formations also exist with less frequency such as alluvium and pozols, which account for less than 8% overall. Rivers and coastal area are where alluvium sediments are most abundant in the city.[9]

Climate

Kendari has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy rainfall from December to July and moderate rainfall from August to November. The approximate temperature of the city averages 31 degrees Celsius.[9]

The coldest average temperature usually recorded in August which could reach as low as 21 Celsius, while the highest average temperature observed during November reaching 32 Celsius. Average moisture level were between 81 and 87% regardless of month, and wind speed on average sits between 6.8 and 7.5 knots with faster wind observed in December.[9]

Climate data for Kendari
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.5
(88.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.2
(88.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.1
(88.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.2
(80.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.6
(74.5) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 196
(7.7) 		207
(8.1) 		242
(9.5) 		225
(8.9) 		241
(9.5) 		224
(8.8) 		144
(5.7) 		91
(3.6) 		103
(4.1) 		80
(3.1) 		98
(3.9) 		181
(7.1) 		2,032
(80)
Source: [10]

Governance

Administrative districts

The city is divided into 11 districts (kecamatan), listed below.

  • Mandonga District
  • Baruga District
  • Puuwatu District
  • Kadia District
  • Wua-wua District
  • Poasia District
  • Abeli District
  • Kambua District
  • Nambo District
  • Kendari District
  • West Kendari District

Government and Politics

As with all Indonesian cities, Kendari is a second-level administrative division, equal in power to a regency, that is run by an elected mayor and vice mayor, who hold executive power, as well as a legislative city parliament. [11] Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament.[12] Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.[13][14]

The city is part of 1st Southeast Sulawesi electoral district, which send 6 out of 45 representatives on provincial parliament. On city level, it is divided into five electoral districts which in total has 35 representatives.[15]

Electoral district Region Representatives
Kendari 1st Mandonga and Puuwatu District 8
Kendari 2nd Kendari and West Kendari District 7
Kendari 3rd Abeli and Poasia District 6
Kendari 4th Baruga and Kambu District 6
Kendari 5th Kadia and Wua-Wua District 8
Total 35

Economy

Entrance gate to Samudera Fishery Port

The city's economy largely consists of service-related sectors, consisting of 77% of city's workforce.[16] The construction sector, retail, agriculture and fisheries, processing and manufacturing, education, logistics and the financial and insurance industry are also major industries, listed here in order of percentage of gross regional product.[17]

The city is mainly industrial, with the manufacturing sector employing 21.04% of city's workforce, while agriculture employs 1.34% of the city.[16] Overall GRP growth of the city was 6.48% in 2019, but decreased to -1.30% on 2020 due to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[17] The poverty rate in 2020 was 4.34%.[16]

The city is located near the Konawe Industrial Area, which mainly produces nickel and lithium batteries.[18][19] The city is home to Kendari New Port, a large industrial container port which is located in the city;[20] as well as Samudera Fishery Port, which hosts a total of 27 fish processing companies as of 2016 and is among the largest fish processing centers in Eastern Indonesia.[21][22] Fish catch numbered around 37,000 tons in 2018, largely consisting of skipjack tuna.[23] There are a total of 142 hotels registered in the city.[24] 28 large industrial companies operate in Kendari, in addition to 446 registered small and medium-sized enterprises employing more than 1,500 people.[25][26] Agricultural exports include: frozen shrimps, processed cashew nuts, cocoa butter, and raw octopus; most of these products are exported to Japan and India.[27][28]

Demographics

Around 90% of city's population are members of native groups from the region such as Tolaki, Muna, Buton, and Moronene, though a small migrant population from other parts of Indonesia also exist.[29] There are 173,987 males and 171,120 females in the city. The population grew by 1.7% in 2020, with Baruga district growing the most (5.38%) while the Kambu district with decreased the most, losing 0.9% of it's population.[30] The most densely populated district is the Kadia district with 5,650 people per square kilometer, while the least was Nambo. The most populated district was West Kendari with 42,230 people while the least populated is Nambo, which has a population of 11,170 people.[30] There are total 189,534 people according to Statistics Indonesia that are considered part of workforce as of 2020.[30] The majority of population in the city are Muslims, with considerable Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu minorities.[31]

Education

A school in Kendari

There are 133 kindergartens, 141 elementary schools, 58 junior high schools, and 32 senior high schools. In addition, there are 20 vocational high schools in the city as of 2020.[30] The city is home to various institutions of higher education, most notably Haluoleo University, which is the oldest of two public universities in the province. The university has over 40,000 active students and was 6th most populous school based on undergraduate population.[32][33] Kendari State Islamic Institution is the largest Islamic college in the province.[34] It has over 6,000 active students, primarily undergraduate, mainly in Islamic Education and Sharia Economics.[35]

The Kendari Modern Library, in Kadia District, finished construction in 2021.[36] The library is managed by the provincial government and was modeled after Harvard Library.[37] The library has seven floors, a cinema room, meeting spaces, an area for local artifacts, and a cafe.[38]

Kendari Modern Library, completed in late 2021

School participation rate is relatively high, 99.44% for ages 7 to 12 years old, and 94.76% for ages 13-15. The city reports a literacy rate of 97.94%.[30]

Healthcare

Bahteramas Regional Hospital

The city has 15 hospitals including one maternity hospital, six polyclinics, 30 puskesmas (five of which provide inpatient care), and 40 pharmacies as of 2020. Other than that, there are 38 primary clinics and 216 healthcare centers. There are also 55 family planning clinics in the city. Out of 15 hospitals, five are public hospitals while 10 hospitals are private. There are two psychiatric hospitals, one public and one private.[30]

A hospital specializing in cardiology is being constructed by the provincial government; construction was started in 2019 and is expected to be finished in 2022.[39] It is claimed to be the first cardiological hospital in Eastern Indonesia.[40]

Transportation

There are 614.35 total kilometers of road within the city boundaries, of which 472.53 kilometers have been paved and sealed with asphalt. A majority of the roads are owned by the city government; the remainder are either state-owned national roads or provincial roads.[30] The city has both inner and outer ringroads; as of 2021 both are under construction.[41][42]

The city is served by Haluoleo Airport, formerly known as Wolter Monginsidi Airport. The airport has regular flights to Jakarta and Makassar as well as smaller regions around it.[43][44] The airport is being developed to become an international airport and be able to assist the already congested Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport.[45][46] Kendari New Port, located in the city, is an international seaport managed by Pelindo IV which is used for export and import of goods from the region.[47] It is one of two international container ports in Sulawesi island that is currently being developed alongside with Makassar New Port in city of Makassar.[48] Other than that, there are smaller ports used mostly for ferries to smaller islands surrounding the city such as Wawonii Port and Nusantara Port.[49][50] The city was visited by total 4,756 ships in 2020.[30]

Media

Multiple online and print media companies are based in the city, largely serving Southeastern Sulawesi. One major company in the city is the Fajar Group, a media conglomeration which owns several television channels, printed media, and online news websites in the city as well as the province.[51] There are numerous private television channels in Kendari; such as Net.Kendari, GlobalTV Kendari, as well as local channels including Sigma TV.[52] The Indonesian state-owned television channel TVRI and state-owned radio broadcaster Radio Republik Indonesia also have branches in the city.[53][54]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d "Sejarah Kota Kendari". www.kendarikota.go.id. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Islamisasi Sejarah Konawe".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Yahya, M., dan Subair, M. (November 2019). "Prakarsa Bugis-Mandar dalam Pendidikan Keagamaan di Lalowura Loea Kolaka Timur Sulawesi Tenggara". Pusaka. 7 (2): 155. doi:10.31969/pusaka.v7i2.260.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c ZonaSultra, Admin (30 October 2019). "Kalosara dari Dulu hingga Kini: Merawat Perdamaian, Mengokohkan Persatuan (Bagian 1)". ZonaSultra.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Sejarah Perlawanan terhadap Imperialisme dan Kolonialisme di Sulawesi Tenggara" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Womack (2016), pp. 123
  7. ^ Nortier (1988), pp. 101
  8. ^ "Politik dan Ekonomi di Dua Kota: Baubau dan Kendari pada tahun 1950-an–1960-a".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b c d e "Profil Kota Kendari" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "Kendari climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Kendari water temperature - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org.
  11. ^ "UU 22 1999" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  12. ^ "UU 8 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  13. ^ "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  14. ^ Government Law No.19 1998
  15. ^ "Keputusan KPU Nomor 291/PL.01.3-Kpt/06/KPU/IV/2018 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara" (PDF). KPU RI. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  16. ^ a b c "BPS Kota Kendari". kendarikota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  17. ^ a b "BPS Kota Kendari". kendarikota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Kawasan Industri Dongkrak Kontribusi Manufaktur terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi | Ekonomi". Bisnis.com. 2 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  19. ^ STUDIO, HASHTECH. "Pemkab Konawe Bakal Bangun Pabrik Baterai Lithium Terbesar Kedua di Indonesia Timur". konawekab.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 August 2021.
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References

External links

  • Media related to Kendari at Wikimedia Commons
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