2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami: Difference between revisions

Nuku’alofa Tonga.
Nuku’alofa Tonga.
	Video of the tsunami waves hitting the capital, filmed by a resident, Mamani moe me’a fakaofō on YouTube

2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami
2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami
	Satellite animation of the initial ash plume and shockwave on 15 January over a period of 1 hour and 40 minutes
Volcano	Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
Start date	14 January 2022
End date	Ongoing
Location	Pacific Ocean, Tonga; 20°33′00″S 175°23′06″W / 20.550°S 175.385°W
Impact	3 dead, 4 injured, and others reported missing
	Hunga Tonga Hunga Tonga ;

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On 14 January, a very large eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, an uninhabited volcanic island of the Tongan archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, began. Hunga Tonga is 65 km (40 mi) north of Tongatapu, the country's main island,^[1] and is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji.^[2]^[3] The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga, Fiji, American Samoa and along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, including damaging tsunamis in New Zealand, the United States, Chile and Peru. People remain missing in Fiji, two people drowned in Peru when a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) wave struck the coast, and two fishermen in the United States suffered minor injuries. The event is likely the largest volcanic eruption of the 21st century as of January 2022.^[4]

Volcanic activity

File:Eruption hunga tonga hunga ha apai s117 20220107T015933Z rgb 80cm 5400px geo-1-full.jpg

The look of Hunga Tonga from space on January 7, before the big eruption on January 14.

After being relatively inactive since 2014,^[5] the Hunga Tonga volcano erupted on 20 December 2021, sending particulates into the stratosphere. A large plume of ash was visible from Nukuʻalofa, the capital city of Tonga, about 70 km (45 mi) from the volcano.^[6] The Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) in Wellington, New Zealand, issued an advisory notice to airlines.^[7] The eruption was heard more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away in New Zealand, where the sound arrived two hours later.^[8] This initial eruption ended at 02:00 on 21 December 2021.^[6] Volcanic activity continued, and on 25 December 2021, the island had increased in size on satellite imagery.^[9] As activity on the island decreased, it was declared dormant on 11 January 2022.^[10]^[11]

Tsunamis are typically triggered by earthquakes, not volcanoes.^[12]^[13] Fewer than 100 volcanic tsunamis were recorded in the prior two centuries.^[12]

A large eruption commenced on 14 January 2022 sending clouds of ash 20 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere.^[14] The government of Tonga issued a tsunami warning to residents.^[14]Tongan geologists near the volcano observed explosions and a 5 km (3.1 mi)-wide ash column.^[15]

The next day, a much larger eruption started at 17:15 local time (04:14:45 UTC).^[16] The VAAC again issued an advisory notice to airlines.^[17] Ash from the eruption made landfall on the main island of Tongatapu, blotting out the sun. Loud explosions were heard 65 km (40 mi) away in Nukuʻalofa, and small stones and ash rained down from the sky.^[18] Many residents in Tonga were stuck in traffic whilst attempting to flee to higher ground.^[19] The explosion was heard in Samoa, roughly 840 km (520 mi) away, before the sound travelled to more distant countries.^[20]^[21] Residents in Fiji described the sounds of thunder, while the "thump" of the eruption was also reported in Niue, Samoa, Vanuatu.^[22]^[23] Tremors and shaking buildings were reported by residents in southwestern Niue, around Alofi and Avatele.^[24] Booms were heard across New Zealand, and as far away as Yukon in Canada.^[25]^[26] From space, a very wide eruption column and shockwaves propagating across the Pacific Ocean were captured by satellites.^[25] The pressure wave was measured by weather stations throughout New Zealand at a maximum amplitude of about 7 hPa.^[27] The pressure wave was also recorded by weather stations in Australia, with 6.9 hPa measured at Lord Howe Island and 3.3 hPa at Perth, Western Australia.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] A pressure fluctuation of 2.5 hPa was measured in Switzerland,^[32] and of just over 2 hPa when it reached the United Kingdom.^[33] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated the eruption at a surface-wave magnitude of 5.8.^[16]

Intense lightning activity was recorded during the eruption phase. The Vaisala National Lightning Detection Network detected the lightning in the form of radio waves. Several hundred to thousand flashes of lightning were recorded by the system during the two weeks prior to the eruption. From 14 to 15 January 2022, tens of thousands of lightning flashes occurred.^[34] Between 05:00 and 06:00 UTC on 15 January 2022, 200,000 flashes were recorded.^[34]^[35]

Preliminary observations showed that the eruption column ejected a large amount of volcanic material into the stratosphere, leading to speculation that it would cause a temporary cooling climate effect.^[36] Later calculations showed it injected an estimated 0.4 teragrams of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere and was unlikely to have any global cooling effect.^[37] Despite this, the eruption can have a cooling effect in the Southern Hemisphere, causing slightly cooling winters and spectacular sunsets. According to climate scientist Jim Salinger, people living in the Southern Hemisphere can expect purple sunsets a few months after the eruption. A cooling effect of 0.1–0.5°C may last until spring.^[38] Shane Cronin, volcanologist from the University of Auckland, described the eruption as a one-in-1000-year event for the Hunga caldera, and stated that the event could rank as high as 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.^[39]^[40]^[4]

Tsunami

Oceania

As a result of the eruption, a 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tsunami^[41] struck the Tongan capital Nukuʻalofa.^[10]^[42] Tide gauges in the city recorded waves 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) in height.^[43] Videos posted on the Internet showed a series of waves hitting the shore and homes, sweeping away debris.^[44] Other videos show ashfall and a cloud of ash obscuring the sun.^[10] According to a resident in the Tongan capital, a series of initial smaller explosions were heard. It was followed by a tsunami approximately 15 minutes later. The first wave was said to be the largest. A long white wave was observed out at sea approaching the coast. Three waves reportedly struck the coast.^[45] In the wake of the tsunami, King Tupou VI was evacuated from the Royal Palace and traffic jams formed as locals fled to high ground.^[46]

Based on an unofficial first hand account of the tsunami in Tonga, Risklayer developed a tsunami inundation map. From the map, a tsunami with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater may have struck the west coast of the island of Tongatapu, where heavy damage was inflicted.^[47]

In Fiji, a tidal gauge in Suva recorded a wave measuring 20 cm (7.9 in) at 17:40 local time. Some tsunami activity was also reported in the Lau Islands.^[43] The islands of Moce, Moala, Kadavu and Taveuni were struck by low-level tsunamis that triggered flooding.^[48]

In American Samoa, a tsunami measuring 61 cm (24 in) was recorded by tide gauges.^[25] Niue, where residents evacuated coastal areas, reported no tsunami, despite tremors and the island's close proximity to Tonga.^[24] In Wallis and Futuna, a tsunami warning was issued, but no damage was reported and the alert was lifted in the evening of 15 January 2022.^[49]

Destructive tsunami waves of 1–2.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 8 ft 2 in) were observed in several islands in Vanuatu. The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department said tsunami activity was expected to persist for the night of 15 January 2022.^[50] Waves up to 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) in height were recorded in Hanalei, Hawaii.^[51]

The tsunami caused extensive damage at a marina in Tutukaka in New Zealand.^[52] The waves pulled boats away from their moorings, taking some out into the bay and smashing some together, as well as damaging the structures at the marina. About 8-10 boats were completely sunken, with the total damage estimated to be worth millions of dollars.^[53] According to Hauraki Gulf Weather, the tsunami struck on 16 January at between 01:05 and 01:10 local time on Great Barrier Island with a height of 1.33 m (4 ft 4 in).^[54] The tsunami caused flooding at Mahinepua Bay, where a campsite was located; all 50 individuals at the site were safe. A group of fishermen in Hokianga Harbour had to run for their lives to escape the waves, and reported having to drive through water over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep.^[55] There were no casualties reported in New Zealand.^[56]

In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology said tsunami waves were observed throughout Saturday night on the shores along the east coast of Australia.^[57] Maximum tsunami waves of 1.27 m (4 ft 2 in) were recorded at Norfolk Island, 1.10 m (3 ft 7 in) at Lord Howe Island, 0.82 m (2 ft 8 in) at the Gold Coast, Queensland, 0.77 m (2 ft 6 in) at Twofold Bay, New South Wales and 0.50 m (1 ft 8 in) at Hobart, Tasmania.^[58]^[59]

Asia

In Kominato, Amami, Kagoshima, Japan, a 1.2-metre (3 ft 11 in) tsunami was reported at 23:55 on 15 January JST. At Tosashimizu, Kōchi, the tsunami was 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) in height.^[60]^[61] A tsunami measuring 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) was also reported in Chichijima Futami.^[62] On the Tohoku coast, a 0.7-metre (2 ft 4 in) wave struck at 00:38 local time, on 16 January. In the Sendai Port, the tsunami measured 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) at 00:08.^[63] In Iwate Prefecture, a 1.1-metre tsunami was recorded at 02:26 on 16 January. Tsunami waves of less than a metre were reported along the Hokkaido Pacific coast. This was the nation's first tsunami warning since the 2016 Fukushima earthquake.^[64] The JMA said that the tsunami struck 2.5 hours earlier than predicted.^[65]

In Jeju Island, South Korea, there were fluctuations of up a 15–20-centimetre (5.9–7.9 in) in the sea level.^[66]

Russia's Kuril Islands in the country's far east had tsunami waves of about 20 centimetres (8 in).^[67]^[68] At least two ports were warned.^[68]

Americas

In Peru, two people were killed in Lambayeque where the tsunami measured 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).^[69]. Waves measuring 0.68 metres (2 ft 3 in) were recorded in the port of Callao, 0.72 metres (2 ft 4 in) in Marcona District and 0.65 metres (2 ft 2 in) in Paita.^[70]

The highest tsunami waves in the United States were 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) in Port San Luis in San Luis Obispo County (Southern California) and 1.1 metres (3.7 ft) in both Arena Cove and Crescent City (Northern California).^[67]^[71] Significant waves hit the Santa Cruz Harbor,^[72] and its parking lot was flooded with about 0.91 metres (3 ft) of water,^[71] whereas Soquel Creek in the neighboring city of Capitola flowed backwards.^[73] A surfing competition was cancelled.^[74] Strong currents in Half Moon Bay were reported,^[72] while small waves were observed at Seal Beach.^[75] Waves up to 0.37 metres (1.2 ft) in height were recorded in Nikolski, Alaska.^[76]

There was an unusually high tide along the coasts of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. At 11:55 local time, the PTWC said tide levels rose 29 cm in Winter Harbour. Large tree logs were pushed up by the high tides and left onto the beaches.^[77]

On the Mexican coasts of the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca and Baja California Peninsula, sea level rise was reported with waves of 0.30 metres (1 ft) to 0.61 metres (2 ft).^[78] A maximum tide level of 2.05 metres (6 ft 9 in) was measured at Manzanillo, Colima, according to the Mareographic Service of the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The tsunami had an amplitude of 1.19 metres in Zihuatanejo. Waves of just under 1 metre were recorded in Acapulco, Huatulco and Salina Cruz.^[79]

In northern Chile, waves of up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) struck the coastline. Videos and images on social media from the Los Ríos Region showed the tsunami damaging piers, carrying boats and hitting beaches.^[80] A tsunami of 1.74 meters was measured at Chañaral.^[81]

Minor tsunamis were measured as far away as the Caribbean Sea and Texas, with NOAA reporting a maximum rise of 12 cm (4.7 in) at the Isla de Mona in Puerto Rico at 16:11 UTC.^[82] These may have been meteo-tsunamis related to slight atmospheric pressure changes.^[83]

Response

14 January

A tsunami warning was issued on 14 January in Tonga after an eruption was observed. Volcanic activity decreased following that eruption and the warning was lifted in the early morning of 15 January. A 30-centimetre (12 in) wave was observed during the first tsunami warning.^[84]

15 January

Another warning was issued to the whole of Tonga on the evening of 15 January following the next eruption.^[84] Warning sirens blared in Nukuʻalofa while authorities urged residents to flee to higher ground.^[85]

The Mineral Resources Department in Fiji issued advisories to people living around the coastal areas to stay away from the shores.^[86] Evacuations were made on the Lau Islands after wave activity was observed in the sea.^[43] Fiji's Acting Prime Minister Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum urged the public to stay indoors and cover household water tanks in the event of rain due to the risk of fallout of sulfuric acid from the SO
₂ emitted in the air by the eruption.^[87]

Tsunami warnings were also issued to American Samoa by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC).^[88]^[89] The PTWC considered the tsunami "hazardous" and warned that changes in sea level, as well as strong currents, could pose a risk along the coast.^[90] Samoa later issued a tsunami advisory.^[91] The PTWC later cancelled the tsunami warning for American Samoa.^[92]

The National Emergency Management Agency of New Zealand told residents to expect "strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges" along the north and east coast of North Island, as well as the Chatham Islands.^[93] The agency added that the currents have the potential to injure and drown people.^[94]

A tsunami warning was issued by the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, with a land warning issued for Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, and a marine warning for the east coast of Australia, Tasmania and Macquarie Island.^[58] On 16 January, at 06:55 AEDT (2022-01-15 19:55 UTC), tsunami marine warnings were issued to New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania for strong and dangerous currents.^[95]

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) informed residents that a slight disturbance in the sea could occur without any damage.^[51] The tsunami would not pose a threat to Japanese coastline. Officials from the JMA said that sea level rise of no more than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) can be expected for 24 hours from 9:00 p.m. Japan Standard Time (UTC+9).^[96] A tsunami warning was issued in the Amami Islands and Tokara Islands by the JMA with forecasted waves of up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in). Additional warnings were issued to the east and southeast coast for waves of up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in).^[97] A warning and evacuation order was issued to Iwate Prefecture, and evacuation orders were also issued to six other prefectures. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) said that 210,000 residents living in the seven prefectures were evacuated.^[98] Japan downgraded its warnings the following morning. Russia issued a tsunami advisory for Kuril Islands.^[67]

The National Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami advisory along the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia, Canada.^[99]^[100] The advisory contained all U.S. areas along the West Coast from Southern California to Alaska.^[101] Beaches were closed,^[102] and coastal residents were requested to move to higher grounds.^[103] A surfing contest with over 100 participants was cancelled in Santa Cruz, California.^[71]^[104] Tsunami waves measuring 0.30–0.61 metres (1–2 ft) were expected to hit the shores as early as 7:30 a.m. Pacific Standard Time (UTC−8) along the Central Coast.^[99] San Francisco was expected to receive waves at 8:10.^[105] The highest tsunami waves are expected one to two hours after the arrival of the first waves.^[99] A tsunami advisory was put in place for the entirety of Hawaii.^[106] Advisories in Canada were issued along the North and Central coasts of British Columbia, along with the Haida Gwaii archipelago and Vancouver Island. No evacuation order was issued, but people were urged to avoid beaches and marinas. The warning level was low due to the height of reported waves, as they were below the 91 centimetres (36 in) threshold which would warrant an upgrade.^[107] By the evening, the United States lifted advisories for Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon and portions of California. They remained in effect in California in parts of the Central and North Coast.^[67]

No warnings were issued to Peru initially. After the tsunami struck, authorities stopped all maritime activities at the coast. Twenty-two (22) ports along north and central Peru were closed due to tsunami activity.^[108]

Chile also issued a warning for a "minor tsunami" for most of its coastal area, including the island of Rapa Nui; evacuation was declared for other 12 regions.^[109]^[110] The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy declared a "State of Precaution" and indicated that there is a possibility of a minor tsunami in the affected regions. Later, coastal evacuation notices were issued in 14 of the 16 regions in Chile. A "Red alert" level was issued to more than 6,400 km of its coastline. The Chilean National Office for Emergency (ONEMI) said that tsunami activity could persist overnight, so those impacted would need to hold on to their emergency supplies and aid.^[80]

Ecuador issued a warning of maritime disturbance for the Galápagos Islands.^[111]

Mexico issued tsunami warnings for the coasts of states of Baja California, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, urging people to avoid the coasts and entering the sea.^[112]

16 January

A tsunami advisory was issued to American Samoa following a new eruption at the volcano. The advisory was cancelled almost two hours later.^[113] A tsunami alert that was issued to Fiji on 15 January was canceled.^[114]

17 January

The Department of Environment in Fiji confirmed that the sulphur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increased overnight. As previously advised, the Department urged the public to cover all household water tanks and stay indoors in the event of acid rain. The Ministry of Environment also advised the public not to consume rainwater.^[115]^[116]

Impact

Countries	Deaths	Injuries	Missing	Ref.
Tonga	1	0	Some	^[117]^[118]
Peru	2	0	0	^[69]
United States	0	3	0	^[119]
Japan	0	1	0	^[120]
Total	3	4	Some

Tonga

Little information is as yet available on the extent of damage and casualties from Tonga due to communication issues.^[51] Video footage showing waves hitting coastal areas in Tonga was reported by Sky News.^[121] Atatā, a small island off the capital city, was reportedly submerged and rescue operations are being carried out. There were some reports of residents in Tonga struggling to breathe as a result of the ash.^[122] The Tongan government has not confirmed any casualties from the eruption and tsunami.^[123]

According to a New Zealand government official in the capital Nukuʻalofa, extensive damage occurred on the waterfront of the city, as it was severely hit by the tsunami.^[124] Acting High Commissioner Peter Lund said that several people were unaccounted for following the eruption and tsunami.^[117] Tattoo parlour owner, Angela Glover, a British resident in Tonga was among the people missing, swept away by the tsunami when it hit Nukuʻalofa.^[125] Glover’s body was later found.^[118] Though the extent of the damage in Tonga is still not clear, a blanket of thick ash has contaminated water supplies, cut off communications and prevented surveillance flights, making it difficult for relief efforts to begin.^[126]

Photos shared by a resident on the island of Lifuka, northeast of Nukuʻalofa showed minor damage to island communities and a wharf. Damage suggests the island was hit by smaller waves. The islands of ʻUiha and Haʻano also sustained limited damage from the tsunami. Several photographs showed debris left by the tsunami strewn across a road and on grass fields.^[127] Owners of the Ha'atafu Beach Resort wrote on Facebook that their beach resort located at the northern tip of the island of Tongatapu was completely destroyed. The owners' family were able to escape. They added that the whole western coastline of the island and Kanukupolu Village were destroyed.^[128]

Southern Cross Cable reported that the eruption may have broken the Tonga Cable System, which connects Tonga to Southern Cross's trans-Pacific cable in Fiji.^[129] Southern Cross cited a fault in the international cable 37 kilometres (23 mi) from Nukuʻalofa, and a further fault in a domestic cable 47 km (29 mi) from Nukuʻalofa.^[130] New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern had earlier stated that an undersea cable serving Tonga was affected, probably due to power cuts, and authorities were urgently attempting to restore communications.^[131]

Severe damage on the west coast of Tongatapu was confirmed by the New Zealand High Commission in Tonga on 17 January.^[132] Survey flights by the Australian Defence Forces reported extensive damage along the west coast. The shores of Nuku’alofa has substantial damage as debris and rocks were deposited inland by the tsunami waves according to an early report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). A 2-cm layer of volcanic ash blanketed the capital Nuku’alofa.^[133]

Elsewhere

In Fiji, the eruption triggered a storm surge in Vanua Balavu, Kadavu, Gau and Taveuni. In the village of Moce, Lau Islands, the tsunami severely damaged some homes on the beaches. Debris were strewn across the village and boats were dragged inland.^[134]^[135]

One person in Itoman, Okinawa, Japan suffered a fall during the evacuations.^[120] A number of fishing boats in Kōchi and Mie prefectures capsized or sank. A total of 30 fishing vessels were lost. In Muroto, five small boats sank and another five were lost. A small ship capsized and sank in Owase. The tsunami also damaged fishing nets on the coast of Tokushima Prefecture.^[136] Land, sea and air transportation was affected; 27 domestic flights operated by Japan Air Lines were cancelled due to the warnings.^[137]

The tsunami killed two women in Peru when a 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) wave struck them at Naylamp Beach, Lambayeque. The two women were in a truck along with a driver, who was the husband of one of the women. When the wave struck, the male occupant escaped; the women did not.^[69] Twenty-two ports along north and central Peru were closed due to the tsunami. Substantial material damage was done to coastal businesses and the beach areas. Videos showed the tsunami flooding the streets.^[108] Along the coast of Peru, the tsunami was damaging. Restaurants and boats in Lagunillas beach and San Andrés District were damaged by waves. Many beachgoers evacuated to safety while businesses closed.^[138] Damage to piers and some homes occurred in the capital, Lima. In some areas, boat owners dragged their boats onto shore to prevent the waves from damaging them.^[139]^[140]

Despite the warnings from officials, some residents in California strayed too close to the sea where they were swept by strong surges, such as the situation at San Gregorio, California, where four fishermen were swept out to sea by the tsunami. Two of the men were injured and received medical treatment, while another two were rescued and unhurt.^[141] Another woman was rescued and treated by medical workers at China Beach.^[119] San Francisco firefighters and the U.S. Coast Guard rescued three surfers.^[71]

Minor material damage occurred on the coast of Penco in Chile's Biobío Region. In Coquimbo, six people were trapped in a train in Coliumo when a wave struck. No casualties were reported due to the evacuations. A State of Precaution is still in place in Atacama, Coquimbo, Ñuble and Biobío as of 16 January.

Flights to Tonga and in the surrounding region were disrupted by lingering volcanic ash. Air New Zealand stated that a repatriation flight to Tonga that was originally scheduled for 20 January was postponed indefinitely, and Fiji Airways announced that all flights to Tonga were postponed and several services to Australia could face delays and longer flight times.^[142] An Aircalin flight from Tokyo to Nouméa was diverted to Brisbane to avoid volcanic ash, with a subsequent flight from Nouméa to Sydney placed on hold.^[143] The ash cloud reached Queensland on 17 January, creating an "eerie, spectacular, and incredible" sunrise.^[144]

Rescue

Rescue operations are currently underway at Atatā Island, which is located off the main Tongan island near Nukuʻalofa, after the small island was reportedly submerged by the tsunami.^[122]

Assistance

New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said officials in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are discussing the provision of aid to Tonga.^[145] Ardern described the events in Tonga as "hugely concerning".^[122] On 16 January 2022, she announced New Zealand was donating NZ$500,000, which was "very much the starting point". The Royal New Zealand Navy was preparing to sail and a RNZAF P-3 Orion would be sent on a reconnaissance flight as soon as it was safe to do so. The ash cloud was estimated at 19,000 m (62,000 ft) tall, well above the Orion's service ceiling.^[131] The C-130H Hercules airlift is ready to serve as well.^[146] Following reports of no continued ashfall in Tonga, the P-3 Orion left RNZAF Base Auckland for Tonga on the morning of 17 January.^[147]

Tonga has accepted an offer by the Australian government of a surveillance flight to assess the damage. A Boeing P-8 Poseidon and Lockheed C-130 Hercules of the Royal Australian Air Force departed on the morning of 17 January 2022 for Tonga to survey damage to roadways, ports and power lines.^[148]^[149] The Australian government will coordinate its assistance with New Zealand.^[150]

On 17 January, officials in Tonga called for immediate aid. Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Tonga Fatafehi Fakafanua in a social media post wrote that "Tonga needs immediate assistance to provide its citizens with fresh drinking water and food." The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Pacific Island Forum has offered its assistance.^[151]

Tearfund and Oxfam provided immediate assistance by supporting people with food and water. Oxfam has filtering units in Tongatapu which can turn salt water into drinking water. UNICEF will work with the Tongan government to reach affected children and families. The agency is also ready to transport its emergency supplies from Fiji and Brisbane.^[152]

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External links

Media related to 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami at Wikimedia Commons
ReliefWeb's main page Tonga: Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami - Jan 2022
CIMSS Satellite Blog

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[150] "Australia, New Zealand combine for Tonga disaster response". The Age. 16 January 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.

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@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 == Volcanic activity ==
-[[Fail:Eruption hunga tonga hunga ha apai s117 20220107T015933Z rgb 80cm 5400px geo-1-full.jpg|thumb|left|The look of Hunga Tonga from space on January 7, before the big eruption on January 14.]]
+[[File:Eruption hunga tonga hunga ha apai s117 20220107T015933Z rgb 80cm 5400px geo-1-full.jpg|thumb|left|The look of Hunga Tonga from space on January 7, before the big eruption on January 14.]]
 After being relatively inactive since 2014,<ref>{{cite news|first=Aina J.|last=Khan|title=Tsunami Reported in Tonga After an Underwater Volcano Eruption|date=15 January 2022|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/15/world/asia/tonga-volcano-tsunami.html|access-date=15 January 2022|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115144943/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/15/world/asia/tonga-volcano-tsunami.html|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> the Hunga Tonga volcano erupted on 20 December 2021, sending particulates into the [[stratosphere]]. A large [[eruption column|plume of ash]] was visible from [[Nukuʻalofa]], the capital city of Tonga, about {{cvt|70|km|mi|round=5}} from the volcano.<ref name=MT2021a/> The [[Volcanic Ash Advisory Center]] (VAAC) in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], issued an advisory notice to airlines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vaac.metservice.com/dynamic/vaa/243040_2021_2.txt|title=VA Advisory|publisher=VAAC|date=19 December 2021|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220022535/http://vaac.metservice.com/dynamic/vaa/243040_2021_2.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> The eruption was heard more than {{cvt|2000|km}} away in New Zealand, where the sound arrived two hours later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/127515677/rapid-bang-kiwis-hear-tongan-volcano-erupt-from-thousands-of-kilometres-away|title='Rapid bang': Kiwis hear Tongan volcano erupt from thousands of kilometres away|website=stuff.co.nz|date=16 January 2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116105715/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/127515677/rapid-bang-kiwis-hear-tongan-volcano-erupt-from-thousands-of-kilometres-away|url-status=live}}</ref> This initial eruption ended at 02:00 on 21 December 2021.<ref name=MT2021a>{{cite web|url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/21/funeral-flight-tonga-cancelled-hunga-eruption|title=Air NZ funeral flight to Tonga cancelled as Hunga eruption continues|publisher=Matangi Tonga|author=Mary Lyn Fonua|date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221062554/https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/21/funeral-flight-tonga-cancelled-hunga-eruption|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> [[Volcanic activity]] continued, and on 25 December 2021, the island had increased in size on [[satellite imagery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/458609/tonga-volcano-grows-in-size-as-eruption-continues-for-sixth-day |title=Tonga volcano grows in size as eruption continues for sixth day|publisher=RNZ|date=25 December 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225214410/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/458609/tonga-volcano-grows-in-size-as-eruption-continues-for-sixth-day|url-status=live}}</ref> As activity on the island decreased, it was declared dormant on 11 January 2022.<ref name="1News1"/><ref name="Bohol109">{{Cite web|author=Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga.|date=January 10, 2022|title=7 Days with no further eruption from Hunga Volcano. It is now declared dormant.|url=https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice/posts/232425525715182|url-status=live|access-date=January 17, 2022|via=[[Facebook]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220117131239/https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice/posts/232425525715182}}</ref>