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Adds source to consonant table. According to Tuite, Svan does not have /f/ as a distinct phoneme and [v] only occurs as an allophone of /w/.
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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The consonant inventory of Svan is more or less the same as that of [[Old Georgian]]. That is, compared to Modern Georgian, it also has {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/q/}} and {{IPA|/w/}}, but the labiovelar fricative only appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} in the Ln dialect. Furthermore, the uvular consonants {{IPA|/q/}} and {{IPA|/q’/}} are realized as affricates, i.e. {{IPA|[qχ]}} and {{IPA|[q’χ]}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tuite |first=Kevin |date=2020 |title=The Svan language |url=https://www.academia.edu/37393637/The_Svan_language |journal=Manuscript}}</ref>
The consonant inventory of Svan is almost identical to [[Laz language|Laz]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], and [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]].


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA|[m]}} მ
| m {{IPA|/m/}} მ
| n {{IPA|[n]}} ნ
| n {{IPA|/n/}} ნ
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan=3 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan=3 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| b {{IPA|[b]}} ბ
| b {{IPA|/b/}} ბ
| d {{IPA|[d]}} დ
| d {{IPA|/d/}} დ
|
|
| g {{IPA|[ɡ]}} გ
| g {{IPA|/ɡ/}} გ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| p {{IPA|[pʰ]}} ფ
| p {{IPA|/pʰ/}} ფ
| t {{IPA|[tʰ]}} თ
| t {{IPA|/tʰ/}} თ
|
|
| k {{IPA|[kʰ]}} ქ
| k {{IPA|/kʰ/}} ქ
| q {{IPA|[qʰ]}} ჴ
| q {{IPA|/qʰ/}} ჴ
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| ṗ {{IPA|[pʼ]}} პ
| ṗ {{IPA|/pʼ/}} პ
| ṭ {{IPA|[tʼ]}} ტ
| ṭ {{IPA|/tʼ/}} ტ
|
|
| ḳ {{IPA|[kʼ]}} კ
| ḳ {{IPA|/kʼ/}} კ
| qʼ {{IPA|[qʼ]}} ყ
| qʼ {{IPA|/qʼ/}} ყ
| ʔ {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ჸ
| ʔ {{IPA|/ʔ/}} ჸ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan=3 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
| ʒ {{IPA|[d͡z]}} ძ
| ʒ {{IPA|/d͡z/}} ძ
| ǯ {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} ჯ
| ǯ {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} ჯ
|
|
|
|
Line 110: Line 110:
! [[Aspirated consonant|<small></small>]]<small>[[voicelessness|aspirated]]</small>
! [[Aspirated consonant|<small></small>]]<small>[[voicelessness|aspirated]]</small>
|
|
| c {{IPA|[t͡sʰ]}} ც
| c {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}} ც
| č {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}} ჩ
| č {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}} ჩ
|
|
|
|
Line 118: Line 118:
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
|
| ċ {{IPA|[t͡sʼ]}} წ
| ċ {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} წ
| čʼ {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼ]}} ჭ
| čʼ {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼ/}} ჭ
|
|
|
|
Line 126: Line 126:
! rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| v {{IPA|[v]}} ვ
| (v {{IPA|[v]}} ვ)
| z {{IPA|[z]}} ზ
| z {{IPA|/z/}} ზ
| ž {{IPA|[ʒ]}} ჟ
| ž {{IPA|/ʒ/}} ჟ
|
|
|ɣ {{IPA|[ʁ]}} ღ
|ɣ {{IPA|/ʁ/}} ღ
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
⚫
| f {{IPA|[f]}} ჶ
⚫
| s {{IPA|[s]}} ს
| š {{IPA|[ʃ]}} შ
|
|
|x {{IPA|[χ]}} ხ
| s {{IPA|/s/}} ს
| h {{IPA|[h]}} ჰ
| š {{IPA|/ʃ/}} შ
|
⚫
| x {{IPA|/χ/}} ხ
⚫
| h {{IPA|/h/}} ჰ
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w {{IPA|[w]}} ჳ
| w {{IPA|/w/}} ჳ
| l {{IPA|[l]}} ლ
| l {{IPA|/l/}} ლ
| y {{IPA|[j]}} ჲ
| y {{IPA|/j/}} ჲ
|
|
|
|
Line 151: Line 151:
! colspan=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! colspan=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| r {{IPA|[r]}} რ
| r {{IPA|/r/}} რ
|
|
|
|

Revision as of 08:01, 18 October 2022

Svan
ლუშნუ ნინ Lušnu nin
Pronunciation[luʃnu nin]
Native toGeorgia
RegionSvaneti
Abkhazia
EthnicitySvans
Native speakers
14,000 (2015)[1]
Georgian script
Language codes
ISO 639-3sva
Glottologsvan1243
ELPSvan
Svan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; Georgian: სვანური ენა, romanized: svanuri ena) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.[2][3] With its speakers variously estimated to be between 30,000 and 80,000, the UNESCO designates Svan as a "definitely endangered language".[4] It is of particular interest because it has retained many archaic features that have been lost in the other Kartvelian languages.

Features

Familial features

Like all languages of the Caucasian language family, Svan has a large number of consonants. It has agreement between subject and object, and a split-ergative morphosyntactic system. Verbs are marked for aspect, evidentiality and "version".

Distinguishing features

Svan retains the voiceless aspirated uvular plosive, /qʰ/, and the glides /w/ and /j/. It has a larger vowel inventory than Georgian; the Upper Bal dialect of Svan has the most vowels of any South-Caucasian language, having both long and short versions of /a ɛ i ɔ u æ ø y/ plus /ə eː/, a total of 18 vowels (Georgian, by contrast, has just five).

Its morphology is less regular than that of the other three sister languages, and there are notable differences in conjugation.

Distribution

Svan is the native language of fewer than 30,000 Svans (15,000 of whom are Upper Svan dialect speakers and 12,000 are Lower Svan), living in the mountains of Svaneti, i.e. in the districts of Mestia and Lentekhi of Georgia, along the Enguri, Tskhenistsqali and Kodori rivers. Some Svan speakers live in the Kodori Valley of the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia. Although conditions there make it difficult to reliably establish their numbers, there are only an estimated 2,500 Svan individuals living there.[5]

The language is used in familiar and casual social communication. It has no written standard or official status.[6] Most speakers also speak Georgian. The language is regarded as being endangered, as proficiency in it among young people is limited.

History

Svan is the most differentiated member of the four South-Caucasian languages and is believed to have split off in the 2nd millennium BC or earlier, about one thousand years before Georgian and Mingrelian split from each other.

Dialects

The Svan language is divided into the following dialects and subdialects:

  • Upper Svan (about 15,000 speakers)
    • Upper Bal: Ushguli, Kala, Ipar, Mulakh, Mestia, Lenzer, Latal.
    • Lower Bal: Becho, Tskhumar, Etser, Par, Chubekh, Lakham.
  • Lower Svan (about 12,000 speakers)
    • Lashkhian: Lashkh.
    • Lentekhian: Lentekhi, Kheled, Khopur, Rtskhmelur, Cholur

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant inventory of Svan is more or less the same as that of Old Georgian. That is, compared to Modern Georgian, it also has /j/, /q/ and /w/, but the labiovelar fricative only appears as an allophone of /w/ in the Ln dialect. Furthermore, the uvular consonants /q/ and /q’/ are realized as affricates, i.e. [qχ] and [q’χ].[7]

Svan consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ მ n /n/ ნ
Plosive voiced b /b/ ბ d /d/ დ g /ɡ/ გ
aspirated p /pʰ/ ფ t /tʰ/ თ k /kʰ/ ქ q /qʰ/ ჴ
ejective ṗ /pʼ/ პ ṭ /tʼ/ ტ ḳ /kʼ/ კ qʼ /qʼ/ ყ ʔ /ʔ/ ჸ
Affricate voiced ʒ /d͡z/ ძ ǯ /d͡ʒ/ ჯ
aspirated c /t͡sʰ/ ც č /t͡ʃʰ/ ჩ
ejective ċ /t͡sʼ/ წ čʼ /t͡ʃʼ/ ჭ
Fricative voiced (v [v] ვ) z /z/ ზ ž /ʒ/ ჟ ɣ /ʁ/ ღ
voiceless s /s/ ს š /ʃ/ შ x /χ/ ხ h /h/ ჰ
Approximant w /w/ ჳ l /l/ ლ y /j/ ჲ
Trill r /r/ რ

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
Close /i/
ი
i 		/iː/
ი̄
ī 		/y/
უ̈, ჳი
ü 		/yː/
უ̄̈
ṻ 		/u/
უ
u 		/uː/
უ̄
ū
Close-mid /eː/
ჱ
ė 		/ə/¹
ჷ
ə 		/əː/
ჷ̄
ə̄
Open-mid /ɛ/
ე
e 		/ɛː/
ე̄
ē 		/œ/
ო̈, ჳე
ö 		/œː/
ო̄̈
ō̈ 		/ɔ/
ო
o 		/ɔː/
ო̄
ō
Open /æ/
ა̈
ä 		/æː/
ა̄̈
ā̈ 		/ɑ/
ა
a 		/ɑː/
ა̄
ā
  1. Freely varies between [ə] and [ɨ]

Apart from the odd /eː/, only Upper Bal and Lashkh dialects have long vowels. Only Upper Bal has /æ, æː/; Lashkh does not have the front rounded vowels /œ, œː, y, yː/.

Alphabet

Road sign in Svan language, that contains only Svan-specific letters, and romanized variant

The alphabet, illustrated above, is similar to the Mingrelian alphabet, with a few additional letters otherwise obsolete in the Georgian script:

  • ჶ /f/
  • ჴ /q⁽ʰ⁾/
  • ჸ /ʔ/
  • ჲ /j/
  • ჳ /w/
  • ჷ /ə/
  • ჱ /eː/

These are supplemented by diacritics on the vowels (the umlaut for front vowels and macron for length), though those are not normally written. The digraphs

  • ჳი ("wi") /y/
  • ჳე ("we") /œ/

are used in the Lower Bal and Lentekh dialects, and occasionally in Upper Bal; these sounds do not occur in Lashkh dialect.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Svan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998. p 34
  3. ^ Tuite, Kevin (1991–1996). "Svans". In Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma (eds.). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Vol. VI. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall. p. 343. ISBN 0-8168-8840-X. OCLC 22492614.
  4. ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
  5. ^ DoBeS (Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen, Documentation of Endangered Languages)
  6. ^ Tuite, Kevin (2017). "Language and emergent literacy in Svaneti". In Korkmaz, Ramazan; Doğan, Gürkan (eds.). Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. Montréal: Brill. pp. 226–243. ISBN 978-90-04-32564-7.
  7. ^ Tuite, Kevin (2020). "The Svan language". Manuscript.

General references

  • Palmaitis, Mykolas Letas; Gudjedjiani, Chato (1986). Upper Svan: Grammar and texts. Vilnius: Mokslas.
  • Oniani, Aleksandre (2005). Die swanische Sprache (Teil I: Phonologie, Morphonologie, Morphologie des Nomens; Teil II: Morphologie des Verbs, Verbal-nomen, Udeteroi). Translated by Fähnrich, Heinz. Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität.
  • Tuite, Kevin (1997). Svan (PDF). Languages of the World, Materials, vol. 139. Munich: LINCOM-Europa. ISBN 978-3895861543.
Svan language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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