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'''''Casino''''' is a 1995 American [[epic film|epic]] [[crime film]] directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], produced by [[Barbara De Fina]] and distributed by [[Universal Pictures]]. It is based on the 1995 nonfiction book ''[[Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas]]''<ref>{{cite book |author=Pileggi, Nicholas |title=Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas |isbn=0-684-80832-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/casinolovehonori00pile|access-date=September 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820061350/https://archive.org/details/casinolovehonori00pile|archive-date=August 20, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Nicholas Pileggi]], who also co-wrote the screenplay along with Scorsese. It stars [[Robert De Niro]], [[Sharon Stone]], [[Joe Pesci]], [[Don Rickles]], [[Kevin Pollak]], and [[James Woods]]. The film was the eighth [[Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro|collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro]].
'''''Casino''''' is a 1995 American [[epic film|epic]] [[crime film]] directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], produced by [[Barbara De Fina]] and distributed by [[Universal Pictures]]. It is based on the 1995 nonfiction book ''[[Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas]]''<ref>{{cite book |author=Pileggi, Nicholas |title=Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas |isbn=0-684-80832-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/casinolovehonori00pile|access-date=September 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820061350/https://archive.org/details/casinolovehonori00pile|archive-date=August 20, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Nicholas Pileggi]], who also co-wrote the screenplay along with Scorsese. It stars [[Robert De Niro]], [[Sharon Stone]], [[Joe Pesci]], [[Don Rickles]], [[Kevin Pollak]], and [[James Woods]]. The film was the eighth [[Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro|collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro]].


''Casino'' follows Sam "Ace" Rothstein (De Niro), a [[Jewish American]] gambling expert [[Handicapping|handicapper]] who is asked by the [[Chicago Outfit]] to oversee the day-to-day casino and hotel operations at the [[Tangiers Casino]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. Other major characters include Nicky Santoro (Pesci), a "[[made man]]" and friend of Sam, and Ginger McKenna (Stone), a streetwise chip hustler who Sam marries and has a daughter with. The film details Sam's operation of the [[casino]], the difficulties he confronts in his job, the Mafia's involvement with the casino, and the gradual breakdown of his relationships and standing, as Las Vegas changes over the years.
''Casino'' follows Sam "Ace" Rothstein (De Niro), a [[Jewish American]] gambling expert [[Handicapping|handicapper]] who is asked by the [[Chicago Outfit]] to oversee the day-to-day casino and hotel operations at the [[Tangiers Casino]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. Other major characters include Nicky Santoro (Pesci), a "[[made man]]" and friend of Sam, and Ginger McKenna (Stone), a streetwise chip hustler with whom Sam marries and has a daughter. The film details Sam's operation of the [[casino]], the difficulties he confronts in his job, the Mafia's involvement with the casino, and the gradual breakdown of his relationships and standing, as Las Vegas changes over the years.


The primary characters are based on real people: Sam is inspired by the life of [[Frank Rosenthal]], also known as "Lefty," who ran the [[Stardust Resort & Casino|Stardust]], [[Fremont (resort)|Fremont]], [[MGM Grand Las Vegas|Marina]], and [[Hacienda (resort)|Hacienda]] casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from 1968 until 1981. Nicky and Ginger are based on mob enforcer [[Anthony Spilotro]] and former dancer and socialite [[Geri McGee]], respectively.
The primary characters are based on real people: Sam is inspired by the life of [[Frank Rosenthal]], also known as "Lefty," who ran the [[Stardust Resort & Casino|Stardust]], [[Fremont (resort)|Fremont]], [[MGM Grand Las Vegas|Marina]], and [[Hacienda (resort)|Hacienda]] casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from 1968 until 1981. Nicky and Ginger are based on mob enforcer [[Anthony Spilotro]] and former dancer and socialite [[Geri McGee]], respectively.

Revision as of 15:41, 18 March 2023

"Casino (film)" redirects here. For other films with either the same or similar titles, see Casino (disambiguation) § Film.

Casino
File:Casino poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMartin Scorsese
Screenplay by
Based onCasino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas
by Nicholas Pileggi
Produced byBarbara De Fina
Starring
CinematographyRobert Richardson
Edited byThelma Schoonmaker
Production
companies
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • November 22, 1995 (1995-11-22)
Running time
178 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$40–50 million[1]
Box office$116.1 million[2]

Casino is a 1995 American epic crime film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Barbara De Fina and distributed by Universal Pictures. It is based on the 1995 nonfiction book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas[3] by Nicholas Pileggi, who also co-wrote the screenplay along with Scorsese. It stars Robert De Niro, Sharon Stone, Joe Pesci, Don Rickles, Kevin Pollak, and James Woods. The film was the eighth collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro.

Casino follows Sam "Ace" Rothstein (De Niro), a Jewish American gambling expert handicapper who is asked by the Chicago Outfit to oversee the day-to-day casino and hotel operations at the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas. Other major characters include Nicky Santoro (Pesci), a "made man" and friend of Sam, and Ginger McKenna (Stone), a streetwise chip hustler with whom Sam marries and has a daughter. The film details Sam's operation of the casino, the difficulties he confronts in his job, the Mafia's involvement with the casino, and the gradual breakdown of his relationships and standing, as Las Vegas changes over the years.

The primary characters are based on real people: Sam is inspired by the life of Frank Rosenthal, also known as "Lefty," who ran the Stardust, Fremont, Marina, and Hacienda casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from 1968 until 1981. Nicky and Ginger are based on mob enforcer Anthony Spilotro and former dancer and socialite Geri McGee, respectively.

Casino was released on November 22, 1995, by Universal Pictures, to a mostly positive critical reception, and was a worldwide box office success. Stone's performance was singled out for acclaim, earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

Plot

In 1973, sports handicapper and Mafia associate Sam "Ace" Rothstein is sent by the Chicago Mafia to Las Vegas to run the Tangiers Casino. Front man Philip Green serves as the casino and hotel CEO, but Sam unofficially runs everything. Sam quickly doubles the casino's profits, with cash skimmed directly from the count room and delivered to the Midwest Mafia bosses. Chicago boss Remo Gaggi sends Sam's childhood friend and mob enforcer, Nicky Santoro, to protect Sam and the casino. Nicky makes sure everyone is kept in line, but his own criminal activities start drawing too much media and law enforcement attention. He recruits his younger brother Dominick and childhood friend Frankie Marino to gather a crew that specializes in shakedowns, burglaries and jewelry heists. Nicky is eventually placed in the Nevada Black Book, banning him from every casino in Nevada.

Sam meets and falls in love with beautiful hustler and former prostitute Ginger McKenna. They have a daughter, Amy, and marry, but their marriage is quickly thrown into turmoil due to Ginger's relationship with her longtime boyfriend, con artist Lester Diamond. Sam has Nicky's crew beat Lester when they catch him accepting $25,000 from her. In the mid-1970s, Ginger's problems intensify as she turns to drugs and alcohol.

In 1976, Sam fires slot manager Don Ward for incompetence. When Ward's brother-in-law, Clark County Commission chairman Pat Webb, fails to convince Sam to rehire Don, Webb arranges for Sam's gaming license to be denied, jeopardizing his position. Sam starts hosting a local television talk show from inside the casino, irritating both Nicky and the bosses back home for making himself such a public figure and bringing unneeded attention. Sam blames Nicky's recklessness for ongoing police and Nevada Gaming Board pressure, and the two argue furiously in the Mojave Desert after Sam tries to tell Nicky to leave Las Vegas.

When the Midwest bosses discover that people on the inside are stealing from their skim, they install incompetent Kansas City underboss Artie Piscano to oversee the operation. Piscano ends up keeping detailed written records of the operation. Additionally, an FBI bug placed in Piscano's grocery store for a separate crime catches him talking in detail about the skim, prompting a full investigation into the Tangiers Casino.

In 1980 Sam seeks to divorce Ginger, who kidnaps their daughter, planning to flee to Europe with her and Lester. Sam convinces Ginger to return with Amy, then overhears her planning on the phone to kill him. Sam kicks her out of their home but later relents and lets her back in. Ginger approaches Nicky to get her valuables from Sam's safe deposit box, and the two start an affair. Sam soon discovers the affair and confronts and disowns Ginger, and ends his friendship with Nicky. Nicky throws Ginger out when she demands that he kill Sam. Drunk and furious, Ginger crashes her car into Sam's in the driveway the next day and retrieves the key to their deposit box. She takes the contents of the box, but is arrested by the FBI as a witness.

In 1982, the FBI closes the casino and Green agrees to cooperate. Piscano dies of a heart attack when FBI agents discover his notebook. The FBI approaches Sam for help by showing him photos of Nicky and Ginger together, but he turns them down. The bosses are arrested and get ready for trial, and start arranging the murders of anyone who might testify against them. In 1983, Ginger dies of a drug overdose, and Sam barely escapes death by a car bomb, suspecting Nicky to be the culprit.

In 1986, the bosses, finally fed up with Nicky's recklessness, order Frankie and his crew to kill Nicky and Dominick. Under the impression that they are attending a meetup in an Illinois cornfield, they are brutally beaten with baseball bats, covered in quicklime, stripped of their clothes and buried alive in a shallow grave.

With the mafia now out of the casino industry, Sam laments the new impersonal, corporate-run resorts of Las Vegas. He is last seen working as a sports handicapper in San Diego, ending up in his own words, "right back where I started".

Cast

Production

Development

Martin Scorsese, the director of the film, in 2010

Casino is based on New York crime reporter Nicholas Pileggi's book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas. The research for Casino began when Pileggi read a 1980 report from the Las Vegas Sun about a domestic argument between Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, a casino figure, and his wife Geri McGee, a former topless dancer.[4] This gave him an idea to focus on a new book about the true story of mob infringement in Las Vegas during the 1970s, when filming of Goodfellas (whose screenplay he co-wrote with Scorsese) was coming to an end.[5] The fictional Tangiers resort reflected the story of the Stardust Resort and Casino, which had been bought by Argent Corporation in 1974 using loans from the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund. Argent was owned by Allen Glick, but the casino was believed to be controlled by various organized crime families from the Midwest. Over the next six years, Argent Corporation siphoned off between $7 and $15 million using rigged scales. This skimming operation, when uncovered by the FBI, was the largest ever exposed.[6] A number of organized crime figures were convicted as a result of the skimming.[7]

Pileggi contacted Scorsese about taking the lead of the project, which became known as Casino.[4] Scorsese expressed interest, calling this an "idea of success, no limits."[8] Pileggi was keen to release the book and then concentrate on a film adaptation, but Scorsese encouraged him to "reverse the order."[9]

Scorsese and Pileggi collaborated on the script for five months, towards the end of 1994.[5] Real-life characters were reshaped, such as Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, Geri McGee, Anthony Spilotro, and Spilotro's brother Michael. Some characters were combined, and parts of the story were set in Kansas City instead of Chicago. A problem emerged when they were forced to refer to Chicago as "back home" and use the words "adapted from a true story" instead of "based on a true story."[8] Real life mobster turned witness Frank Cullotta inspired the character Frank Marino (played by Frank Vincent),[10] served as a technical advisor for the film,[11] and also played an on-screen role as a hitman.[12][13]

They also decided to simplify the script, so that the character of Sam "Ace" Rothstein worked only at the Tangiers Casino, in order to show a glimpse of the trials involved in operating a Mafia-run casino hotel without overwhelming the audience.[8] According to Scorsese, the initial opening sequence was to feature the main character, Sam Rothstein, fighting with his estranged wife Ginger on the lawn of their house. The scene was too detailed, so they changed the sequence to show the explosion of Sam's car and him flying into the air before hovering over the flames in slow motion—like a soul about to go straight down to hell.[8]

Principal photography

Filming took place at night in the Riviera casino in Las Vegas, with the nearby defunct Landmark Hotel as the entrance, to replicate the fictional Tangiers. According to Barbara De Fina, the film's producer, there was no reason to construct a set if they could simply film around an actual casino.[8] The opening scene, with Sam's car exploding, was shot three times; the third take was used for the film.[8] Saul Bass designed the title sequence, which was his last work.[14] The total cost for the titles was $11,316, not including the fees for the Basses. Bass justified the cost to De Fina by noting that creating a continuous explosion from a second shot of an explosion demanded a lot of experimentation, as did getting the flight path of the body exactly right.[15] When first submitted to the MPAA, the film received an NC-17 rating due to its depictions of violence. Several edits were made in order to reduce the rating to R.[16]

The film was shot in the Super 35 format as it allowed the picture to be reformatted for television broadcast. Scorsese said, "I wish I could just shoot straight anamorphic, but the lenses we had in this situation were actually much more diversified. To a certain extent, shooting a film this way can make certain technical aspects more difficult, but to me, anything is better than panning and scanning on TV. We can re-frame just about every shot we did on this picture for video."[17]

Reception

Box office

During its five-day Thanksgiving holiday weekend, Casino opened in fifth place at the box office, grossing $14.5 million.[18] The film grossed $43 million domestically and $73 million internationally, for a total of $116 million worldwide,[19] against a $40–50 million production budget.[1]

Critical response

Sharon Stone (pictured in 2017) was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film.

On its release, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, although their praise was more muted than it had been for the thematically similar Goodfellas, released only five years earlier, with some reviewers criticizing Scorsese for retreading familiar territory.[20] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 70 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Impressive ambition and bravura performances from an outstanding cast help Casino pay off in spite of a familiar narrative that may strike some viewers as a safe bet for director Martin Scorsese."[21] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[22] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A+ to F.[23]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four complete stars, stating that "Martin Scorsese's fascinating new film Casino knows a lot about the Mafia's relationship with Las Vegas. Like The Godfather it makes us feel like eavesdroppers in a secret place." He added, "Unlike his other Mafia movies (Mean Streets and Goodfellas), Scorsese's Casino is as concerned with history as with plot and character."[24] Janet Maslin of The New York Times analyzed the film's journalistic approach resulted with "no conveniently sharp focus, a plot built like a centipede and characters with lives too messy to form conventional dramatic arcs." Regardless, she praised Sharon Stone, writing she "will be nobody's idea of Hollywood fluff after this spectacular, emblematic performance."[25]

Todd McCarthy of Variety felt the film "possesses a stylistic boldness and verisimilitude that is virtually matchless". He praised De Niro's performance as "outstanding" and felt Stone was "simply a revelation here". However, he noted Pesci "holds up his end of the picture perfectly well, but Nicky is basically the same character he won an Oscar for in Goodfellas, but with a shade less of an edge."[26] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote the film "is not the equal of Mean Streets or GoodFellas, the more instinctive pieces in the crime trilogy that the flawed Casino completes (Coppola's Godfather Part III fell off far more precipitously). It is, however, just as unmistakably the work of a virtuoso — bold, brutally funny and ferociously alive."[27]

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times noted the film is a return to Scorsese's earlier gangster films, but felt he made "too few emotional connections to persuade us to see things the way he does. So instead of being operatic and cathartic, this film ends up exhausting and claustrophobic." He praised the principal actors, most particularly highlighting Stone for displaying "star quality and a feral intensity that is the equal of what the boys are putting down."[28] Philip Thomas of Empire magazine praised the film while highlighting its similarities to Goodfellas. He gave the film five stars commenting "It may not be Scorsese's greatest work, but this guy feeling a little off-colour is still far, far better than most people on fighting-fit form. It only gets more impressive as time goes on."[29]

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2+1⁄2 stars out of four, writing Casino is a "sometime-dazzling, often-disappointing film from the great Martin Scorsese, who too often seems like he's replaying his greatest hits with this picture, and not to the best effect ... DeNiro's relationship with Cathy Moriarty in Raging Bull was better and the flash-temper role by Pesci is a carbon copy of his work in Goodfellas. Casino is hardly a bad film, but it breaks no new ground for Scorsese."[30] Desson Howe of The Washington Post wrote the film is "not great" and that clearly "Scorsese and Pileggi are trying to disinter the success of GoodFellas, their last collaboration. But they only come up with Raging B.S."[31]

The film's critical profile has increased in years after its release, with several critics expressing that, in retrospect, they feel it is a more accomplished and artistically mature work than the thematically similar Goodfellas.[20][32]

Accolades

Association Category Recipient Result
20/20 Awards Best Film Editing Thelma Schoonmaker Won
Academy Awards Best Actress Sharon Stone Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated
Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Cast Ensemble Nominated
Cahiers du Cinéma Best Film Martin Scorsese 3rd Place
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Director Nominated
Best Actress Sharon Stone Nominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Martin Scorsese Nominated
MTV Movie Awards Best Female Performance Sharon Stone Nominated
Best Villain Joe Pesci Nominated
Nastro d'Argento Best Foreign Director Martin Scorsese Nominated
Best Production Design Dante Ferretti Won
Best Male Dubbing Gigi Proietti (for dubbing Robert De Niro) Won

Soundtrack

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[33]

Disc 1

  1. "Contempt – Theme De Camille" by Georges Delerue
  2. "Angelina/Zooma, Zooma Medley" by Louis Prima
  3. "Hoochie Coochie Man" by Muddy Waters
  4. "I'll Take You There" by The Staple Singers
  5. "Nights in White Satin" by The Moody Blues
  6. "How High the Moon" by Les Paul & Mary Ford
  7. "Hurt" by Timi Yuro
  8. "Ain't Got No Home" by Clarence 'Frogman' Henry
  9. "Without You" by Nilsson
  10. "Love Is the Drug" by Roxy Music
  11. "I'm Sorry" by Brenda Lee
  12. "Go Your Own Way" by Fleetwood Mac
  13. "The Thrill Is Gone" by B.B. King
  14. "Love Is Strange" by Mickey & Sylvia
  15. "The 'In' Crowd" by Ramsey Lewis
  16. "Stardust" by Hoagy Carmichael

Disc 2

  1. "Walk on the Wild Side" by Jimmy Smith
  2. "Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa (Sad Song)" by Otis Redding
  3. "I Ain't Superstitious" by Jeff Beck Group
  4. "The Glory of Love" by The Velvetones
  5. "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by Devo
  6. "What a Diff'rence a Day Made" by Dinah Washington
  7. "Working in the Coal Mine" by Lee Dorsey
  8. "The House of the Rising Sun" by The Animals
  9. "Toad" by Cream
  10. "Who Can I Turn To?" by Tony Bennett
  11. "Slippin' and Slidin'" by Little Richard
  12. "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" by Dean Martin
  13. "Compared to What" (Live) by Les McCann & Eddie Harris
  14. "Basin Street Blues/When It's Sleepy Time Down South" by Louis Prima
  15. "St. Matthew Passion (Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder)" by Johann Sebastian Bach (Chicago Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Georg Solti)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Archerd, Army (November 13, 1995). "Scorsese puts faith in preview auds". Variety. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  2. ^ "Casino (1995)". Box Office Mojo. January 19, 1996. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  3. ^ Pileggi, Nicholas (1995). Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80832-3. Archived from the original on August 20, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Baxter 2003, p. 336.
  5. ^ a b Thompson & Christie 1996, p. 198.
  6. ^ Levitan, Corey (March 2, 2008). "Top 10 scandals: gritty city". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  7. ^ Delugach, Al (January 22, 1986). "5 Mob Figures Guilty in Vegas Skimming Case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Thompson & Christie 1996, pp. 200–204.
  9. ^ Baxter 2003, p. 337.
  10. ^ "Casino (1995)". Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  11. ^ "Old mobster is at peace with his past". lasvegassun.com. November 23, 2015.
  12. ^ Tanner, Adam. "How An Infamous Mafia Hitman Rebuilt His Identity From Scratch". Forbes. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  13. ^ "Frank Cullotta, Mobster Turned Memoirist and YouTuber, Dies at 81". The New York Times. August 24, 2020. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020.
  14. ^ Stinson, Liz (October 7, 2016). "How Design Legend Saul Bass Changed Film and TV Forever". Wired.
  15. ^ Horak, Jan-Christopher (2014). Saul Bass: Anatomy of Film Design. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4720-8. OCLC 892799673.
  16. ^ Dretzka, Gary (November 9, 1995). "Casino Wins Appeal For R Film Rating". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  17. ^ "Ace in the Hole: Casino - The American Society of Cinematographers". ascmag.com.
  18. ^ McNary, Dave (November 27, 1995). "'Toy Story' pays big at box office". UPI. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  19. ^ Foundas, Scott (May 7, 2013). "Andrew Garfield to Star in Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' (Exclusive)". Variety. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  20. ^ a b Charity, Tom (July 5, 2016) [1st pub. 2007]. The Rough Guide to Film: Marin Scorsese. Penguin. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-84353-408-2.
  21. ^ "Casino (1995)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  22. ^ "Casino reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  23. ^ "Cinemascore". Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  24. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 22, 1995). "Casino movie review & film summary". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 25, 2019 – via RogerEbert.com.
  25. ^ Maslin, Janet (November 22, 1995). "A Money-Mad Mirage From Scorsese". The New York Times. p. C9. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  26. ^ McCarthy, Todd (November 16, 1995). "Film Reviews: Casino". Variety. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  27. ^ Travers, Peter (November 22, 1995). "Casino". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  28. ^ Turan, Kenneth (November 22, 1995). "Scorsese's the Dealer in an Intense 'Casino'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  29. ^ Empire (January 1, 2000). "Casino review". Empire. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  30. ^ Siskel, Gene (November 24, 1995). "Imaginative 'Toy Story' Sparkles with Fresh Ideas". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  31. ^ Howe, Desson (November 24, 1995). "'Casino': Scorsese's Losing Bet". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  32. ^ Vargas-Cooper, Natasha (November 10, 2011). "Martin Scorsese's Casino". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  33. ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (November 14, 1995). "Casino – Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Archived from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017.

Bibliography

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