Twilight language

For other uses, see Twilight language (disambiguation).

Twilight language is a rendering of the Sanskrit term sāṃdhyābhāṣā (written also sāndhyābhāṣā, sāṃdhyabhāṣā, sāndhyabhāṣā; Wylie: dgongs-pa'i skad, THL gongpé ké) or of their modern Indic equivalents (especially in Bengali, Odia, Assamese, Maithili, Hindi, Nepali, Braj Bhasha and Khariboli).

As popularized by Roderick Bucknell and Martin Stuart-Fox in The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism in 1986, the notion of "twilight language" is a supposed polysemic language and communication system associated with tantric traditions in Vajrayana Buddhism and Hinduism. It includes visual communication, verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Tantric texts are often written in a form of the twilight language that is incomprehensible to the uninitiated reader. As part of an esoteric tradition of initiation, the texts are not to be employed by those without an experienced guide and the use of the twilight language ensures that the uninitiated do not easily gain access to the knowledge contained in these works.

The phrase "twilight language" has subsequently been adopted by some other Western writers. For example, according to Judith Simmer-Brown:

As has often been said, tantric texts are written in "twilight language" (sandha-bhasa, gongpay-kay), which, as the Hevajra tantra states, is a "secret language, that great convention of the yoginis, which the shravakas and others cannot unriddle". This means that the texts of Buddhist tantra cannot be understood without the specific oral commentary by authorized Vajrayana teachers.

Usage

In the Vajrayana tradition

As Bucknell and Stuart-Fox state:

In the Vajrayana tradition, now preserved mainly in Tibetan sects, it has long been recognized that certain important teachings are expressed in a form of secret symbolic language known as saṃdhyā-bhāṣā, "Twilight Language". Mudrās and mantras, maṇḍalas and cakras, those mysterious devices and diagrams that were so much in vogue in the Buddhist culture of the 1960s, were all examples of Twilight Language [...]

Numbers, numerology and the spirituality of numerals is key to the twilight language and endemic to Vajrayana, as it is throughout Indian religions. Numbers that are particularly frequent in classification are three, five and nine. As Bucknell and Stuart-Fox state:

The fivefold classification presented in the tantras is remarkably comprehensive, embracing objects of every conceivable type; it includes the infamous set of "five Ms" (fish, meat, wine, mudrā, sexual intercourse) and even a set of five "body fluids" (faeces, urine, blood, semen, flesh). In addition it includes sets of doctrinal principles, such as the five skandhas (factors of existence), the four kāyas (Buddha-bodies) and the triad prajña, upāya, bodhicitta (wisdom, means, enlightenment-mind). For example, prajña, upāya, and bodhicitta are identified with the triads female/male/union, Amitābha/Akṣobhya/Vairocana, and so on, and are thus implicitly assigned to the water, fire, and space groups respectively.

— The Twilight Language

In the Pali Canon

Although twilight language is primarily a feature of esoteric traditions such as the Vajrayana, Bucknell and Stuart-Fox cite the Thai bhikkhu Buddhadasa as having explored "the importance of symbolic language in the Pali Canon ... in a number of lectures and publications."

In Sonepur literature

Sonepur, Odisha and its literature is championed by such as Charyapada, Matsyendranath, Daripada and other Naths:

The growth of literature at Sonepur can be traced to Charyapada, to Matsyendranath and Daripada of the Natha cult. They wrote esoteric poetry in language known as Sandhya bhasa. The local idioms they used are still in currency in this area."

Vaishnavism

Steven J. Rosen (2016), edlitor of The Journal of Vaishnava Studies explores the use of twilight language (sāṃdhyābhāṣā) in the Sri Vaishnava tradition, a branch of Hinduism that worships Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi as the supreme reality. Twilight language is a form of communication that employs multiple levels of meaning, Symbolism , metaphor , and allegory to convey spiritual truths that are otherwise difficult to express or understand. Twilight language is often used in tantric texts, which are meant to be interpreted only by those who have received proper initiation and guidance from a qualified teacher.

In his book, Rosen (2016) examines the origins and development of twilight language in the Sri Vaishnava tradition, tracing its roots to the ancient Vedic literature and the Charyapada, a collection of mystical poems written in Bengali and other languages between the 8th and 12th centuries. He also analyzes the use of twilight language in the works of prominent Sri Vaishnava poets and saints, such as Ramanuja, Vedanta Desika, Nmmalvar, Andal, and others. He shows how twilight language expresses the intimate relationship between the devotee and the divine, the esoteric meanings of the sacred names and forms of Vishnu and Lakshmi, and the secrets of the path of devotion (bhakti). He also compares and contrasts the twilight language of the Sri Vaishnavas with that of other traditions, such as the Vaishnava Sahajiyas, a tantric sect that practiced sexual yoga as a means of attaining union with Radha and Krishna.

Refutation of the translation of term as "twilight language"

In 1970, Mircea Eliade presented evidence that the concept of "twilight" (or "crepuscular") language is based on a translation error. According to Eliade, in 1916 Haraprasād Shāstri proposed the translation of "twilight language". However, in 1928 Vidhushekar Shāstri debunked that translation, showing that the term is based on a shortened form of the word sandhāya, which can be translated as "having in view", "intending", or "with regard to". Eliade concludes that: "Hence there is no reference to the idea of a 'twilight language'." He continues by speculating on how the term came to be corrupted by scribes who read the familiar word sandhyā ("crepuscular") for the original sandhā. Eliade therefore translates the phrase as "Intentional Language". Staal explains, "sandhā means esoteric meaning, as contrasted with prima facie or superficial meaning," and suggests to translate sandhābhāsā as "secret language".

See also

• Conceptual metaphor
• Image schema
• Language of the birds
• Visual language
• Visual thinking

References

Sources

• Bucknell, Roderick; Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986). The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism. London: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-312-82540-4.
• Eliade, Mircea (1970). Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Bollingen Series, Vol. LVI (2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691017646.
• Nayak, Pabitra Mohan (2006). "The Literary Heritage of Sonepur" (PDF). Orissa Review (May 2006): 72–79. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
• Simmer-Brown, Judith (2002). Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-1-57062-920-4.
• Staal, Frits (September 1975). "The Concept of Metalanguage and its Indian Background". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 3 (3–4): 315–35. doi:10.1007/bf02629150. JSTOR 23436906. S2CID 171044871.  – via JSTOR (subscription required)

Further reading

• Bharati, A. (1961). "Intentional Language in the Tantras". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 81 (3): 261–270. doi:10.2307/595657. JSTOR 595657.  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
• Broido, Michael M. (1985). "Intention and Suggestion in the Abhidharmakosa: Sandhabhasa revisited". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 13 (4): 327–381. doi:10.1007/bf00160986. JSTOR 23444081. S2CID 170868443.  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
• Bucknell, Roderick; Stuart-Fox, Martin (April 1989). "Response to Lou Nordstrom's Review of The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism". Philosophy East and West. 39 (2): 191–196. doi:10.2307/1399377. JSTOR 1399377.  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
• Elder, George R. (February 1976). "Problems of Language in Buddhist Tantra". History of Religions. 15 (3): 231–250. doi:10.1086/462745. JSTOR 1062526. S2CID 162090864.  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
• Nordstrom, Lou (January 1989). "The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism by Roderick S. Bucknell; Martin Stuart-Fox". Philosophy East and West. 39 (1): 104–106. doi:10.2307/1398888. JSTOR 1398888.  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
• Snellgrove, D. L. (1964). The Hevajra Tantra: A Critical Study. Vol. (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
• Walker, Benjamin (1968). The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. Vol. (Vol. 1). New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
• Wayman, Alex (1962). Female Energy and Symbolism in the Buddhist Tantras. University of Chicago.
• The Twilight Language of the Vaishnavas: Esoteric Etymology and Symbolism in the Sri Vaishnava Tradition by Steven J. Rosen (2016)