Curaçao

For other uses, see Curaçao (disambiguation).

Curaçao Kòrsou
Flag Coat of arms of Curaçao Coat of arms
Anthem: Himno di Kòrsou
Capital and largest city	Willemstad
Official languages	Dutch, Papiamentu
Government	See Politics of the Netherlands Antilles
• Prime Minister of N.A.	Emily de Jongh-Elhage
• Governor of N.A.	Frits Goedgedrag
Constitutional monarchy  part of the Netherlands Antilles
Area
• Total	444 km2 (171 sq mi)
Population
• 2006 census	138,000
• Density	391/km2 (1,012.7/sq mi) (ranked as part of N. A.)
Currency	Netherlands Antillean gulden (ANG)
Time zone	UTC-4 (-4)
Calling code	599
ISO 3166 code	CW
Internet TLD	.an

Curaçao (IPA: [ˈkjuːrəsaʊ]) is an island in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea off the north coast of Venezuela. The island is the largest and most populous of the three so-called ABC islands (for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) of the Lesser Antilles – specifically the Leeward Antilles – and belongs to the Netherlands Antilles, a self-governing part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Curaçao's capital is Willemstad.

Curaçao has a land area of 444 square kilometres (171 square miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 130,627 inhabitants, which means a population density of 294 inhabitants per square kilometre. In 2004 the population was estimated at 133,644 inhabitants. It lies outside the hurricane belt, but can still occasionally be impacted by hurricanes, such as Hurricane Felix.

Origin of the name Curaçao

The origin of the name Curaçao is still under debate. One explanation is that it is derived from the Portuguese word for 'heart' (coração), referring to the island as a centre in trade. Spanish traders took the name over as Curaçao, which was followed by the Dutch. Another explanation is that Curaçao was the name the indigenous peoples of Curaçao had used to label themselves (Joubert and Baart, 1994). This theory is supported by early Spanish accounts, which refer to the indigenous peoples as "Indios Curaçaos". The Papiamento word for Curaçao is Kòrsou. The name "Curaçao" has become associated with a particular shade of blue, and is sometimes used as an adjective, because of the deep-blue liqueur named "Blue Curaçao".

History

Main article: History of Curaçao

The original inhabitants of Curaçao were Arawak Amerindians. The first Europeans to see the island were members of a Spanish expedition under the leadership of Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. The Spaniards decimated the Arawak with diseases such as smallpox and measles. The island was occupied by the Dutch in 1634. The Dutch West India Company founded the capital of Willemstad on the banks of an inlet called the 'Schottegat'. Curaçao had been previously ignored by colonists because it lacked many things that colonists were interested in, such as gold deposits. However, the natural harbour of Willemstad proved quickly to be an ideal spot for trade. Commerce and shipping – but also piracy – became Curaçao's most important economic activities. In addition, Curaçao came to play a pivotal role in one of the most intricate international trade networks in history: the Atlantic slave trade. The Dutch West India Company made Curaçao a center for slave trade in 1662. Dutch merchants brought slaves from Africa to the trading area called Asiento. From there, slaves were sold and shipped to various destinations in South America and the Caribbean. At the height of the trade, large numbers of slaves were traded here.

Dutch architecture along Willemstad's harbor.

The slave trade made the island affluent, and led to the impressive colonial erection of buildings that still stand today. Curaçao features architecture that blends various Dutch and Spanish colonial styles. The wide range of other historic buildings in and around Willemstad earned the capital a place on UNESCO's world heritage list. Landhouses (former plantation estates) and West African style 'kas di pal'i maishi' (former slave dwellings) are scattered all over the island and some of them have been restored and can be visited.

The Queen Emma and Queen Juliana bridges.

The building 'Groot Davelaar', one of app. 100 plantation houses on the island'

Curaçao's proximity to South America translated into a long-standing Latin American influence on the island. This is reflected in the architectural similarities between the 19th century parts of Willemstad and nearby Venezuelan city of Coro in Falcón State, the latter also being a UNESCO world heritage site. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as Manuel Piar and Luis Brión were actively engaged in the political affairs of the region, such as the wars of independence of Venezuela and Colombia.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the island changed hands among the British, the French, and the Dutch several times. Stable Dutch rule returned in 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars. The Dutch abolished slavery in 1863. The end of slavery caused economic hardship, prompting many inhabitants of Curaçao to emigrate to other islands, such as to Cuba to work in sugarcane plantations.

When in 1914 oil was discovered in the Maracaibo Basin town of Mene Grande, the fortunes of the island were dramatically altered. Royal Dutch Shell and the Dutch Government had built an extensive oil refinery installation on the former site of the slave-trade market at Asiento, thereby establishing an abundant source of employment for the local population and fueling a wave of immigration from surrounding nations. Curaçao was an ideal site for the refinery as it was away from the social and civil unrest of the South American mainland, but near enough to the Maracaibo Basin oil fields. It also had an excellent natural harbor that could accommodate large oil tankers. The company brought a degree of affluence to the island. Large housing was provided and Willemstad developed an extensive infrastructure. However, discrepancies started to appear amongst the social groups of Curaçao. The discontent and the antagonisms between Curaçao social groups culminated in large scale rioting and protest on May 30, 1969. The civil unrest fueled a social movement that resulted in the local Afro-Caribbean population attaining more influence over the political process (Anderson and Dynes 1975). The island also developed a tourist industry and offered low corporate taxes to encourage many companies to set up holdings in order to avoid rigorous schemes elsewhere. In the mid 1980s Royal Shell sold the refinery for a symbolic amount to a local government consortium. Since then discussions have centered on changing the constitutional situation as well as finding new sources of income. The government consortium currently leases the refinery to the Venezuelan state oil company PDVSA. In recent years, the island had attempted to capitalize on its peculiar history and heritage to expand its tourism industry.

In 1984 the Island Council of Curaçao inaugurated the National Flag and the official anthem of the island. This was conferred on July 2, which was the date which the first elected island council formalized itself.

Due to an economic slump in recent years, emigration to the Netherlands has been high. Attempts by Rita Verdonk to stem this flow of emigration have exacerbated already tense Dutch-Curaçao relations. In turn, a lot of immigration from surrounding Caribbean islands and Latin American countries has also taken place. This means that the population base is changing, and a local discourse of island identity and citizenship has become prominent.

View of Willemstad.

Geography

Like Aruba and Bonaire, Curaçao is a transcontinental island that is geographically part of South America but is also considered to be part of West Indies and one of the Leeward Antilles. Curaçao and the other ABC Islands are in terms of climate, geology, flora and fauna more akin to nearby Paraguaná Peninsula, Isla Margarita and the nearby Venezuelan areas of the Coro region and Falcón State. Curaçao has a semi-arid savanna-like climate and lies outside the hurricane belt with only a 0-3% chance of getting hit by a hurricane. The flora of Curaçao differs from the typical tropical island vegetation. Xeric scrublands are common, with various forms of cacti, thorny shrubs, evergreens, and the island's symbolic divi-divis. Curaçao's highest point is the 375 metre (1,230 ft) Christoffelberg ("Mount Christoffel") in the northwestern part of the island. This lies in the reserved wildlife park, Curaçao Christoffelpark, and can be explored by car, bike or horse or on foot. Several trails have been laid out. Curaçao has many places where one can hike. There are Saliñas, salt marshes where flamingos fly out to rest and feed. 15 miles off the coast of Curaçao, to the southeast, lies the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao").

Sea Aquarium beach

Curaçao is renowned for its coral reefs which make it an excellent spot for scuba diving. The beaches on the south side contain many popular diving spots. An unusual feature of Curaçao diving is that the sea floor drops off steeply within a few hundred feet of the shore, and the reef can easily be reached without a boat. This drop-off is locally known as the "blue edge." Strong currents and lack of beaches make the rocky northern coast dangerous for swimming and diving, but experienced divers sometimes dive there from boats when conditions permit. The southern coast is very different and offers remarkably calm waters. The coastline of Curaçao features many bays and inlets, many of them suitable for mooring.

Some of the coral reefs have been affected by tourism. Porto Marie beach is experimenting with artificial coral reefs in order to improve the reef's condition. Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish.

Politics

Under leadership of Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez Curaçao gained limited self-government on January 1, 1954 as an island territory of the Netherlands Antilles. Despite this, the islanders did not fully participate in the political process until after the social movements of the late '60s. In the 2000s the political status of the island has been under discussion again, as for the other islands of the Netherlands Antilles, regarding the relationship with the Netherlands and between the islands of the Antilles.

In a referendum held on April 8 2005, together with Sint Maarten, the residents voted for a separate status outside the Netherlands Antilles, like Aruba, rejecting the options for full independence, becoming part of the Netherlands, or retaining the status quo. In 2006, Emily de Jongh-Elhage - a resident of Curaçao - was elected as the new prime minister of the Netherlands Antilles.

On July 1 2007, the island of Curaçao was due to become an autonomous associated state, under the Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, on 28 November 2006, the island council rejected a clarificatory memorandum on the process, thereby postponing this process to December 28th 2008 according to recent reports.

Education

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system. Until recently, all instruction was provided in Dutch. Now, bilingual primary education in Papiamentu and Dutch is also available. Private and parochial schools also exist on the island. The International School Of Curaçao provides education for English-speaking immigrants.

Higher education in Curaçao, as in the rest of the Netherlands Antilles, is good relative to regional standards. The main institutions of higher learning are:

• UNA (The University of the Netherlands Antilles)
• UDC (The University of the Dutch Caribbean)

Economy

Although a few plantations were established on the island by the Dutch, the first profitable industry established on Curaçao was salt mining. The mineral was an extremely lucrative export at the time and became one of the major factors responsible for drawing the island into international commerce. Curaçao also became a center for slave trade during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 19th century, phosphate mining also became significant. All the while, Curaçao's fine deep water ports and ideal location in the Caribbean were crucial in making it a significant center of commerce.

Today, the main industries of the island include oil refining, tourism and financial services. Shipping and other activity related to the port of Willemstad also makes a considerable contribution to the economy.

As in the Netherlands, prostitution is legal. A large open-air brothel called "Le Mirage" or "Campo Alegre" has operated near the main Curaçao airport since the 1940s. It is located just off Franklin D Roosevelt Weg.

Demographics

Ethnicities

A Bulawaya dance

Because of its history, the island's population comes from many ethnic backgrounds. There is an Afro-Caribbean majority, and also sizeable minorities of Dutch, East Asian, Portuguese and Levantine people. The Sephardic Jews that arrived from the Netherlands and then-Dutch Brazil since the 17th century have had a significant influence on the culture and economy of the island. The years before and after World War II also saw an influx of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe. Many Portuguese and Lebanese also migrated to Curaçao in the early 19th century due to the financial possibilities of the island. There are also many recent immigrants from neighbouring countries, most notably the Dominican Republic, Haiti, the Anglophone Caribbean and Colombia. In recent years the influx of Dutch pensioners has increased significantly, dubbed locally as pensionados.

Religion

According to the 2001 census, the majority of the inhabitants of Curaçao are Roman Catholic (85%). This includes a shift towards the Charismatic Renewal or Charismatic movement since the mid-seventies. Other major denominations are the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Methodist Church. Alongside these Christian denominations, some inhabitants practice Montamentu, an African religious practice similar to Voodoo, Santeria, and other diasporic African religions. Like elsewhere in Latin America, Pentecostalism is on the rise. There are practicing Muslims as well as Hindus.

Though small in size, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on history. Curaçao boasts the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas - dating to 1651 - and the oldest synagogue of the Americas, in continuous use since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue. The Jewish Community of Curaçao also played a key role in supporting early Jewish congregations in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, including in New York City and the Touro Synagogue of Newport, Rhode Island. Also see List of Caribbean Jews.

Culture

Language

Curaçao is a polyglot society. The languages widely spoken in Curaçao are Papiamentu, Dutch, Spanish and English. Many people can speak all four of these languages. Spanish and English both have a long historical presence on the island alongside Dutch and Papiamentu. The use of Spanish dates back to the period from 1499 to 1634, when the island was a Spanish colony; Spanish has remained an important language throughout the 18th and 19th centuries as well due to the close economic ties with nearby Venezuela and Colombia. The use of English dates back to the early 19th century, when Curaçao became a British colony. In fact, after the restoration of Dutch rule in 1815, colonial officers already noted wide use of English among the island (van Putte 1999). Recent immigration from the Anglophone Caribbean and the Netherlandse Antillean islands of (St. Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten) -- where the primary language is English -- as well as the ascendancy of English as a world language, has intensified the use of English on Curaçao. For most of colonial history, Dutch was never as widely spoken as English or Spanish and remained exclusively a language for administration and legal matters; popular use of Dutch increased towards the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century (van Putte 1999).

Historically, education on Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire had been predominantly in Spanish up until the late 19th century. There were also efforts to introduce bilingual popular education in Dutch and Papiamentu in the late 19th century (van Putte 1999). Dutch was made the sole language of instruction in the educational system in the early 20th century to facilitate education for the offspring of expatriate employees of Royal Dutch Shell (Romer, 1999). Papiamento was tentatively re-introduced in the school curriculum during the mid-1980s. Recent political debate has centered on the issue of Papiamentu becoming the sole language of instruction. Proponents of making Papiamentu the sole language of instruction argue that it will help to preserve the language and will improve the quality of primary and secondary school education. Proponents of Dutch-language instruction argue that students who study in Dutch will be better prepared for the free university education offered to Curaçao residents in the Netherlands.

Starting July 1st 2007, the Netherlands Antilles declared Dutch, Papiamentu and English as official languages, in recognition of the Dutch-speaking, Papiamentu-speaking and English speaking communities of all the islands.

Literature

Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in Dutch and Papiamento. The oral traditions of the Arawak indigenous peoples are lost. West African slaves brought the tales of Anansi, thus forming the basis of Papiamento literature. The first published work in Papiamento was a poem by Joesph Sickman Corsen entitled Atardi, published in the La Cruz newspaper in 1905. Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as magic realism tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have made an impressive contribution to Caribbean and Dutch literature. Best known are Cola Debrot, Frank Martinus Arion, Pierre Lauffer, Elis Juliana,Guillermo Rosario, Boeli van Leeuwen and Tip Marugg.

Cuisine

Local food is called Krioyo (pronounced the same as criollo, the Spanish word for "Creole") and boasts a blend of flavours and techniques best compared to Caribbean cuisine and Latin American cuisine. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in Aruba and Bonaire as well. Popular dishes include: stobá (a stew made with various ingredients such as papaya, beef or goat) , Guiambo (soup made from okra and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to fufu, ugali and polenta) and a lot of fish and other seafood. The ubiquitous side dish is fried plantain. Local bread rolls are made according to a Portuguese recipe.

All around the island, there are snèk which serve local dishes as well as alcoholic drinks in a manner akin to the English pub. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the hallaca and pekelé, made out of salt cod. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets).

The Curaçao liqueur was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of a locally grown variety of bitter oranges.

Asian and Dutch influences also abound. The island also has a lot of Chinese restaurants that serve mainly satay and lumpia. Dutch cuisine is served in homes and restaurants.

Sports

For the seven past years the team from Willemstad, Curaçao has made it all the way to the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The team features players from ages 11 and 12 who get a chance to represent the Caribbean region. In 2004 the team from Willemstad, Curaçao won the title game against the United States champion from Thousand Oaks, California. The following year the team from Curaçao made it right back to the championship game but were defeated by Ewa Beach, Hawaii after Michael Memea hit a walk-off home run to win the title game for Hawaii. In 2007 the team lost to Japan in the International Championship game.

Notable people from Curaçao

Famous people from Curaçao include:

• Andruw Jones, Major League Baseball outfielder currently playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers.
• Izaline Calister, a singer of jazz, ethno-jazz, and Curaçao krioyo music
• Pernell Saturnino, a graduated percussionist of Berklee College of Music
• Randal Corsen, jazz and fusion pianist
• Tania Kross, mezzo-soprano singer
• Morto Kacho, a political death metal band whose lyrics are in Papiamento
• Purgatorio, a black death metal band
• Tula, leader of the 1795 slave revolt
• Daniel De Leon, a socialist leader
• Kizzy Getrouw, a singer songwriter and television personality based in the United States
• Willem Gerard Statius Muller, a pianist and composer
• George Maduro, a war hero and namesake of Madurodam in The Hague
• Luis Brión, war hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence
• Manuel Carlos Piar, an important figure during the Venezuelan War of Independence
• Hensley Meulens, former Major League Baseball player
• Randall Simon, a Major League Baseball player
• Churandy Martina, gold medallist 100m at the Pan American Games 2007
• Jair Jurrjens, Major League Baseball pitcher currently playing for the Atlanta Braves
• Shad Gaspard, WWE Pro Wrestler
• Bob Pinedo, Professor of Medical Oncology and Founding Director and first Chairman of the VUmc Cancer Center Amsterdam.
• Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez

Sources

• Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499-1999. Römer-Kenepa, NC, Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA. - 1999 - Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
• Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes - 1975 - Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
• Stemmen uit het Verleden. Buurt, G., Joubert, S. - 1994 - Curaçao: Curaçaose Courant.
• Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H. - 1987 - Amsterdam: Emmering.
• Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon. - 1999 - Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

External links

• Curacao-gov.an - official website of the government of Curaçao
• Rinkes Curacao - Rinkes website about (the architecture of) Curaçao
• Curaçao is at coordinates 12°11′N 69°00′W
• Template:Wikitravel