Interpol

Not to be confused with International Police.

International Criminal Police Organization
File:Interpol logo.jpg
Common name	Interpol
Abbreviation	ICPO
Agency overview
Formed	1923
Jurisdictional structure
International agency
Countries	186 member states
Governing body	[Interpol General Assembly]
Constituting instrument	ICPO-INTERPOL Constitution and General Regulations
Operational structure
Headquarters	200, quai Charles de Gaulle, Lyon, France
Multinational agency
Nationalities of personnel	Various
Agency executives	Arturo Herrera, President (acting) Ronald Noble, Secretary General
Facilities
National Central Bureaus	186
Website
http://www.interpol.int/
Langages (4) Arabic English French Spanish

The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol, is an organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its name in 1956. It should not be confused with the International Police, which takes on an active uniformed role in policing war-torn countries.

Interpol is the world's fifth-largest international organization in terms of the number of member countries, after the Universal Postal Union, FIBA (the International Basketball Federation), the United Nations, and FIFA (Association football's international governing body). Its membership of 186 countries provides finance of around US$59 million through annual contributions. (By comparison, Europol receives $90 million annually.) The organization's headquarters are in Lyon, France. Its current Secretary-General is Ronald Noble, formerly of the United States Treasury. Noble is the first non-European to hold the position of Secretary-General. Jackie Selebi, National Commissioner of the South African Police Service, was president from 2004 but resigned on January 13, later being charged in South Africa on three counts of corruption and one of defeating the course of justice. He was replaced by Arturo Herrera Verdugo, current National Commissioner of Policía de Investigaciones de Chile and former Vicepresident for the American Zone, who will remain acting president until the next organization meeting, in October 2008.

In order to maintain as politically neutral a role as possible, Interpol's constitution forbids its involvement in crimes that do not overlap several member countries, or in any political, military, religious, or racial crimes. Its work focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime, war crimes, illicit drug production, drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, human trafficking, money laundering, child pornography, white-collar crime, computer crime, intellectual property crime and corruption.

In 2005, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 502, representing 78 member countries. Women comprised 42 percent of the staff. The Interpol public website received an average of 2.2 million page visits every month. Interpol's red notices that year led to the arrests of 3,500 people.

History

Interpol was founded in Austria in 1923 as the International Criminal Police (ICP). Following the Anschluss (Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany) in 1938, the organization fell under the control of Nazi Germany and the Commission's headquarters were eventually moved to Berlin in 1942. It is unclear, however, if and to what extent the ICPC files were used to further the goals of the Nazi regime.

After the end of World War II in 1945, the organization was revived, as the International Criminal Police Organization, by European Allies of World War II officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Its new headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a town on the outskirts of Paris. They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their present location, Lyon.

Methodology

Each member country maintains a National Central Bureau (NCB) staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the Interpol General Secretariat, regional bureaus and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives. This is especially important in countries which have many law-enforcement agencies: this central bureau is a unique point of contact for foreign entities, which may not understand the complexity of the law-enforcement system of the country they attempt to contact. For instance, the NCB for the United States of America is housed at the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The NCB will then ensure the proper transmission of information to the correct agency.

Interpol maintains a large database charting unsolved crimes and both convicted and alleged criminals. At any time, a member nation has access to specific sections of the database and its police forces are encouraged to check information held by Interpol whenever a major crime is committed. The rationale behind this is that drug traffickers and similar criminals have international ties, and so it is likely that crimes will extend beyond political boundaries.

In 2002, Interpol began maintaining a database of lost and stolen identification and travel documents, allowing member countries to be alerted to the true nature of such documents when presented. Passport fraud, for example, is often performed by altering a stolen passport; in response, several member countries have worked to make online queries into the stolen document database part of their standard operating procedure in border control departments. As of early 2006, the database contained over ten million identification items reported lost or stolen, and is expected to grow more as more countries join the list of those reporting into the database.

A member nation's police force can contact one or more member nations by sending a message relayed through Interpol offices.

Member states and sub-bureaus

Sub-bureaus shown in italics.

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Non-member countries

North Korea
Kiribati
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Vatican City

Secretaries-general and presidents

Secretaries-general since organization's inception in 1923:

Oskar Dressler	to 1946
Louis Ducloux	to 1951
Marcel Sicot	to 1963
Jean Népote	to 1978
André Bossard	to 1985
Raymond Kendall	to 2000
Ronald Noble	since 2000

Presidents since organization's inception in 1923:

Johann Schober to 1932 Franz Brandl to 1934 Eugen Seydel to 1935 Michael Skubl to 1938 Otto Steinhäusl to 1940 Reinhard Heydrich to 1942 Artur Nebe to 1943 Ernst Kaltenbrunner to 1945 Florent Louwage to 1956 Agostinho Lourenço to 1960 Richard Jackson to 1963 Fjalar Jarva to 1964 Firmin Franssen to 1968 Paul Dickopf to 1972 William Leonard Higgitt to 1976 Carl Persson to 1980 Jolly Bugarin to 1984 John Simpson to 1988 Ivan Barbot to 1992 Norman Inkster to 1994 Björn Eriksson to 1996 Toshinori Kanemoto to 2000 Jesús Espigares Mira to 2004 Jackie Selebi to 2008 Arturo Herrera Verdugo since 2008 Interpol in popular culture Contrary to what has been featured in some works of fiction, Interpol officers do not directly conduct inquiries in member countries. Its main role is the passing on of information, not actual law enforcement. As an international law enforcement agency, Interpol agents offer unique qualities that make them good candidates for fiction, even if such portrayals do not reflect reality. Examples Television Richard Wyler played the title role of the Man From Interpol 1958-59 British TV series that was shown on NBC in 1960. Inspector Gadget is an agent of Interpol. In the show Sealab 2021 Quin calls Interpol to find information on a fraudster named Master Lu. In the 2007 season of LOST, an Interpol report is seen when it is discovered that is has been filed against one of the main characters. In the anime Azumanga Daioh, the character Tomo Takino wants to be an Interpol agent in the future. In the show Batman Beyond which takes place in the mid-21st century, Interpol is mentioned in reference to its criminal database. The Goon Show made a few references to Interpol throughout its run in the 1950s. Department S was a British TV series about a fictional Special investigation department of Interpol. In Psych Shawn Spencer pretends to be an Interpol agent. Film In the comedy film Johnny English, it is eventually revealed that Lorna Campbell (Natalie Imbruglia) is an Interpol agent spying on Pascal Sauvage. In the movie Lord of War, Jack Valentine (Ethan Hawke) is an Interpol officer. In the movie Mission: Impossible III, Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) is told he is on Interpol's Most Wanted list. The logo of the Terran Empire within Star Trek's Mirror Universe resembles that used by Interpol. In the Indian movie Don starring Shah Rukh Khan, the Interpol is trying to capture Don. The protagonists in the film The Medallion are agents of Interpol. In the movie Assassins an interpol agent is shot by Antonio Banderas In the movie Hitman (2007), Agent 47 is chased by two Interpol agents. In Ocean's 12 the crew is handed over to Interpol agents. Books In the book and movie The Da Vinci Code, Interpol is mentioned several times, mainly in reference to their extensive database of information. In the book Artemis Fowl: The Arctic Incident one of the antagonists notes to his companions that the protagonist, Artemis Fowl, has an Interpol file. Games In Capcom's Street Fighter video game franchise (and many of its adaptations to other media), Chun-Li is an agent of Interpol. In the original Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? game from 1985, the user worked for Interpol. Later Carmen Sandiego media instead featured the fictional Interpol-esque ACME Detective Agency. In the game Resident Evil: Code Veronica X, Chris Redfield from S.T.A.R.S. is working with an Interpol officer before he turns to Anti Umbrella Activism. Bryan Fury in Tekken 3 had been an American Interpol officer before he was turned to a cyborg after being shot by gunmen in a shootout in Hong Kong. Likewise, Lei Wulong is a Hong Kong Interpol officer. In the game Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney, one of the victims in a case that protagonist Apollo Justice is faced against is an Interpol officer. In Vigilante 8: Second Offense Agent Chase works for CHRONOPOL, an Interpol for time. In the Sly Cooper series, Carmelita Fox and a few other characters are Interpol officers. Other Media Thompson and Thomson, detectives in the comic series The Adventures of Tintin, are Interpol agents. In Marvel's X-Men the now deceased Irish X-man Banshee was a former Interpol officer. In the manga series Death Note, an Interpol team led by the agent L was trying to capture Kira, a vigilante killing international criminals. An American band shares the name Interpol. In the Lupin III franchise, Lupin's eternal foil, Inspector Zenigata, is an agent of Interpol. See also Europol, a similar EU-wide organization. Interpol Terrorism Watch List External links Official website Deflem, Mathieu. 2000. “Bureaucratization and Social Control: Historical Foundations of International Policing.” Law & Society Review 34(3):601-640. Deflem, Mathieu. 2002. “The Logic of Nazification: The Case of the International Criminal Police Commission (Interpol)”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43(1):21-44. [1] Deflem, Mathieu, and Lindsay C. Maybin. 2005. "Interpol and the Policing of International Terrorism: Developments and Dynamics since September 11." Pp. 175-191 in Terrorism: Research, Readings, & Realities, edited by Lynne L. Snowden and Brad Whitsel. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. Notes 45.78219°N 4.84838°E / 45.78219; 4.84838