Mazanderani language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Language |
{{Infobox Language |
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|name=Mazandarani |
|name=Mazandarani |
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|nativename= ''Māzərūni'' مازِرونی - ''Mazəni'' مازنی <br> ''Tapəri'' تپری <br> |
|nativename= ''Māzərūni'' مازِرونی - ''Mazəni'' مازنی <br> ''Tapəri'' تپری <br> |
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|states= |
|states=[[Mazandaran]], and some parts of [[Tehran]], [[Golestan]], [[Semnan province|Semnan]], [[Khorasan]] ([[Iran]]) |
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|region= Southern [[ |
|region= Southern [[Mazandaran Sea]] |
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|speakers=3 - 4.5 million (As Native) |
|speakers=3 - 4.5 million (As Native) |
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|familycolor=Indo-European |
|familycolor=Indo-European |
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|map=[[Image:Mazandarani Language Map.PNG|center|200px]]<br><center><small>Areas where Mazandarani is spoken as mother tongue</center></small> |
|map=[[Image:Mazandarani Language Map.PNG|center|200px]]<br><center><small>Areas where Mazandarani is spoken as mother tongue</center></small> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Mazandarani''' or '''Tabari''' (''Also known as: Mazeniki, Taperki'') is an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] of the northwestern branch. Spoken mainly in [[Iran]]'s [[Mazandaran]] and [[Golestan]] provinces, it is partially, but not fully, intelligible with respect to [[Persian language|Persian]]. There are many similarities in grammar and vocabulary which render the Mazandarani and the standard [[Persian language| Persian]], moderately intelligible between speakers of either. <ref>1372, “Pishvandha-ye tasrifi va ešteqāqi dar afāl e Guyesh e Māzandarāni Kelārdašt,” Majalle-ye Zabānshenāsi, sāl.1, no.1, pp. 88-105</ref> <ref>Le Coq, P., 1989, “Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord- ouest de l, Iran,” in Schmitt, R. (ed), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp.296- 312, Wiesbadan. </ref> <ref>Melgounof, G., 1868, “ Essai sur les dialects du Masenderan et du Guilanla pronunciation locale”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Geselaschaft, vol.xxII, pp. 195-224.</ref>. In addition, virtually all speakers of Mazandarani are also fluent in standard [[Persian]]. <ref>Kalbāsi, Iran, 2004,”Gozašte-ye Naqli dar Lahjehā va Guyešha-ye Irāni”, Dialectology, Journal of the Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, vol. 1, No.2, pp.66- 89.</ref> |
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<ref>[http://www.tc.columbia.edu/students/sie/LCEjr05/pdfs/Borjian.pdf], p.66). </ref> |
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'''Mazandarani''' or '''Tabari''' (''Also known as: Mazeniki, Taperki'' in Mazandarani) is an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] of the northwestern branch. Spoken mainly in [[Iran]]'s [[Mazandaran]] and [[Golestan]] provinces, it is mutually unintelligible with respect to [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>[http://www.tc.columbia.edu/students/sie/LCEjr05/pdfs/Borjian.pdf], p.66)</ref>. It is related to [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] langauge and is sometimes called as Tabari<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mzn Mazandarani Language], [[Ethnologue]].</ref>. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The name ''Mazanderani'' (and variants of it) derives from the name of [[Mazanderan]] |
The name ''Mazanderani'' (and variants of it) derives from the name of now Caspian Province of [[Mazanderan]] (''Mazerun'' in Mazanderani), which was part of former [[Kingdom of Tapuria]]. People traditionally call their language ''Gileki'', the same as [[Gilak people|Gileki]]s do. ''Gileki'' consist of two morphemes : ''Gil'' + postfix ''ki''. The name ''Tapuri'' (or ''Tabari'') which was the name of an ancient language of somewhere in former Tapuria, Nowadays becomes prevalent into youth groups instead of Gileki. |
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However the fact is Gilan & Mazanderan were part of the same state known as Tapuria which it's national language was known as Gileki. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Among the living [[Iranian languages]], Mazandarani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of [[Mazandaran]] in the centuries after the Arab invasion<ref>Windfuhr, G. L., ''New Iranian languages: Overview''. In R. Schmitt. (Ed.), |
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Compendium linguarum Iranicarum (pp. 246-49). Wiesbaden: L.Reichert, 1989.</ref>. |
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⚫ | The literature of this language includes books such as ''[[Marzban Nameh]]'' (later translated into Persian) and the poetry of ''Amir Pazevari''. The use of Mazandarani, however, has been in decline. Its literary and administrative rank was lost to Persian perhaps long before the ultimate integration of [[Mazandaran]] into the national administration in the early seventeenth century.<ref |
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⚫ | The rich literature of this language includes books such as ''[[Marzban Nameh]]'' (later translated into Persian) and the poetry of ''Amir Pazevari''. The use of Mazandarani, however, has been in decline. Its literary and administrative rank was lost to Persian perhaps long before the ultimate integration of [[Mazandaran]] into the national administration in the early seventeenth century. <ref>http://www.tc.columbia.edu/students/sie/LCEjr05/pdfs/Borjian.pdf</ref>. |
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⚫ | The Mazandarani language is closely related to [[Gilaki]] and the two languages have similar vocabularies. Notably, the language did not come under the influence of other incoming languages such as [[Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. |
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{{cite book| last = Dalb| first = Andrew | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages| publisher = Columbia University Press| date = 1998| location = | pages = 226 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0231115687 }}</ref> According to [[Ethnologue]], there were more than three million native speakers of Mazandarani in 1993 speaking different dialects such as Gorgani, Ghadikolahi and Palani<ref name="Dictionary of Languages">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mzn Ethnologue report for language code:mzn<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> |
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⚫ | The Mazandarani language is closely related to [[Gilaki]] and the two languages have similar vocabularies. Notably, the language did not come under the influence of other incoming languages such as [[Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. According to [[Ethnologue]], there were more than three million native speakers of Mazandarani in [[1993]] speaking different dialects such as Gorgani, Ghadikolahi and Palani<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mzn Ethnologue report for language code:mzn<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Most Mazandarni speakers are fluent in both Mazanadarni and standard [[Persian]].<ref name="Maryam Borjian"/> <ref name="Dictionary of Languages" /> However, with the growth of education and press, the differentiation between Mazandarani and some other Iranian dialects are likely to disappear.<ref name="Dictionary of Languages"/><ref name="Borjan">[http://www.tc.columbia.edu/students/sie/LCEjr05/pdfs/Borjian.pdf] </ref> Dr. Habib Borjian, the well-known Mazandaranologist, states that nowadays Mazandarani especially in urban areas is more a dialect rather than a language. <ref name="Iranshenasi"> Habib Birjian (2006) "Mazandarani: language or dialect" Iranshenasi 18/1, 2006, pp. 43-49.</ref> |
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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Mazanderani is an [[inflected]] and [[Gender-neutrality in languages without grammatical gender|gender free language]].<ref>[http://www.nord.helsinki.fi/clpg/CLPG/Muhammed-Reza%20Fakhr-Rohani.pdf She means only her `husband':<!--Bot |
Mazanderani is an [[inflected]] and [[Gender-neutrality in languages without grammatical gender|gender free language]].<ref>[http://www.nord.helsinki.fi/clpg/CLPG/Muhammed-Reza%20Fakhr-Rohani.pdf She means only her `husband':<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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It is considered SVO in conventional typology.<ref>[http://www.tonekaart.ir/artjalil.html]</ref>. |
It is considered SVO in conventional typology. <ref>[http://www.tonekaart.ir/artjalil.html]</ref>. |
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===Morphology=== |
===Morphology=== |
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Mazanderani is commonly written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script.<ref>[http://www.language-keyboard.com/resource/indo-euro/mazanderani.htm http://www.language-keyboard.com/resource/indo-euro/mazanderani.htm]</ref> |
Mazanderani is commonly written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script.<ref>[http://www.language-keyboard.com/resource/indo-euro/mazanderani.htm http://www.language-keyboard.com/resource/indo-euro/mazanderani.htm]</ref> |
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===Romanization=== |
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Jahangir Nasr Ashrafi proposed Latin scripture of this language to be used in dictionaries and other textural resources for compatibly of foreigners. |
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It is also being usable in [[Chat]], [[Email]] and [[SMS]] messages. |
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==Vocabulary== |
==Vocabulary== |
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Although Mazandarani shares the great part of its vocabulary with [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] (due to fact that it belongs to Caspian group of languages) and to lesser extend Modern Kurdish & Persian, it has many specific words of its own. Many [[Indo-Iranian languages|Proto Indo-Iranian]] words, no longer in use in Persian, survive in Mazanderani.<br /> |
Although Mazandarani shares the great part of its vocabulary with [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] (due to fact that it belongs to Caspian group of languages) and to lesser extend Modern Kurdish & Persian, it has many specific words of its own. Many [[Indo-Iranian languages|Proto Indo-Iranian]] words, no longer in use in Persian, survive in Mazanderani.<br /> |
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Sheltered by high Alborz mountains, Mazandarani preserves many Indo-European old words which are no longer in common use in many other [[Iranian languages]] such as [[Persian language|Persian]]. |
Sheltered by high Alborz mountains, Mazandarani preserves many Indo-European old words which are no longer in common use in many other [[Iranian languages]] such as [[Persian language|Persian]]. |
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Below, a few common Mazanderani words & their [[English language|English]] cognates are listed for sample. |
Below, a few common Mazanderani words & their [[English language|English]] cognates are listed for sample. |
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Colloquial Mazandarani has also a few Nordic, French, English, and a handful of Russian loan words in everyday use. |
Colloquial Mazandarani has also a few Nordic, French, English, and a handful of Russian loan words in everyday use. |
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==Influences exerted by Mazanderani== |
==Influences exerted by Mazanderani== |
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iấnnε búye dεlbárrε dεvấi <br> |
iấnnε búye dεlbárrε dεvấi <br> |
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qam o qossέye dεl vónε kεnârí <br> |
qam o qossέye dεl vónε kεnârí <br> |
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me jấne gεl dénε búye xεdâí |
me jấne gεl dénε búye xεdâí |
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At break of dawn blows the cool breeze.<br> |
At break of dawn blows the cool breeze.<br> |
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It brings over the healing odor of the beloved.<br> |
It brings over the healing odor of the beloved.<br> |
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The sorrow of the heart will go away.<br> |
The sorrow of the heart will go away.<br> |
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My dear flower smells like God.<br> |
My dear flower smells like God.<br> |
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tévεsse – nấzεnin! – baímε nâxεš <br> |
tévεsse – nấzεnin! – baímε nâxεš <br> |
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tε armúne dέl i, εy nâzεnin yâr! <br> |
tε armúne dέl i, εy nâzεnin yâr! <br> |
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tévεsse mέsle bεlbεl zámbε nâlεš |
tévεsse mέsle bεlbεl zámbε nâlεš |
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<td width=0><p> </td> |
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mosalmunun! mέrε šabgir varέnnε |
mosalmunun! mέrε šabgir varέnnε |
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===Further reading=== |
===Further reading=== |
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'''Recent Studies''' |
'''Recent Studies''' |
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* Habib Borjian, Archiv Orientálni, 2006, ''The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander ChodŸko'', 74/2, pp. 153-171. |
* Habib Borjian, Archiv Orientálni, 2006, ''The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander ChodŸko'', 74/2, pp. 153-171. |
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* Dr. Borjian, Habib; 2006; ''[[Amir Pazevari]] (legendary poet of Mazandarani language)'', [[University of Minnesota]], United States |
* Dr. Borjian, Habib; 2006; ''[[Amir Pazevari]] (legendary poet of Mazandarani language)'', [[University of Minnesota]], United States |
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* Habib Borjian, Iranian Studies, 2006, ''A Mazandarani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi'', 39/3, pp. 381-400. |
* Habib Borjian, Iranian Studies, 2006, ''A Mazandarani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi'', 39/3, pp. 381-400. |
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* Habib Borjian, Guyesh-shenâsi, 2006, ''Textual sources for the study of Tabari language I. Olddocuments'', no. 4. |
* Habib Borjian, Guyesh-shenâsi, 2006, ''Textual sources for the study of Tabari language I. Olddocuments'', no. 4. |
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'''Other Studies''' |
'''Other Studies''' |
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* [[Nawata, T|Nawata]]; 1984; ''Mazandarani''; Asian and African Grammatical Manual, No 17, [[Tokyo]], ILCAA |
* [[Nawata, T|Nawata]]; [[1984]]; ''Mazandarani''; Asian and African Grammatical Manual, No 17, [[Tokyo]], ILCAA |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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* [[Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn]], 1860-66, ''Masanderanische Sprache'' (I-II/1, 3, [[St. Petersburg]]) |
* [[Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn]], 1860-66, ''Masanderanische Sprache'' (I-II/1, 3, [[St. Petersburg]]) |
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* [[Satoko Yoshie]], 1998, ''[[Sari]] Dialect (of Mazandarani language)'', Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, [[Tokio]], [[Japan]] [http://opac.ide.go.jp/cgi-bin/exec_cgi/ibibser.cgi?CGILANG=japanese&U_CHARSET=utf-8&SH_PRMKEY_bib%3DIran+--+History&SORTKEY=&SORTDIR=&THESAURUS=&BRNUM=251&IBMODE=1&CGIPID=30231&SFORM=][http://www.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/nel/nel9912.htm][http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000CQUDE] |
* [[Satoko Yoshie]], [[1998]], ''[[Sari]] Dialect (of Mazandarani language)'', Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, [[Tokio]], [[Japan]] [http://opac.ide.go.jp/cgi-bin/exec_cgi/ibibser.cgi?CGILANG=japanese&U_CHARSET=utf-8&SH_PRMKEY_bib%3DIran+--+History&SORTKEY=&SORTDIR=&THESAURUS=&BRNUM=251&IBMODE=1&CGIPID=30231&SFORM=][http://www.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/nel/nel9912.htm][http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000CQUDE] |
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* Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 1995, Sari Dialect (of Mazandarani), [[Tehran]], Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. |
* Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 1995, Sari Dialect (of Mazandarani), [[Tehran]], Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. |
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* Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 2006, [[Ramsar]]i Dialect , [[Tehran]], Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. |
* Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 2006, [[Ramsar]]i Dialect , [[Tehran]], Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. |
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===More references=== |
===More references=== |
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<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2"><tr><td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><small> |
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2"><tr><td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><small> |
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* Chodzko, Alexander, 1842, ''Specimens of the popular poverty of Persia as found in the adventures and improvisations of Kurroglou, the bandit- minstrel of Northern Persia; and in the songs of the people inhabiting the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]].'' Orally collected and translated, with philological and historical notes, London, pp. 510- 517, 568- 581. |
* Chodzko, Alexander, [[1842]], ''Specimens of the popular poverty of Persia as found in the adventures and improvisations of Kurroglou, the bandit- minstrel of Northern Persia; and in the songs of the people inhabiting the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]].'' Orally collected and translated, with philological and historical notes, London, pp. 510- 517, 568- 581. |
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* Christensen, A.; 1995 (tr); ''Contributions a la dialectologie iraniene, Dialect Guiläki de Recht'', (Guyesh –e Gilaki-ye Rasht) translated, with notes by Ja‘far Khomāmi Zāde, Tehran. |
* Christensen, A.; [[1995]] (tr); ''Contributions a la dialectologie iraniene, Dialect Guiläki de Recht'', (Guyesh –e Gilaki-ye Rasht) translated, with notes by Ja‘far Khomāmi Zāde, Tehran. |
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* DeMorgan,J., 1904, ''Mission Scientifique en Perse, vol.5,Etudes linguistiques(I.) Dialectes du Kurds. Langues et dialects du nord de la Perse'', Paris, pp.200-246. |
* DeMorgan,J., [[1904]], ''Mission Scientifique en Perse, vol.5,Etudes linguistiques(I.) Dialectes du Kurds. Langues et dialects du nord de la Perse'', Paris, pp.200-246. |
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* Geiger, w., &., Wilhelm Kuhn, 1898–1901; ''Die Kaspischen Dialekte'';Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie , 1Band, 2Ab., Strassburg. Pp.344-380.. |
* Geiger, w., &., Wilhelm Kuhn, 1898–1901; ''Die Kaspischen Dialekte'';Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie , 1Band, 2Ab., Strassburg. Pp.344-380.. |
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* Dorn B. (ed.); 1860-1866; ''Kenntniss der Iranischen Srachen'', St. Petersburg. |
* Dorn B. (ed.); 1860-1866; ''Kenntniss der Iranischen Srachen'', St. Petersburg. |
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* Lambton, A.K.S.; 1938, ''Three Persian Dialects'', [[London]]. |
* Lambton, A.K.S.; [[1938]], ''Three Persian Dialects'', [[London]]. |
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* Le Coq, P.; 1989; ''Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord- ouest de l, Iran'' in Schmitt, R. (ed), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp.296-312, [[Wiesbaden]]. |
* Le Coq, P.; 1989; ''Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord- ouest de l, Iran'' in Schmitt, R. (ed), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp.296-312, [[Wiesbaden]]. |
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* Makenzi, D.; 1969; ''Iranian Languages'', in Sebeok, Thomas, A. (ed), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.5, pp. 450-477, Nederland. MG. |
* Makenzi, D.; [[1969]]; ''Iranian Languages'', in Sebeok, Thomas, A. (ed), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.5, pp. 450-477, Nederland. MG. |
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* Melgounof, G., 1868, ''Essai sur les dialects du Masenderan et du Guilanla pronunciation locale'', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Geselaschaft, vol.xxII, pp. 195-224. |
* Melgounof, G., [[1868]], ''Essai sur les dialects du Masenderan et du Guilanla pronunciation locale'', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Geselaschaft, vol.xxII, pp. 195-224. |
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* Mozaffari, M., V., 1979, Noqāndāri, [[Langrud]]. |
* Mozaffari, M., V., [[1979]], Noqāndāri, [[Langrud]]. |
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* Nowata, T., 1948, ''Māzandarāni'', (Asian and African Grammatical Manual, No 17), ILCAA, [[Tokyo]]. |
* Nowata, T., 1948, ''Māzandarāni'', (Asian and African Grammatical Manual, No 17), ILCAA, [[Tokyo]]. |
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</small></td><td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><small> |
</small></td><td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><small> |
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* Oranski, I., M., 1979, (tr.), Moqaddame –ye Feqholloqe- ye Irani, translated by Kešāvarz, Tehran. |
* Oranski, I., M., [[1979]], (tr.), Moqaddame –ye Feqholloqe- ye Irani, translated by Kešāvarz, Tehran. |
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* Purriyahi, M., 1971, Barresi-ye dastur-e Guyesh-e Gilaki-ye Rasht (A Grammatical Study of Gilaki dialect of Rasht), (Ph. D Thisis), Tehran University. |
* Purriyahi, M., [[1971]], Barresi-ye dastur-e Guyesh-e Gilaki-ye Rasht (A Grammatical Study of Gilaki dialect of Rasht), (Ph. D Thisis), Tehran University. |
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* Sartip pur, J., 1990, Vižegihā-ye Dasturi va Farhang-e vāžehā-ye Gilaki (Grammatical Characteristics and Glossary of Gilaki), Rasht. |
* Sartip pur, J., 1990, Vižegihā-ye Dasturi va Farhang-e vāžehā-ye Gilaki (Grammatical Characteristics and Glossary of Gilaki), Rasht. |
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* Shokri, G., 1990, ''Verb Structure in Sāri dialect'', Farhang, Vol.6, pp.217-231, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran. |
* Shokri, G., [[1990]], ''Verb Structure in Sāri dialect'', Farhang, Vol.6, pp.217-231, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran. |
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* ----------, 1998, ''Māzi –ye Naqli dar Guyeshhā-ye Gilaki va Mazandarāni (Present perfect in Gilani and Mazandarāni Dialects)'', Nāme-ye Farhangestān, The Quarterly Journal of Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, vol.4, No.4, [[Tehran]]. |
* ----------, [[1998]], ''Māzi –ye Naqli dar Guyeshhā-ye Gilaki va Mazandarāni (Present perfect in Gilani and Mazandarāni Dialects)'', Nāme-ye Farhangestān, The Quarterly Journal of Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, vol.4, No.4, [[Tehran]]. |
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* ----------, 2002, Verb Structure in Rāmsari Dialect, Professor Jes Peter Asmussem, Memorial Volum, Copenhagen, pp. 83-111. |
* ----------, [[2002]], Verb Structure in Rāmsari Dialect, Professor Jes Peter Asmussem, Memorial Volum, Copenhagen, pp. 83-111. |
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* ----------, 1356, Farhang e Semnāni, Sorxe i, Lāsgerdi, Sangsari, šahmizādi, Vezārate Farhang o Honar, Tehrān. |
* ----------, 1356, Farhang e Semnāni, Sorxe i, Lāsgerdi, Sangsari, šahmizādi, Vezārate Farhang o Honar, Tehrān. |
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* Sokolova, V.S. & Grjunberg, A.L.; 1962; ''История изучения бесписменных иранских языков (Istorija izuchenija bespis`mennyx iranskix azykov)'', lzd. AN SSSR, [[Moscow]], pp. 118–147. |
* Sokolova, V.S. & Grjunberg, A.L.; [[1962]]; ''История изучения бесписменных иранских языков (Istorija izuchenija bespis`mennyx iranskix azykov)'', lzd. AN SSSR, [[Moscow]], pp. 118–147. |
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* A manuscript of Maghamat e Hariri in Arabic with translation into Mazandarani Tarjome –ye Maghamat e Hariri, [[Teheran]], Malek library. (600 A.H) |
* A manuscript of Maghamat e Hariri in Arabic with translation into Mazandarani Tarjome –ye Maghamat e Hariri, [[Teheran]], Malek library. (600 A.H) |
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* Zav`jalova, V:I:, 1956, ''Novye svedenija po fonetike iranskix jazykov, Gilanskij I mazanderanskij jazyki'', Trudy Instituta Jazykoznaija AN SSSR, [[Moskva]], vol.6, pp. 92-112. |
* Zav`jalova, V:I:, [[1956]], ''Novye svedenija po fonetike iranskix jazykov, Gilanskij I mazanderanskij jazyki'', Trudy Instituta Jazykoznaija AN SSSR, [[Moskva]], vol.6, pp. 92-112. |
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* Yoshie, Satoko, 1996, ''Sāri Dialect'', Iranian Studies, No.10, ILCAA, [[Tokyo]]. |
* Yoshie, Satoko, [[1996]], ''Sāri Dialect'', Iranian Studies, No.10, ILCAA, [[Tokyo]]. |
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* [http://globalrecordings.net/program/C08101 Audio recordings available for Mazandarani] |
* [http://globalrecordings.net/program/C08101 Audio recordings available for Mazandarani] |
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* [http://www.tabarestan.ir/ Dictionary of Mazandarani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects] |
* [http://www.tabarestan.ir/ Dictionary of Mazandarani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects] |
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[[Category:Northwestern Iranian languages]] |
[[Category:Northwestern Iranian languages]] |
Revision as of 17:52, 11 October 2008
Mazandarani | |
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Māzərūni مازِرونی - Mazəni مازنی Tapəri تپری | |
Native to | Mazandaran, and some parts of Tehran, Golestan, Semnan, Khorasan (Iran) |
Region | Southern Mazandaran Sea |
Native speakers | 3 - 4.5 million (As Native) |
Perso-Arabic Script | |
Official status | |
Regulated by | Linguistic Faculty of Babol University |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | ira |
ISO 639-3 | mzn |
Mazandarani or Tabari (Also known as: Mazeniki, Taperki) is an Iranian language of the northwestern branch. Spoken mainly in Iran's Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, it is partially, but not fully, intelligible with respect to Persian. There are many similarities in grammar and vocabulary which render the Mazandarani and the standard Persian, moderately intelligible between speakers of either. [1] [2] [3]. In addition, virtually all speakers of Mazandarani are also fluent in standard Persian. [4] [5]
Etymology
The name Mazanderani (and variants of it) derives from the name of now Caspian Province of Mazanderan (Mazerun in Mazanderani), which was part of former Kingdom of Tapuria. People traditionally call their language Gileki, the same as Gilekis do. Gileki consist of two morphemes : Gil + postfix ki. The name Tapuri (or Tabari) which was the name of an ancient language of somewhere in former Tapuria, Nowadays becomes prevalent into youth groups instead of Gileki. However the fact is Gilan & Mazanderan were part of the same state known as Tapuria which it's national language was known as Gileki.
History
Among the living Iranian languages, Mazandarani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of Mazandaran in the centuries after the Arab invasion[6].
The rich literature of this language includes books such as Marzban Nameh (later translated into Persian) and the poetry of Amir Pazevari. The use of Mazandarani, however, has been in decline. Its literary and administrative rank was lost to Persian perhaps long before the ultimate integration of Mazandaran into the national administration in the early seventeenth century. [7].
The Mazandarani language is closely related to Gilaki and the two languages have similar vocabularies. Notably, the language did not come under the influence of other incoming languages such as Arabic and Turkish. According to Ethnologue, there were more than three million native speakers of Mazandarani in 1993 speaking different dialects such as Gorgani, Ghadikolahi and Palani[8]
Grammar
Mazanderani is an inflected and gender free language.[9] It is considered SVO in conventional typology. [10].
Morphology
Function Cases
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Adjectives
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Suffixes
Mazandarani is one of Synthetic languages which uses many suffixes to construct adjectives, verbs, and especially nouns. The list below is a sample list obtained from the Online Mazandarani-Persian dictionary.
Locatives
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Subjectives
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Orthography
Perso-Arabic Script
Mazanderani is commonly written in the Perso-Arabic script.[11]
Romanization
Jahangir Nasr Ashrafi proposed Latin scripture of this language to be used in dictionaries and other textural resources for compatibly of foreigners. It is also being usable in Chat, Email and SMS messages.
Vocabulary
Although Mazandarani shares the great part of its vocabulary with Gilaki (due to fact that it belongs to Caspian group of languages) and to lesser extend Modern Kurdish & Persian, it has many specific words of its own. Many Proto Indo-Iranian words, no longer in use in Persian, survive in Mazanderani.
Sheltered by high Alborz mountains, Mazandarani preserves many Indo-European old words which are no longer in common use in many other Iranian languages such as Persian. Below, a few common Mazanderani words & their English cognates are listed for sample.
English | Mazanderani | Persian | Example of |
---|---|---|---|
New | Neu | Nau/no | Adjective |
Great | Geat | Bozorg | Adjective |
Better | Better | Behtar | Adverb |
Been | Bine | Budeh/Shodeh | Auxiliary Verb |
Be | Be | Budan | Infinitive of Verb |
Moon | Moong | Mâh | Noun |
Tulip | Tulip | Lâleh | Noun |
Cow | Guw | Gâv Mâda | Noun |
My | Me | az man | Pronoun |
Let (German: Lass) | Lass | Derang | Verb |
Gab | Gab | Goftogu | Verb |
Right | Rast | Râst/Haq/Amud |
Colloquial Mazandarani has also a few Nordic, French, English, and a handful of Russian loan words in everyday use.
Influences exerted by Mazanderani
Modern-day of Iran
There are many popular companies in Iran that their name are from the origin words of this language.
In non-Iranian languages
There are some Mazanderani loanwords in the Turkmen language.[12] There is also evidence that Sanskrit and Mazanderani share some words - for instance, vrika is Sanskrit for wolf, while the Mazenderan equivalent is varg as well it's swedish cognate, varg.
Specimen
mosalmunun! mέrε šabgir varέnnε
āx, mέrε bā kamεr-e haftir varέnnε
mέrε bavέrdεnε Tεrkεmun-e dam
Tεrkεmun kāfεr o gεlilε be-ra:m
Moslems! They are carrying me at the crack of dawn.
O, they are taking me away with a pistol on the[ir] waist.
They took me to the vicinity of the Turkmen [tribes].
Turkmen [are] unbelievers and the bullet [is] ruthless.
gεtε,
ašun xō badimā mεn še Ali-rε
sio dasmāl davέsso še gali-rε
age xā́nnε bā́urεn ámi badi-rε
bázεne xεrusεk šέme gali-rε
volvol sar-e dār gέnε εy zāri-zāri
me gol dāš báio sarbāz-e Sāri
He would say,
Last night I dreamed my Ali.
He [had] wrapped a black kerchief [round] his throat.
If it is their intention is malignant about us,
May croup-cough attack your throat!
The nightingale on the tree constantly bemoans (?)
My dear brother drafted in Sāri.
Quatrains sang by Sabura Azizi, transcribed and translated by Habib Borjian; Ref. Habib Borjian and Maryam Borjian, “Mysterious Memories of a Woman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran,” Iran and the Caucasus 11/2, 2007.
ozεrε-vâ énε dámbe sεvâí |
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At break of dawn blows the cool breeze. |
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basutέ sinέye miónnε hấreš! |
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Look at the middle of the burnt chest! |
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Dεl-e armun “Heart’s Aspiration” |
References
General
- Dr. Borjian, Maryam; Spring 2005; Bilingualism in Mazandaran: Peaceful Coexistence With Persian; Columbia University, Language, Communities and Education, pp.65-73.
Notes
- ^ 1372, “Pishvandha-ye tasrifi va ešteqāqi dar afāl e Guyesh e Māzandarāni Kelārdašt,” Majalle-ye Zabānshenāsi, sāl.1, no.1, pp. 88-105
- ^ Le Coq, P., 1989, “Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord- ouest de l, Iran,” in Schmitt, R. (ed), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp.296- 312, Wiesbadan.
- ^ Melgounof, G., 1868, “ Essai sur les dialects du Masenderan et du Guilanla pronunciation locale”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Geselaschaft, vol.xxII, pp. 195-224.
- ^ Kalbāsi, Iran, 2004,”Gozašte-ye Naqli dar Lahjehā va Guyešha-ye Irāni”, Dialectology, Journal of the Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, vol. 1, No.2, pp.66- 89.
- ^ [1], p.66).
- ^ Windfuhr, G. L., New Iranian languages: Overview. In R. Schmitt. (Ed.), Compendium linguarum Iranicarum (pp. 246-49). Wiesbaden: L.Reichert, 1989.
- ^ http://www.tc.columbia.edu/students/sie/LCEjr05/pdfs/Borjian.pdf
- ^ Ethnologue report for language code:mzn
- ^ She means only her `husband':
- ^ [2]
- ^ http://www.language-keyboard.com/resource/indo-euro/mazanderani.htm
- ^ Jahangir Nasr Ashrafi, 2005, Dictionary of Tabari, Vol 5, comparison between Mazanderani and Turkmen
Further reading
Recent Studies
- Habib Borjian, Archiv Orientálni, 2006, The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander ChodŸko, 74/2, pp. 153-171.
- Dr. Borjian, Habib; 2006; Amir Pazevari (legendary poet of Mazandarani language), University of Minnesota, United States
- Habib Borjian, Iranian Studies, 2006, A Mazandarani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi, 39/3, pp. 381-400.
- Habib Borjian, Guyesh-shenâsi, 2006, Textual sources for the study of Tabari language I. Olddocuments, no. 4.
Other Studies
Bibliography
- Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn, 1860-66, Masanderanische Sprache (I-II/1, 3, St. Petersburg)
- Satoko Yoshie, 1998, Sari Dialect (of Mazandarani language), Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokio, Japan [3][4][5]
- Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 1995, Sari Dialect (of Mazandarani), Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
- Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 2006, Ramsari Dialect , Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
More references
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