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Coordinates: 50°27′17″N 104°36′24″W / 50.45472°N 104.60667°W / 50.45472; -104.60667
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'''Regina''' ({{pron-en|rɨˈdʒaɪnə}} - "ridge-eye-na") is the capital of [[Saskatchewan, Canada]]. The city is the second largest in the province (after [[Saskatoon]]), and is a cultural and commercial metropole for southern Saskatchewan. Its summer agricultural exhibition was originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association and since the mid-1960s has been styled "Buffalo Days".<ref>[http://www.ipscoplace.com/association.aspx?p=history Ipsco Place website, "History."]{{Dead link|url=http://www.ipscoplace.com/association.aspx?p=history|date=March 2009}}. Retrieved 11 December 2006.</ref> It is governed by [[Regina City Council]]. Regina is the [[Episcopal see|cathedral city]] of the Roman Catholic<ref>[http://www.archregina.sk.ca/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina website.]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> and [[Romanian Orthodox]]<ref>[http://www.ecumenism.net/denom/saskatchewan.htm Directory of Saskatchewan Churches]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> [[Dioceses]] of Regina and the [[Anglican]] [[Diocese of Qu'Appelle]].<ref>[http://diocse.sasktelwebsite.net/ Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle website.]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> Citizens of Regina are referred to as ''Reginans''. The city is surrounded by the [[Sherwood No. 159, Saskatchewan|Rural Municipality of Sherwood No. 159]].
'''Regina''' ({{pron-en|rɨˈdʒaɪnə}} - "ridge-eye-na" or vagina) is the capital of [[Saskatchewan, Canada]]. The city is the second largest in the province (after [[Saskatoon]]), and is a cultural and commercial metropole for southern Saskatchewan. Its summer agricultural exhibition was originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association and since the mid-1960s has been styled "Buffalo Days".<ref>[http://www.ipscoplace.com/association.aspx?p=history Ipsco Place website, "History."]{{Dead link|url=http://www.ipscoplace.com/association.aspx?p=history|date=March 2009}}. Retrieved 11 December 2006.</ref> It is governed by [[Regina City Council]]. Regina is the [[Episcopal see|cathedral city]] of the Roman Catholic<ref>[http://www.archregina.sk.ca/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina website.]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> and [[Romanian Orthodox]]<ref>[http://www.ecumenism.net/denom/saskatchewan.htm Directory of Saskatchewan Churches]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> [[Dioceses]] of Regina and the [[Anglican]] [[Diocese of Qu'Appelle]].<ref>[http://diocse.sasktelwebsite.net/ Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle website.]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> Citizens of Regina are referred to as ''Reginans''. The city is surrounded by the [[Sherwood No. 159, Saskatchewan|Rural Municipality of Sherwood No. 159]].


Regina was previously the headquarters of the [[North-West Territories]], of which today's provinces of Saskatchewan and [[Alberta]] originally formed part, and of the [[District of Assiniboia]]. Regina was named in 1882 after [[Queen Victoria]], i.e. ''Victoria Regina'', by her daughter [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise]], wife of the then-Governor General the [[Marquess of Lorne]].<ref>[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/regina.html Daria Coneghan, "Regina," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref>
Regina was previously the headquarters of the [[North-West Territories]], of which today's provinces of Saskatchewan and [[Alberta]] originally formed part, and of the [[District of Assiniboia]]. Regina was named in 1882 after [[Queen Victoria]], i.e. ''Victoria Regina'', by her daughter [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise]], wife of the then-Governor General the [[Marquess of Lorne]].<ref>[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/regina.html Daria Coneghan, "Regina," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref>

Revision as of 07:47, 20 October 2010

Regina
City
Flag of Regina
Flag
Coat of arms of Regina
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
The Queen City
Motto(s): 
Floreat Regina
("Let Regina/the Queen Flourish")
CountryCanada Canada
Province Saskatchewan
DistrictMunicipality of Sherwood
Established1882
Government
 • City MayorPat Fiacco
 • Governing bodyRegina City Council
 • MPsRay Boughen
Ralph Goodale
Tom Lukiwski
Andrew Scheer
 • MLAsRon Harper
Bill Hutchinson
Dwain Lingenfelter
Warren McCall
Sandra Morin
John Nilson
Laura Ross
Christine Tell
Kim Trew
Trent Wotherspoon
Kevin Yates
Area
 • City118.87 km2 (45.9 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,408.26 km2 (1,315.94 sq mi)
Elevation
577 m (1,893 ft)
Population
 (2006)
 • City179,246 (Ranked 24th)
 • Density1,507.9/km2 (3,905.4/sq mi)
 • Metro
194,971 (2,006 Census)
 • Metro density57.2/km2 (148.15/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
NTS Map072I07
GNBC CodeHAIMP
Websitehttp://www.regina.ca/

Regina (Template:Pron-en - "ridge-eye-na" or vagina) is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada. The city is the second largest in the province (after Saskatoon), and is a cultural and commercial metropole for southern Saskatchewan. Its summer agricultural exhibition was originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association and since the mid-1960s has been styled "Buffalo Days".[1] It is governed by Regina City Council. Regina is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic[2] and Romanian Orthodox[3] Dioceses of Regina and the Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle.[4] Citizens of Regina are referred to as Reginans. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No. 159.

Regina was previously the headquarters of the North-West Territories, of which today's provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part, and of the District of Assiniboia. Regina was named in 1882 after Queen Victoria, i.e. Victoria Regina, by her daughter Princess Louise, wife of the then-Governor General the Marquess of Lorne.[5]

Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West, on its treeless flat plain Regina was a tabula rasa, without topographical features other than the small spring run-off Wascana Creek. Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district and constructing the elaborate 840-foot (260 m) long Albert Street Bridge[6] across the new lake. Regina's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906.[7] Wascana Centre, created around the artificial focal point of Wascana Lake, remains Regina's signal attraction and contains the Provincial Legislative Building, both campuses of the University of Regina, the provincial museum of natural history, the Regina Conservatory (in the original Regina College buildings), the Saskatchewan Science Centre,[8] the Norman MacKenzie Art Gallery and the Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts.

Residential neighbourhoods in Regina are largely indistinguishable from those in other western Canadian cities but several precincts beyond the historic city centre are historically or socially noteworthy. Immediately to the north of the central business district is the old warehouse district, increasingly the focus of shopping and residential development;[9] as in other western cities of North America, the periphery contains shopping malls and big box stores. Regina is Canada's 18th-largest metropolitan area by population. In 1912, Regina was a focus of international attention when the Regina Cyclone destroyed much of the town;[10] in the 1930s, the Regina Riot brought further attention and, in the midst of the 1930s drought and Great Depression, which hit the Canadian Prairies particularly hard with their economic focus on dryland grain farming.[11] The CCF (now the NDP, the major left-wing political party in Canada), formulated its foundation Regina Manifesto in Regina.[12] In recent years, Saskatchewan's agricultural and mineral resources have come into new demand, and it is anticipated that it will enter into new period of strong economic growth.[13]

History

Main articles: History of Regina and Timeline of Regina history
See also: History of Northwest Territories capital cities
The eponymous Pile of Bones[14]

Founding

Regina was established in 1882 when it became clear that Edgar Dewdney, the lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories (as they then were), eschewed the previously established and considered Battleford, Troy and Fort Qu'Appelle (the latter two both some 30 miles (48 km) to the east), as the territorial headquarters: these were widely considered more amiable locations for what was anticipated would be a far more major metropole for the Canadian plains than actually eventuated, situated as they were in amply watered and treed rolling parklands whereas "Pile-of-Bones," as the site was then called,[15] was in the midst of arid and featureless grassland.

Regina viewed from the Trans-Canada Highway to the west of the city, demonstrating the extreme flatness of the Regina Plain. Note central business district to the left centre of photo; legislative building to the right.

Lieutenant-Governor Dewdney had acquired land adjacent to the route of the future CPR line at Pile-of-Bones, which was distinguished only by collections of bison bones near a small spring run-off creek, some few kilometres downstream from its origin in the midst of what are now wheat fields. There was an "obvious conflict of interest" in Dewdney's promoting the site of Pile-of-Bones as the territorial headquarters[16] and it was a national scandal at the time,[17] but until 1897, when responsible government was accomplished in the Territories,[18] the lieutenant-governor and council governed by fiat and there was little legitimate means of challenging such decisions outside the federal capital of Ottawa, where the Territories were remote and of little concern. Commercial considerations prevailed, however, and the town's authentic development soon began as a collection of wooden shanties and tent shacks clustered around the site designated by the CPR for its future station, some two miles (3 km) to the east of where Dewdney had reserved substantial landholdings for himself and where he sited the Territorial (now the Saskatchewan) Government House.[19]

Donald C. McDougall and his shack (1882), the first house in Regina, believed to have been located along what is now the downtown section of Cornwall Street.[20]

North-West ("Saskatchewan") Rebellion

Regina attained national prominence in 1885 during the North-West Rebellion when troops were mostly able to be transported by train on the CPR from eastern Canada as far as Qu'Appelle Station,[21] before marching to the battlefield in the further Northwest — Qu'Appelle having been the major debarkation and distribution centre until 1890 when the completion of the Qu’Appelle, Long Lake, and Saskatchewan Railway linked Regina with Saskatoon and Prince Albert.[22] Subsequently, the rebellion's leader, Louis Riel, was tried and hanged in Batoche — giving the infant community increased and, at the time, not unwelcome national attention in connection with a figure who was generally at the time considered an unalloyed villain in anglophone Canada.[23]

Corner of South Railway Street (later renamed Saskatchewan Drive) and Scarth Street looking south, circa 1915. Note old Post Office at Scarth Street.

Incorporation

Regina was incorporated as a city on 19 June 1903, and was proclaimed the capital of the province of Saskatchewan on 23 May 1906, by the first provincial government, led by Premier Walter Scott; the monumental Saskatchewan Legislative Building was built between 1908 and 1912. On 30 June 1912, a tornado known as the Regina Cyclone hit the community, levelling much of the young city's business district, killing 28 people and injuring hundreds, making it Canada's deadliest tornado.

The Thirties

Regina grew rapidly until the beginning of the Great Depression, in 1929. At this time, Saskatchewan was considered the third province of Canada[24] in both population and economic indicators. Thereafter, Saskatchewan never recovered its early promise and Regina's growth slowed and at times reversed. In 1935, Regina gained notoriety for the Regina Riot, an incident of the On-to-Ottawa Trek. Beginning in the 1930s, Regina became known as a centre of considerable political activism and experiment as its people sought to adjust to new, reduced economic realities.

Main article: Regina neighbourhoods
New Regina City Hall (1976)

Post-World War II

As in other Canadian cities, the disappearance of the Simpson's and Eaton's retail department stores in the central business district[25] as well as the proliferation of shopping malls beginning in the 1960s and "big box stores" in the '90s on the periphery, together with a corresponding drift of entertainment venues (and all former downtown cinemas) to the city outskirts, have depleted the city centre. The former Hudson's Bay Company department store (previously the site of the Regina Theatre) has been converted into offices; Globe Theatre, located in the old Post Office building at 11th Avenue and Scarth Street, Casino Regina and its show lounge in the old CPR train station, the Cornwall Centre and downtown restaurants now draw people downtown again, although mooted development of large retail commercial and residential subdivisions in the southwest near the airport will inevitably further compromise efforts to revitalize the central business district.

Former business premises along Scarth Street and elsewhere in the central business district have been converted to tony condominium residences, and on the much-touted model of Toronto requiring that downtown redevelopment and new construction include provision for middle class residential accommodation this could point the way to a revitalisation of downtown Regina. The immediate proximity of the North Central precinct with its considerable social problems somewhat defeats efforts to engage upper middle class people in downtown city life by way of purchasing downtown apartments and townhouses.

The old "gingerbread" 1908 City Hall on 11th Avenue between Rose and Scarth Streets; Medical Arts Building in the background: city planners have since the '60s largely allowed dense public and commercial building to depart the central business district.
Main article: Regina's historic buildings and precincts

Many buildings of significance and value were lost during the period from 1945 through approximately 1970: Knox United Church was demolished in 1951; the Romanesque Revival city hall in 1964 (the failed shopping mall which replaced it is now office space for the Government of Canada[26]) and the 1894 Supreme Court of the North-West Territories building at Hamilton Street and Victoria Avenue in 1965. More recently older buildings have been put to new uses, including the old Normal School on the Regina College campus of the University of Regina (now the Canada Saskatchewan Production Studios) and the old Post Office on the Scarth Street Mall. The Warehouse District, immediately adjacent to the central business district to the north of the CPR line, has become a desirable commercial and residential precinct as historic warehouses have been converted to retail and residential use.[27]

Government House, Regina

The long-imperilled Government House was saved in 1981 after decades of neglect and returned to viceregal use,[28] the former Anglican diocesan property at Broad Street and College Avenue is being redeveloped with strict covenants to maintain the integrity of the diocesan buildings and St Chad's School[29] and the former Sacred Heart Academy building[30] immediately adjacent to the Roman Catholic Cathedral has been converted to tony townhouses.

Events of national political importance which occurred in Regina include

  • the trial of Louis Riel (followed by Riel's execution) in July 1885;
  • the adoption in 1933 by the new CCF (now the NDP) of the Regina Manifesto, which set out the new party's goals;[31]
  • the Regina Riot on 1 July 1935;[32]
  • the 1944 election of the CCF under T.C. Douglas, the first social democratic government in North America[33] and a pioneer of numerous social programs – notably of course Medicare[34] – which were later adopted in other provinces and nationally; and
  • the Saskatchewan Doctors' Strike in 1962 when medical doctors withheld their services in response to the introduction of Medicare with the enactment of the Medical Care Insurance Act, 1961 (Sask.)[35]

Geography and climate

The city is situated on a broad, flat, treeless and largely waterless plain — at the time of its founding, a matter of national scandal and notoriety as to corrupt dealings at the time, since it is immediately adjacent to amply watered and treed rolling parklands.[36]

Pond on Pilot Butte Creek in Spruce Meadows Park subdivision, east Regina south of Trans-Canada Highway.

There is an abundance of parks and greenspaces: all of its trees — some 300,000[14] — shrubs and other plants were hand-planted and Regina's considerable beauty is entirely man-made.[37] As in other prairie cities, American elms were planted in front yards in residential neighbourhoods and on boulevards along major traffic arteries and are the dominant species in the urban forest.

In recent years the pattern of primary and high school grounds being acreages of barren prairie sports grounds has been re-thought and such grounds have been landscaped with artificial hills and parks. Newer residential subdivisions in the northwest and southeast have, instead of spring runoff storm sewers, decorative landscaped lagoons.

The streetscape is now endangered by Dutch elm disease, which has spread through North America from the eastern seaboard and has now reached the Canadian prairies; for the time being it is controlled by intense pest management programs and species not susceptible to the disease are being planted; the disease has the potential to wipe out Regina's entire elm population.[38][39]

Main article: Regina neighbourhoods

Climate

File:Downtown Regina in winter.jpg
Downtown Regina in winter: Victoria Avenue looking east; Avord Tower (on the site of the original Supreme Court of Saskatchewan, previously the Supreme Court of the North-West Territories, building) on the left; Saskatchewan Power Building on the right

Regina experiences a dry humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfb) with warm summers and cold, dry winters, prone to extremes at all times of the year. Average annual precipitation is 390 mm (16.5 inches) and is heaviest from June through August, with June being the wettest month with an average of 75 millimetres of precipitation. The average daily temperature for the year is 2.8°C (37.04°F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was −50.0 °C (-58 °F) on 1 January 1885, while the highest recorded temperature was 43.3 °C (110 °F) on 5 July 1937.[40]

Climate data for Regina International Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		32.8
(91.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		43.3
(109.9) 		40.6
(105.1) 		37.2
(99.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		43.3
(109.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.7
(12.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		9.1
(48.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −16.2
(2.8) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		11.7
(53.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		2.8
(37.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−3.4
(25.9)
Record low °C (°F) −50.0
(−58.0) 		−47.8
(−54.0) 		−40.6
(−41.1) 		−28.9
(−20.0) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−16.1
(3.0) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−48.3
(−54.9) 		−50.0
(−58.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14.9
(0.59) 		11.6
(0.46) 		19.0
(0.75) 		23.5
(0.93) 		52.8
(2.08) 		75.1
(2.96) 		64.4
(2.54) 		43.2
(1.70) 		32.6
(1.28) 		21.8
(0.86) 		12.9
(0.51) 		16.4
(0.65) 		388.2
(15.28)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.3
(0.01) 		0.7
(0.03) 		4.6
(0.18) 		16.7
(0.66) 		49.7
(1.96) 		75.0
(2.95) 		64.4
(2.54) 		43.2
(1.70) 		31.7
(1.25) 		15.3
(0.60) 		2.0
(0.08) 		0.7
(0.03) 		304.4
(11.98)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 19.6
(7.7) 		14.1
(5.6) 		18.3
(7.2) 		8.0
(3.1) 		3.0
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1.1
(0.4) 		7.1
(2.8) 		13.8
(5.4) 		20.9
(8.2) 		105.9
(41.7)
Average precipitation days 10.9 8.7 8.9 8.3 10.5 12.8 10.9 9.6 8.3 6.8 8.0 11.0 114.7
Average rainy days .57 .72 2.2 5.8 10.1 12.8 10.9 9.6 8.0 5.0 1.4 1.0 68.09
Average snowy days 12.1 9.2 8.5 3.7 .80 .03 0 0 .57 2.4 8.2 11.7 57.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101 129 154 225 271 289 332 289 194 166 103 85 2,338
Source: Environment Canada[41]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Regina, Saskatchewan

Population and ethnicity

Ethnic configuration of Regina according to the 2007 census

Template:Canada CP 2006[42]

Census Population
1901 2,249
1911 30,213
1921 34,432
1931 53,209
1941 57,389
1951 71,319
1961 112,141
1971 139,469
1981 162,613
1991 179,178
2001 178,225
2006 179,246

The Canada 2006 Census indicates Regina's ethnic configuration to be, in order of size: (1) German, (2) English, (3) Scottish, (4) Irish, (5) Ukrainian, (6) French, (7) Aboriginal, (8) Polish and (9) Norwegian, although actually the third largest constituency was, by numbers of respondents, undifferentiated "Canadian," indicating perhaps mixed ethnic background (though other explanations of this identification present themselves) and confirming the perception that Reginans in large number, like other western Canadians, do not particularly distinguish among themselves as to ethnicity.

Religious affiliation in Regina according to the 2006 census

There are considerable difficulties with the ethnic configuration of Regina suggested by the Census. German is, apparently, by far the largest ethnic constituency but that contemplates separating persons of British Isles antecedents into English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Manx and other British Isles ancestries. The identification of undifferentiated "Canadian" is unexplained and "American" is anomalously offered as an ethnicity. The anachronistic designation "East Indian" refers to persons of Indian extraction rather than properly so-called East Indians and excludes Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans and other South Asians.

Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral, Regina, 2008

In absolute numbers of Aboriginal population, Regina ranks seventh among Census Metropolitan Areas in Canada with an "Aboriginal-identity population of 15,685 (8.3% of the total city population), of which 9,200 were First Nations, 5,990 Métis, and 495 other Aboriginal."[43]

Westminster Presbyterian, later United, Church on 13th Avenue, next door to Holy Rosary Cathedral.

Religion

The 2006 Census reported Protestantism being professed by 41.5% of the total population; Roman Catholic, 32.3%; Eastern Orthodox, 1.8%; other Christian (including Oriental Orthodox[44] and, possibly, Mormon and Jehovah's Witness), and 2.9% other religion (including Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish), 2.5%.[45] 19% of the population professed no specific religious affiliation. Considerable ecumenical engagement among assorted Christian denominations pertained in the latter part of the 20th century; as religious commitment has waned in the general population some churches and clergy have withdrawn from such mutual engagement.

Neighbourhoods

Main article: Neighbourhoods in Regina, Saskatchewan

Residential areas, apart from the remaining residential portion of the original town between the CPR tracks and Wascana Lake to the immediate south of the central business district, are largely typical of western Canadian cities, largely consisting of unremarkable post-World War II single family dwellings on substantial lots. Some seven neighbourhoods are perhaps of note:

Regina residential streetscape.
(1) The downtown business district (latterly and — to those acquainted with Regina history — confusingly deemed "Market Square";
(2) the West End (latterly deemed the "Cathedral Area");
(3) the historic and affluent Crescents area, immediately to the north of Wascana Creek west of the Albert Street bridge and dam which creates Wascana Lake);
(4) Germantown, originally an impoverished and ill-serviced ghetto of continental Europeans;
(5) South Albert Street, adjacent to the provincial Legislative Building and office buildings, a neighbourhood of imposing mansions dating from the before the First World War through the post-War '20s boom;
(6) the Warehouse District, formerly — obviously, as its name suggests — the reception zone for freight arriving from eastern Canada and the USA for sale by Regina wholesalers, and latterly, with the eclipse of rail shipping, being redeveloped as desirable residential accommodation, upscale restaurants and fashionable shopping precincts; and
(7) the latterly notorious North-Central district, an area of low-rent housing nowadays characterised by serious problems of crime, drug use and prostitution.

Crime

The somewhat high, by Canadian standards, crime rate in Regina for 2008 was the lowest in ten years according to statistics released by the Regina Police Service.[46] Criminal Code offences in Regina totalled 21,942 in 2008. In 1999, there were approximately 16,000 crimes for every 100,000 people, compared to 15,400 in 2003 and 11,500 in 2008.[47] While the rates are still high compared to national averages, crime numbers decreased in areas including motor vehicle thefts, break and enters to residences, thefts, robberies, assaults and sexual assaults, but were up for mischief and break and enters to nonresidence structures like sheds and unattached garages.

Economy

Main article: Regina industry and resources
General Motors Factory, Regina, 1928

Oil and natural gas, potash,[48] kaolin, sodium sulphite and bentonite contribute a great part of Regina and area's economy. The completion of the train link between eastern Canada and the then-District of Assiniboia in 1885, the development of the high-yielding and early-maturing Marquis strain of wheat and the opening of new grain markets in the United Kingdom established the first impetus for economic development and substantial population settlement.[49] The farm and agricultural component is still a significant part of the economy — the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (now Viterra Inc.,[50]), "the world's largest grain-handling co-operative" has its headquarters in Regina[51] — but it is no longer the major driver; provincially it has slipped to eighth overall, well behind the natural resources sectors.

Regina Imperial Oil refinery.

Modern transport has obviated the development of a significant manufacturing sector and indeed, until recently re-vivified, local petroleum refining facilities: the General Motors assembly plant north on Winnipeg Street, built in 1927 — when Saskatchewan's agricultural economy was booming and briefly made it the third province of Canada after Ontario and Quebec in both population (at just under one million people, roughly the same population as today[49]) and GDP — ceased production during the depression of the 1930s. It was resumed by the federal crown during World War II and housed Regina Wartime Industries Ltd., where 1,000 people were engaged in armaments manufacture.[52] It was not returned to private automotive manufacture after the war and became derelict. Imperial Oil long maintained a large refinery on the northern outskirts of Regina and IPSCO Inc., a leading world producer of steel plate and pipe and as of July 2007 a wholly owned subsidiary of the Swedish steel company SSAB, began in Regina in 1956 as Prairie Pipe Manufacturing Company Ltd; while the bulk of its assets and customers are now in USA and it has its operational headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, it retains its registered office and substantial manufacturing facilities in Regina.[53]

11th Avenue in the Central Business District, 2008

Imperial Oil (the Canadian subsidiary of Standard Oil, now ExxonMobil), for many years maintained a refinery in Regina; today with high world petroleum prices making the exploitation of Saskatchewan oil resources an unprecedentedly lively proposition, Federated Co-op maintains an 103,000 barrel/day refinery and, together with the Province, an upgrading operation for heavy oil.[54]

Crown Life, a significant Canadian and international insurance company, transferred its national head office from Toronto to Regina in 1996 but was acquired by Canada Life in 1998 and the corporate head office returned to Toronto, though with assurances that the company would retain a strong presence in Regina.[55] (In fact Crown Life totally ceased operations in Regina in 2007 and terminated all local employees.)

On 19 May 2009 it was announced that Viterra (formerly Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, becoming Viterra after acquisition of Agricore United), the largest grain handler in Canada, will acquire ABB Grain of Adelaide, South Australia in September 2009. The Head Office will be relocated to Regina, with the worldwide malting headquarters remaining in Adelaide. The two companies together are responsible for 37 percent of the world's exports of wheat, canola and barley.[56][57][58]

The provincial government continues to be a major driver in the civic economy, though its relative importance is declining.[51] The Regina Research Park immediately adjacent to the University campus hosts several science and technology companies which conduct research activities in conjunction with University departments.

Culture

Main article: Culture in Regina
Royal Saskatchewan Museum

Regina has a substantial cultural life in music, theatre and dance, supported by the fine arts constituency at the University of Regina, which has faculties of music, theatre and plastic arts. At various times this has attracted notable artistic talent: the Regina Five were artists at Regina College (the University's predecessor) who gained national fame in the 1950s; Donald M. Kendrick, Bob Boyer and Joe Fafard, now with significant international reputations, have been other artists from Regina. The Regina Conservatory of Music operates in the former girls' residence wing of the Regina College building. Annual festivals in and near Regina through the year include the Cathedral Village Arts Festival; the Craven Country Jamboree;[59] the Regina Folk Festival;[60] the Regina Dragon Boat Festival;[61] and Mosaic, mounted by the Regina Multicultural Council,[62] which earned Heritage Canada’s designation of 2004 "Cultural Capital of Canada" (in the over 125,000 population category).[63] As in other cities and towns across Canada the annual Kiwanis Music Festival affords rising musical talents the opportunity to achieve nation-wide recognition.

The Conexus Arts Centre

Regina lacked a large concert and live theatre venue for many years after the loss to fire of the Regina Theatre in 1938 and the demolition of the 1906 City Hall in 1964 at a time when preservation of heritage architecture was not yet a fashionable issue. But until the demolition of downtown cinemas which doubled as live theatres the lack was not urgent, and Darke Hall on the Regina College campus of the university provided a small concert and stage venue. (See Regina's historic buildings and precincts.)

Old Post Office, the current venue for the Globe Theatre, and Scarth Street Mall, looking south from 11th Avenue, 2008

The default was remedied in 1970 with the construction of the Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts (now the Conexus Arts Centre) as a Canadian Centennial project, a theatre and concert hall complex overlooking Wascana Lake which is one of the most acoustically perfect concert venues in North America;[64] it is home to the Regina Symphony Orchestra (Canada's oldest continuously performing orchestra[65]), Opera Saskatchewan and New Dance Horizons, a contemporary dance company.[66] The Royal Saskatchewan Museum (the present 1955 structure a Saskatchewan Golden Jubilee project[67]) dates from 1906.[68] The old Post Office at Scarth Street and 11th Avenue, temporarily used as a city hall after the demolition of the 1906 City Hall, is now home to the Globe Theatre, founded in 1966 as "Saskatchewan's first professional theatre since 1927."[69] Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral[70] and Knox-Metropolitan United Church have particularly impressive Casavant Frères pipe organs, maintain substantial musical establishments and are frequently the venues for choral concerts and organ recitals.

The Regina Public Library is a city-wide library system with nine branches playing key roles in their respective neighbourhoods. Its facilities include the RPL Film theatre which plays non-mainstream cinema, the Dunlop Art Gallery, special literacy services and a prairie history collection.[71] The Norman MacKenzie Art Gallery in Wascana Centre and the Dunlop Art Gallery have permanent collections and sponsor travelling exhibitions.[72]

Parks and outdoor attractions

Decorative storm reservoir in a newer residential subdivision in East Regina to the south of the Trans-Canada Highway.

Regina has a substantial proportion of its overall area dedicated as parks and greenspaces, with biking paths, cross-country ski-ing venues and other recreational facilities throughout the city; Wascana Lake, the venue for summer boating activities, is regularly cleared of snow in winter for skating and there are toboggan runs both in Wascana Centre and downstream on the banks of Wascana Creek. Victoria Park is in the central business district and numerous greenspaces throughout the residential subdivisions and newer subdivisions in the north and west of the city contain large ornamental ponds to add interest to residential precincts such as Rochdale, Lakewood, Lakeridge, Spruce Meadows and Windsor Park; older school playing fields throughout the city have also been converted into landscaped parks.[73]

The City operates five municipal golf courses, including two in King's Park northeast of the city. Kings Park Recreation facility is also home to ball diamonds, picnic grounds, and stock car racing. Within half an hour's drive are the summer cottage and camping country and winter ski resorts in the Qu'Appelle Valley with Last Mountain and Buffalo Pound Lakes and the four Fishing Lakes of Pasqua, Echo, Mission and Katepwa; slightly farther east are Round and Crooked Lakes, also in the Qu'Appelle Valley, and to the southeast the Kenosee Lake cottage country.

File:Wascana Centre and Regina downtown.jpg
Wascana Lake with downtown Regina

Wascana Centre is a 9.3 square kilometre (2,300 acre) park built around Wascana Lake and designed in 1961 by Minoru Yamasaki — the Seattle-born architect best known as the designer of the original World Trade Center in New York — in tandem with his starkly modernist design for the new Regina Campus of the University of Saskatchewan.[74] Wascana Lake was created as a "stock watering hole" — for the CPR's rolling stock, that is — in 1883 when a dam and bridge were constructed 1½ blocks to the west of the present Albert Street Bridge. A new dam and bridge were built in 1908, and Wascana Lake was used as a domestic water source, to cool the city’s power plant and, in due course, for the new provincial legislative building.[75]

Wascana Creek in Les Sherman Park, West End, downstream from the Albert Street Bridge and Wascana Lake

By the 1920s, with Boggy Creek as a source of domestic water, Wascana Lake had ceased to have a utilitarian purpose and had become primarily a recreational facility, with bathing and boating its principal uses. It was drained in the 1930s as part of a government relief project; 2,100 men widened and dredged the lake bed and created two islands using only hand tools and horse-drawn wagons.[75]

During the fall and winter of 2003–2004, Wascana Lake was again drained and dredged to deepen it while adding a new island, a promenade area beside Albert Street Bridge, water fountains, and a waterfall to help aerate the lake.[76]

Downstream from Wascana Lake Wascana Creek continues to provide a lush parkland on its increasingly intensively developed perimeter; in the northwest quadrant of the city Wascana Creek has a second weir with a smaller reservoir in A.E. Wilson Park.

Bedroom communities

South shore of Mission Lake to the east of Fort Qu'Appelle, a summer resort of Reginans from the 1880s onwards, though here a photo of one of the infamous Indian Residential Schools.

From its first founding, particularly once motorcars were common, Reginans have repaired to the nearby Qu'Appelle Valley on weekends, for summer and winter holidays and indeed as a place to live permanently and commute from. Since the 1940s, many of the towns near Regina have steadily lost population[77] as western Canada's agrarian economy re-organised itself from small family farm landholdings of a quarter-section (160 acres, the original standard land grant to homesteaders[78]) to the multi-section (a "section" being 640 acres (2.6 km2), one square mile) landholdings that are increasingly necessary for economic viability.[79]

B-Say-Tah Point on Echo Lake in the Qu'Appelle Valley, a popular holiday resort and commuter community for Reginans since the 1880s.

Some of these towns have enjoyed somewhat of a renaissance as a result of the excellent roads that for many decades seemed likely to doom them; they — and to some extent the nearby city of Moose Jaw — are now undergoing a mild resurgence as commuter satellites for Regina. Qu'Appelle, at one time intended to be the metropole for the original District of Assiniboia in the North-West Territories (as they then were), enjoyed a temporary reprieve from its inexorable decline during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s when Regina cottagers passed through en route to the Qu'Appelle Valley; Highway 10, which bypassed Qu'Appelle, running directly from Balgonie to Fort Qu'Appelle off Highway Number 1, quickly ended this brief holiday;[80] Fort Qu'Appelle and its neighbouring resort villages on the Fishing Lakes remain a summer vacation venue of choice;[81] Indian Head is far enough from Regina to have an autonomous identity but close enough that its charm and vitality attract commuters — it "has a range of professional services and tradespeople, financial institutions, and a large number of retail establishments."[82] It is the scene of outdoor filming sequences in the CBC television series "Little Mosque on the Prairie."[83]

White City[84] and Emerald Park[84] are quasi-suburbs of Regina, as have become Balgonie,[85] Pense, Grand Coulee, Pilot Butte[86] and Lumsden in the Qu'Appelle Valley, some ten miles (16 km) to the north of Regina.[87] Regina Beach — situated on Last Mountain Lake (known locally as Long Lake) and a 30-minute drive from Regina — has been a summer favourite of Reginans from its first establishment and since the 1970s has also become a commuter satellite;[88] Rouleau (also known as the town of Dog River in the CTV television sitcom Corner Gas) is 45 km (28 miles) southwest of Regina and in the summer months "bustles with film crews."[89]

Sports

Mosaic Stadium during a Saskatchewan Roughriders game

The Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League, the only professional sports team in Saskatchewan, play their home games at Mosaic Stadium in Regina. Formed in 1910 as the Regina Rugby Club and renamed the Regina Roughriders in 1924 and the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1950,[90] the "Riders" are a community-owned team with a loyal fan support base; every game in the 2008 season was sold out; out-of-town season ticket holders often travel 300-400 kilometres (200–250 mi) or more to attend home games.[91] The team has won the Grey Cup on three occasions, in 1966, 1989, and 2007.[92]

Other sports teams in Regina include the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League, the Regina Thunder of the Canadian Junior Football League, the Prairie Fire of the Rugby Canada Super League, the Regina Red Sox of the Western Major Baseball League, and the University of Regina's Regina Cougars/Regina Rams of the CIS.

Regina's curling teams have distinguished the city for many decades. Richardson Crescent commemorates the Richardson curling team of the 1950s. In recent years Olympic Gold medal winner Sandra Schmirler and her rink occasioned vast civic pride; the Sandra Schmirler Leisure Centre in east Regina commemorates her.

North-east of the city lies Kings Park Speedway, a ⅓-mile paved oval used for stock car racing since the late 1960s. Regina hosted the Western Canada Summer Games in 1975 and again in 1987, as well as being the host city for the 2005 Canada Summer Games.

Visitor attractions

Main article: Visitor attractions in Regina
The Kramer Imax Theatre located at the Saskatchewan Science Centre in the renovated former Regina powerhouse on the north shore of east Wascana Lake

Regina is a travel destination for residents of southeastern Saskatchewan and the immediately adjacent regions of the neighbouring US States of North Dakota and Montana, and an intermediate stopping point for travellers on the Trans-Canada Highway. Attractions for visitors in Regina include:

File:Science Centre.jpg
Saskatchewan Science Centre in the old powerhouse, viewed from the new Wascana campus of the University of Regina across Wascana Lake.

The former large-scale Children's Day Parade and Travellers' Day Parade during Fair Week in the summer, which were substantially supported by the Masons and Shriners, have been abandoned as (a) other summer civic events have been given a higher profile, (b) the central business district has waned and (c) such service clubs have lost vitality: the Regina Exhibition's travelling midway divides its time among other western Canadian and US cities and is perhaps no longer the attraction it once was in a more parochial community. However, a large Santa Claus parade is now mounted during the lead-up to Christmas.

Local media

Main article: Media of Regina, Saskatchewan
The Leader building, downtown Regina, circa 1910

The daily newspaper for the city, now owned by Canwest Publishing Inc.[98] is The Leader-Post. The Regina Sun is published by The Leader-Post and distributed free of charge. Prairie Dog is a free alternative newspaper produced by a Saskatchewan worker co-operative. L'eau vive is a weekly newspaper publishing in French and serving all of Saskatchewan's francophone community.

The thirteen radio stations broadcating from the city include; CJME News/Talk 980, FM 90.3 CJLR-FM-4 MBC Radio First Nations community radio Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation, FM 91.3 CJTR-FM 91.3 CJTR community radio, FM 97.7 CBKF-FM Première Chaîne news/talk (CBC, French), and FM 102.5 CBKR-FM CBC Radio One news/talk (CBC).

There are four private and public television channels broadcasting from Regina: CKCK-TV (CTV), CBKT (CBC), CFRE-TV (Global), and CBKFT (SRC). The Saskatchewan Communications Network and a community channel programmed by Regina's cable provider Access Communications are also available on cable.

A website for Regina events called "Regina After Dark" was set up in early 2009. Prairie Dog has an internet blog.

Education

University of Regina

Main article: University of Regina
New Wascana Campus of the University of Regina seen from the Saskatchewan Science Centre across Wascana Lake

In the years prior to the establishment of the University of Saskatchewan, there was continued debate as to which Saskatchewan city would be awarded the provincial university: ultimately Saskatoon won out over Regina and in immediate reaction the Methodist Church of Canada established Regina College in 1911. Regina College was initially a denominational high school and junior college affiliated with the University of Saskatchewan — the later-established Campion and Luther Colleges, operated by the Roman Catholic Jesuit Order and Lutheran Church respectively, operated on the same basis. The Church of England concurrently established St Chad's College, an Anglican theological training facility, and the Qu'Appelle Diocesan School on the Anglican diocesan property immediately to the east of Regina College on College Avenue. All were quasi-tertiary institutions.

John Archer Library, Wascana campus

Ultimately, the financially hard-pressed United Church of Canada (the successor to the Methodist Church), which in any case had ideological difficulties with the concept of fee-paying private schooling given its longstanding espousal of universal free education from the time of its early father Egerton Ryerson, could no longer maintain Regina College during the Great Depression of the 1930s, and Regina College was disaffiliated from the Church and surrendered to the University of Saskatchewan; it became the Regina Campus of the University of Saskatchewan in 1961. After a protracted contretemps over the siting of several faculties in Saskatoon which had been promised to the Regina campus, Regina Campus sought and obtained a separate charter as the University of Regina in 1974.

Campion College and Luther College now have federated college status in the University of Regina, as does the First Nations University of Canada;[99] The Anglican St Chad's ultimately consolidated with Emmanuel College on the then-Saskatoon campus of the University of Saskatchewan, the United Church's Regina College having entirely consolidated with the University of Saskatchewan and identified with St Andrew's College there: despite the considerable historical involvement by the Methodist, Presbyterian and Anglican churches in antecedent institutions of the University of Regina, there is perhaps perversely no continuing official United Church or Anglican presence at the University of Regina. The Regina Research Park is located immediately adjacent to the main campus and many of its initiatives in information technology, petroleum and environmental sciences are conducted in conjunction with university departments. A member in the research park is Canada's Petroleum Technology Research facility, a world leader in oil recovery and geological storage of CO2.

Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology

File:SIAST Wascana.jpg
Wascana campus of SIAST.
Main article: Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology

The Wascana campus[100] of this province-wide polytechnical institute is adjacent to the University of Regina. It occupies the former Plains Health Centre, previously a third hospital in Regina which in the course of rationalizing health services in Saskatchewan was in due course closed. It offers diplomas in some 175 trade and semi-professional fields ranging from accountancy and auto-mechanical technician through corrections worker, dental hygiene, driving instructor, nursing and school secretarial qualifications.[101]

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, Depot Division

Main article: RCMP Academy, Depot Division
The RCMP Chapel

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, "Depot" Division, is on the western perimeter of the city. As capital of the North-West Territories, Regina was the headquarters of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (the RCMP's predecessor) before "the Force" became a national body with its headquarters in Ottawa in 1920. The city takes great pride in this national institution which is a major visitor attraction and a continuing link with Regina's past as the headquarters of the Force. The "Depot" Division chapel (the oldest building still standing in the city) is a major visitor attraction in Regina. The first phase of a RCMP Heritage Centre opened in May 2007.

Public, separate and private schools

Main article: List of schools in Regina, Saskatchewan
Campbell Collegiate, built in 1964 and once accommodating some 2200 students, now reduced by 1000 as suburban populations have fluctuated.

The Regina Public School Board currently operates 45 elementary schools and 9 high schools with approximately 21,000 students enrolled throughout the city. The publicly funded Roman Catholic Separate School Board operates 25 elementary schools and 4 high schools, and has a current enrollment of approximately 10,000 students. Public and separate schools are amply equipped with state-of-the-art science labs, gymnasia and drama and arts facilities: already by the 1960s, Regina high schools had television studios, swimming pools, ice rinks and drama facilities. Such schools are regularly built and decommissioned and sold as populations in various residential subdivisions wax and wane.

A small number of parents choose to opt out of the public and separate school systems for home-schooling under the guidance of the Regina Public School Board. Private schools in Regina include Luther College High School, operated by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada; the Regina Huda School for Islamic education; Harvest City Christian Academy (occupying the former Sister McGuigan High School site); the Western Christian College High School operated by the Churches of Christ (using premises vacated by the former Canadian Bible College); and the Regina Christian School (in the former Campion College premises).

Public transportation

Streetcar on Albert Street Bridge circa 1935; Provincial Legislative Building across lake.

Regina formerly had an extensive streetcar (tramway) network but now has no streetcars, trains or subways. The city's public transit agency, Regina Transit, operates a fleet of 110 buses, on 16 routes, 7 days a week with access to the city centre from most areas of the city. A massive fire at the streetcar barns, on 23 January 1949, destroyed much of the rolling stock of streetcars and trolley buses[102] and helped to propel Regina's diesel bus revolution in 1951, although until well into the 1970s the streetcar rails remained in the centre of many major streets, ready to be returned to use should city transit policy change. Because of the 1949 fire, original Regina streetcar rolling stock was rare, though through later years a few disused streetcars remained in evidence — a streetcar with takeaway food, for example, on the site of the Regina Theatre at 12th Avenue and Hamilton Street, until the Hudson's Bay Company acquired the site and built its 60s-through-90s department store there.

Passengers boarding a train at Union Station in Regina, circa 1915 when trains were the principal means of transportation to and from Regina

The CPR no longer operates regular passenger services, though in the past railway passenger trains constituted the principal mode of inter-urban transit among Western Canadian cities. Its former station in downtown Regina — once the urban hub — has become a casino. Nowadays Regina can be reached by several highways including the Trans-Canada Highway from the west and east sides and four provincial highways from other directions. The city is served by Ring Road, a high speed connection between Regina's east and northwest that loops around the city's east side (the west side of the loop is formed by Lewvan Drive) with plans calling for another perimeter highway to encircle the city farther out.[103]

Regina International Airport[104] is situated on the west side of the city and is the oldest established commercial airport in Canada.[14] The current, continuingly expanded, 1960 terminal replaces the original 1940 Art Deco terminal; it has recently undergone further major upgrades and expansions to allow it to handle increases in traffic for the next several years.

Infrastructure

Buffalo Pound Lake

Domestic water, originally obtained from Wascana Lake and later the Boggy Creek reservoir north of the city and supplemented by wells, is supplied from Buffalo Pound Lake in the Qu'Appelle Valley, an artificial reservoir on the Qu'Appelle River, since 1967 with water diverted into it from Lake Diefenbaker behind the Gardiner Dam on the South Saskatchewan River.[105] Electricity is provided by SaskPower, a provincial Crown corporation which maintains a province-wide grid with power generated from coal-fired base load, natural gas-fired, hydroelectric and wind power facilities.

Medical services are provided through two city hospitals, Regina General and Pasqua (formerly Grey Nuns) and by private medical practitioners, who, like hospitals, remit their bills to the public universal medical insurer, the Saskatchewan Medicare system.[106]

Sister cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ipsco Place website, "History."[dead link]. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
  2. ^ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina website.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  3. ^ Directory of Saskatchewan Churches. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  4. ^ Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle website.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  5. ^ Daria Coneghan, "Regina," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  6. ^ Herrington, Ross (31 March 2007). "Saskatchewan Road and Railway Bridges to 1950: Inventory". Ministry of Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport. Retrieved 4 February 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Coneghan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  8. ^ Saskatchewan Science Centre website
  9. ^ Regina's Old Warehouse District.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  10. ^ Dagmar Skamlová, "Regina Cyclone," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  11. ^ Steven J. Shirtliffe, "Agronomy," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  12. ^ "The Regina Manifesto (1933) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Programme, Adopted by the founding convention in Regina, Saskatchewan, July 1933." Socialist History Project. South Branch Publishing. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  13. ^ "Saskatchewan Poised for Strong Economic Growth Says RBC Economics," Royal Bank of Canada Financial Group, 30 March 2007.[dead link]. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  14. ^ a b c Coneghan.
  15. ^ Daria Coneghan, "Regina," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  16. ^ After his term as Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, Dewdney was again elected to Parliament and served as the member for Assiniboia East (now southeastern Saskatchewan) from 1888 to 1891. During this period he also served as minister of the Interior and superintendent of Indian Affairs. In 1892 he was appointed to the now non-executive post of Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. He served in this post until 1897. He retired from politics in 1900 after unsuccessfully running for Parliament in New Westminster, British Columbia.
  17. ^ Pierre Berton, The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881-1885 (Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1973), 120)
  18. ^ David J. Hall, "North-West Territories," The Canadian Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  19. ^ Berton, op. cit., pp.121-23)
  20. ^ City of Regina Archives 2004 Photo/Biography of the Month Gallery.. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
  21. ^ Berton, 379. Qu'Appelle Station had been founded as Troy in 1882, was renamed Qu'Appelle Station in 1884 when the CPR arrived, again renamed South Qu'Appelle in 1902 and as Qu'Appelle 1911. See Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan and David McLennon, "Qu'Appelle, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
  22. ^ McLennon, "Qu'Appelle, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
  23. ^ Maggie Siggins, Riel: A Life of Revolution (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994), 447.
  24. ^ Kevin Avram, "A tale of two provinces," Farmers for economic freedom: Updates from the Prairie Centre/Centre for Prairie Agriculture in Regina, Saskatchewan. 21 May 2001.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  25. ^ latterly deemed "Market Square," and not to be confused with the historic Market Square, the site of the Regina Riot on what is now the location of the Regina City Police Station). Bill Waiser, "On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  26. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada, "Revitalizing Downtown Regina" (Fall 2002).[dead link]
  27. ^ Regina's Old Warehouse District: History[dead link]. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  28. ^ Michael Jackson, "Government House," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  29. ^ Trevor Powell, "Anglican Church of Canada," in Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  30. ^ Recalled though not explicitly named by Erika Ritter in her humorous memoir Ritter in Residence.
  31. ^ J.T. Morley, "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation," The Canadian Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  32. ^ Victor Howard, "On to Ottawa Trek, The Canadian Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  33. ^ "Saskatchewan," The Canadian Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  34. ^ Dan de Vlieger, "Political History of Saskatchewan," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  35. ^ Jean Larmour, "Saskatchewan Doctors' Strike," The Canadian Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  36. ^ See above as to the Dewdney scandal of 1882.
  37. ^ "Regina," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  38. ^ CBC "Saskatchewan Story" article on Regina's trees
  39. ^ Dutch Elm Disease Control Program.[dead link]
  40. ^ Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals: Regina, Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
  41. ^ "Environment Canada". Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  42. ^ [1], Statistics Canada. 2006. Released 4 April 2006. Last modified: 12 June 2006
  43. ^ Alan Anderson, "Urban Aboriginal Population," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  44. ^ An Ethiopian restaurant on Broad Street attests to the Oriental Orthodox presence in Regina; Syrian and Armenian business people and Indian medical doctors would account for other Oriental Orthodox Christians in Regina.
  45. ^ Ibid.
  46. ^ Joe Couture (26 March 2008). "Crime Rate Drops to Lowest Level in 10 Years" Regina Leader-Post http://www.leaderpost.com/news/Crime+rate+drops+lowest+level+years/1430116/story.html.
  47. ^ Joe Couture (26 March 2008). "Crime Rate Drops to Lowest Level in 10 Years" Regina Leader Post http://www.leaderpost.com/news/Crime+rate+drops+lowest+level+years/1430116/story.html.
  48. ^ Saskatchewan "has an estimated 75% of the world’s potash reserves": Peter Phillips, "Economy of Saskatchewan," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  49. ^ a b Peter Phillips, "Economy of Saskatchewan," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  50. ^ Bruce Johnstone, "Viterra announces $1.4B deal to acquire Australian company."[dead link] Regina Leader-Post, 19 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  51. ^ a b "Regina: Economy and Labour Force," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
  52. ^ Lauren Black, "Regina Wartime Industries Ltd.," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  53. ^ IPSCO: A Division of SSAB website.. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  54. ^ David Hanly, "Oil and Gas Industry," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  55. ^ Canada Life website, "Canada Life in Agreement with Crown Life; Strong Presence in Regina to Continue, Regina - 26 May 1998. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  56. ^ Johnstone, Bruce (19 May 2009). "Viterra announces $1.4B deal to acquire Australian company". Regina Leader-Post. Retrieved 20 May 2009.[dead link]
  57. ^ Toevai, Sineva (20 May 2009). "Viterra to take over ABB Grain for $1.6bn". Lloyd's List DCN. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  58. ^ Template:PDFlink ABB Grain, 19 May 2009. Retrieved on 20 May 2009.
  59. ^ Craven Country Jamboree website.. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  60. ^ Regina Folk Festival website.. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  61. ^ Regina Dragon Boat Festival Homepage.. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  62. ^ Regina Multicultural Council homepage.. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  63. ^ Regina Multicultural Council: Mosaic.[dead link]. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
  64. ^ [http://[www.conexusartscentre.ca/ Conexus Arts Centre website.]. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
  65. ^ Kathleen Wall, "Regina Symphony Orchestra," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  66. ^ Encyclopedia of Canada. "Regina: Cultural Life.". Retrieved 17 July 2007.
  67. ^ Iain Stewart, "Royal Saskatchewan Museum," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  68. ^ Stewart.
  69. ^ Mary Blackstone, "Globe Theatre," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  70. ^ Thomas Chase, "Casavant, Opus 1409, 1930/1993.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  71. ^ Regina Public Library website
  72. ^ J. William Brennan, "Regina," The Canadian Encyclopedia.. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  73. ^ See city map at Google Maps.. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
  74. ^ Fletcher, Tom. "The Work of Minoru Yamasaki," New York Architecture Images and Notes.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  75. ^ a b Riddell, W. A. The Origin and Development of Wascana Centre. Regina, 1962.
  76. ^ Dagmar Skamlová, "Big Dig," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  77. ^ Mark Partridge, "The Ebb and Flow of Rural Growth: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation." Presentation for the Department of Rural Development, Regina, Saskatchewan 9 June 2005.
  78. ^ "Dominion Lands Act/Homestead Act," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  79. ^ "Farming," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  80. ^ "Qu'Appelle," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  81. ^ "Fort Qu'Appelle," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  82. ^ "Indian Head," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  83. ^ "A Big Thanks to Indian Head," CBC program website.[dead link]. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  84. ^ a b "White City," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  85. ^ "Balgonie," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  86. ^ "Pilot Butte," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  87. ^ "Lumsden," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  88. ^ "Regina Beach" The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  89. ^ "Rouleau," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  90. ^ Daria Coneghan, "Saskatchewan Roughriders, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  91. ^ Riderville | The Official Site of the 2007 Grey Cup Champions[dead link]
  92. ^ Canadian Football League: Grey Cup Results Retrieved on 4 March 2009
  93. ^ Scott Langen, "Saskatchewan Science Centre," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  94. ^ Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery website. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  95. ^ [2] Evraz Place. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  96. ^ Buffalo Days website. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  97. ^ Canadian Western Agribition website. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  98. ^ Leader-Post website. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  99. ^ *First Nations University of Canada. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
  100. ^ Its Regina presence a merger of the former Wascana Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences and Regina Plains Community College: Lorne Sparling, "Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (SIAST)," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  101. ^ SIAST website. Retrieved 19 October 2007.
  102. ^ Regina: The Early Years 1880–1950
  103. ^ "Feature: East Regina TCH". Saskatchewan Highways. Archived from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  104. ^ The adjective "international" is possibly mildly drolly in reference to the fact that Air Canada and the former Canadian Pacific Airlines have long since largely withdrawn significant services from Regina: Northwestern provides services to Minneapolis and this constitutes the "international" element.
  105. ^ World Lakes Database: Buffalo Pound Lake.. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
  106. ^ See generally John A. Boan, "Medicare," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  107. ^ CBC News - Regina's sister city presents gift

References

  • "Germantown" 11th Avenue East. Regina’s Heritage Tours, City of Regina, 1994.
  • Argan, William. Cornerstones 2: An Artist’s History of the City of Regina. Regina: Centax Books, 2000.
  • Argan, William. Cornerstones: An Artist’s History of the City of Regina. Regina: Centax Books, 1995.
  • Barnhart, Gordon. Building for the Future: A Photo Journal of Saskatchewan's Legislative Building. Canadian Plains Research Center, 2002. ISBN 0-88977-145-6
  • Brennan, J. William. Regina, an illustrated history. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 1989.
  • Brennan, William J., ed. Regina Before Yesterday: A Visual History 1882 to 1945. City of Regina, 1978.
  • Castles of the North: Canada’s Grand Hotels. Toronto: Lynx Images Inc., 2001.
  • Chapel Royal Canadian Mounted Police "Training Academy", Regina, Saskatchewan (brochure), 1990.
  • Drake, Earl G. Regina, the Queen City. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1955.
  • Hughes, Bob The Big Dig: the Miracle of Wascana Centre. Regina: Centax Books, 2004.
  • Neal, May Regina, Queen City of the Plains: 50 Years of Progress. Regina: Western * Printers. 1953.
  • Regina Court House Official Opening (brochure), 1961.
  • Regina Leader-Post
  • Riddell, W. A. The Origin and Development of Wascana Centre. Regina, 1962.
  • The Morning Leader
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50°27′17″N 104°36′24″W / 50.45472°N 104.60667°W / 50.45472; -104.60667

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