Americas: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 09:46, 4 April 2006

The Americas commonly refers to the landmass of the Western Hemisphere, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions.

The term is a relatively recent and less ambiguous alternative to the term America, which may refer to either the entire landmass or the United States of America. The former, and original, usage to describe what is sometimes considered a single continent or supercontinent is increasingly deprecated for clarity, for which the Americas is used to collectively refer to the landmass and various regions of it. When used to describe a single landmass, analogous terms to America or (the) Americas are Eurasia, which consists of Europe and Asia collectively, and Eurafrasia, which is Eurasia and Africa.

Naming of America

The earliest known use of the name America for the continents of the Americas dates from 1507. It appears on a globe and a large map created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. An accompanying book, Cosmographiae Introductio, explains that the name was derived from the Latinized version of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, Americus Vespucius, in its feminine form, America, as the other continents all have Latin feminine names. However, as Dr. Basil Cottle (Author, Dictionary of Surnames, 1967) points out, new countries or continents are never named after a person's first name, always after their second name. Thus, America should really have become Vespucci Land or Vespuccia if the Italian explorer really gave his name to the newly discovered continent. Christopher Columbus, who had first brought the continents' existence to the attention of Renaissance era voyagers, had died in 1506 (believing, to the end, that he'd discovered and conquered part of India) and could not protest Waldseemüller's decision.

A few alternative theories regarding the continents' naming have been proposed, but none of them have any widespread acceptance. One alternative first proposed by a Bristol antiquary and naturalist, Alfred Hudd, was that America is derived from Richard Amerike, a merchant from Bristol, who is believed to have financed John Cabot's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497. Supposedly, Bristol fishermen had been visiting the coast of North America for at least a century before Columbus' voyage and Waldseemüller's maps are alleged to incorporate information from the early English journeys to North America. The theory holds that a variant of Amerike's name appeared on an early English map (of which however no copies survive) and that this was the true inspiration for Waldseemüller. New evidence suggests Chinese explorers discovered and even settled in America decades before Columbus.

Another theory, first advanced by Jules Marcou in 1875 and later recounted by novelist Jan Carew, is that the name America derives from the district of Amerrique in Nicaragua. The gold-rich district of Amerrique was purportedly visited by both Vespucci and Columbus, for whom the name became synonymous with gold. According to Marcou, Vespucci later applied the name to the New World, and even changed the spelling of his own name from Alberigo to Amerigo to reflect the importance of the discovery.

Vespucci's role in the naming issue, like his exploratory activity, is unclear and most probably a tale. Some sources say that he was unaware of the widespread use of his name to refer to the new landmass. Others hold that he promulgated a story that he had made a secret voyage westward and sighted land in 1491, a year before Columbus. If he did indeed make such claims, they backfired, and only served to prolong the ongoing debate on whether the "Indies" were really a new land, or just an extension of Asia.

Usage

Main article: Use of the word American

America vs. Americas

Though America in the singular is often used as a shorthand name for the United States of America, the plural Americas – with an 's' – is not and is used to collectively describe lands of the Western Hemisphere. Conversely, usage of America when referring to the lands collectively remains fairly common outside of it.

English dictionaries and compendiums differ regarding usage and rendition. The Oxford English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary,[1] and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [2] list applicable definitions – for the country and lands of the Western Hemisphere – under America; however, the order in each differs. The entry for America in Encyclopædia Britannica, however, refers to its entry for the Americas where the landmass and regions are detailed.

American

Whether usage of America or the Americas is preferred, many people living in the Americas refer to themselves as American. However, most of the English-speaking world (including Canada), use the word to refer solely to a citizen or resident of the United States of America. This may be due, at least in part, to the fact that the phrase "United States" does not easily translate into an adjective or descriptive noun in English. While Spanish-speaking peoples in Latin America use the word estadounidense (literally, "United-States-ian" or "of the United States"), calling someone a "United States-man" or "United States'er" or other such constructions sounds awkward in English. This has led to the use of the word "American". Nevertheless, calling a U.S. citizen simply americano or americana in Spanish is considered offensive in some areas of Latin America. Some Latin Americans, however, will use "americano" or "americana" to refer to people from the United States in colloquial speech while still considering themselves "American", just as Germans or Spaniards would consider themselves "European".

Demography

Ethnology

The population of the Americas is made up of the descendents of three large ethnic groups and their combinations: the native inhabitants of the Americas, being "Indians" (or "Native Americans" or "Amerindians"), Eskimos, and Aleuts; Europeans (of mainly Spanish, British, Irish, Portuguese, French, Italian, German and Dutch, origin); and black Africans. There are also more recent immigrants, such as from Central Europe, the Balkans; and East, South and Southeast Asia.

The majority of the people live in Latin America. Most of Latin America is Spanish-speaking, with Portuguese-speaking Brazil as the major exception along with the English-speaking Belize. Canada and the United States are linguistically, culturally and economically quite different from Latin America.

Languages

Various languages are spoken in the Americas. Some are of the European origin, others are spoken by indigenous peoples or are the mixture of various idioms like the different creoles.

Spanish - spoken by approximately 350 million in many nations, regions, islands, and communities throughout the two continents.
English - spoken by approximately 320 million people in the United States, Canada, The Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Guyana and many islands of the Caribbean.
Portuguese - spoken by approximately 185 million in Brazil
French - spoken by approximately 9 million in Canada; in the Caribbean (Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique); in French Guiana; and in Acadiana (a francophone area in southern Louisiana, United States).
Antillean Creole - spoken by approximately 1.2 million in the Eastern Caribbean (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, Saint Lucia) and French Guiana.
Haitian Creole - creole language, based in French and various African languages, spoken by 7.8 million in Haiti.
Guaraní (avañe'ẽ) - native language spoken by approximately 6 million people in Paraguay, and regions of Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil.
Nahuatl - native language of central Mexico with 1.5 million speakers.
Mapudungun (or Mapuche) - native language spoken by approximately 440,000 people in Chile and Argentina.
Cree - Cree is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 50,000 speakers across Canada
Inuit - native language traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and to some extent in the subarctic in Labrador.
Aymará - native language spoken in the Andes, especially in Bolivia.
Dutch - spoken in the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, and Suriname
Quiché and other Maya languages - native languages spoken in Guatemala and southern Mexico.
Quechua - native language spoken in southern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwest Argentina.

Most of the non-native languages have, to different degrees, evolved differently from the mother country, but are usually still mutually intelligible. Some have combined though, which has even resulted in completely new languages, such as Papiamentu, which is a combination of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch (representing the respective colonisers), native Arawak, various African languages and, more recently, English. Because of immigration, there are many communities where other languages are spoken from all parts of the world, especially in the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Canada, four very important destinations for immigrants.

External links

The Naming of America
America noviter delineata / M. Merian, fecit. 1633 Map of North and South America, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 The earliest known use of the name ''America'' for the continents of the Americas dates from [[1507]].  It appears on a globe and a large map created by the [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] cartographer [[Martin Waldseemüller]] in [[Saint-Dié-des-Vosges]].  An accompanying book, ''[[Cosmographiae Introductio]]'', explains that the name was derived from the [[Latin]]ized version of the explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]]'s name, ''Americus Vespucius'', in its feminine form, ''America'', as the other continents all have Latin feminine names. However, as Dr. Basil Cottle (Author, ''Dictionary of Surnames'', 1967) points out, new countries or continents are never named after a person's first name, always after their second name. Thus, America should really have become ''Vespucci Land'' or ''Vespuccia'' if the Italian explorer really gave his name to the newly discovered continent. [[Christopher Columbus]], who had first brought the continents' existence to the attention of [[Renaissance]] era voyagers, had died in [[1506]] (believing, to the end, that he'd discovered and conquered part of India) and could not protest Waldseemüller's decision.
-A few alternative theories regarding the continents' naming have been proposed, but none of them have any widespread acceptance. One alternative first proposed by a [[Bristol]] [[antiquary]] and [[natural history|naturalist]], Alfred Hudd, was that ''America'' is derived from [[Richard Amerike]], a merchant from Bristol, who is believed to have financed [[John Cabot]]'s voyage of discovery from [[England]] to [[Newfoundland]] in [[1497]]. Supposedly, Bristol fishermen had been visiting the coast of North America for at least a century before Columbus' voyage and Waldseemüller's maps are alleged to incorporate information from the early English journeys to North America.  The theory holds that a variant of Amerike's name appeared on an early English map (of which however no copies survive) and that this was the true inspiration for Waldseemüller.
+A few alternative theories regarding the continents' naming have been proposed, but none of them have any widespread acceptance. One alternative first proposed by a [[Bristol]] [[antiquary]] and [[natural history|naturalist]], Alfred Hudd, was that ''America'' is derived from [[Richard Amerike]], a merchant from Bristol, who is believed to have financed [[John Cabot]]'s voyage of discovery from [[England]] to [[Newfoundland]] in [[1497]]. Supposedly, Bristol fishermen had been visiting the coast of North America for at least a century before Columbus' voyage and Waldseemüller's maps are alleged to incorporate information from the early English journeys to North America.  The theory holds that a variant of Amerike's name appeared on an early English map (of which however no copies survive) and that this was the true inspiration for Waldseemüller. New evidence suggests Chinese explorers discovered and even settled in America decades before Columbus.
 Another theory, first advanced by [[Jules Marcou]] in [[1875]] and later recounted by novelist [[Jan Carew]], is that the name ''America'' derives from the district of ''Amerrique'' in [[Nicaragua]]. The gold-rich district of Amerrique was purportedly visited by both Vespucci and Columbus, for whom the name became synonymous with gold.  According to Marcou, Vespucci later applied the name to the New World, and even changed the spelling of his own name from ''Alberigo'' to ''Amerigo'' to reflect the importance of the discovery.