Timeline of historic inventions: Difference between revisions
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* 150 BCE [[Astrolabe]] invented in the Hellenistic world. |
* 150 BCE [[Astrolabe]] invented in the Hellenistic world. |
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* [[Terminus ante quem|Before]] 71 BCE (possibly 3rd century BCE<ref>[[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]] (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): ''Handbook of Ancient Water Technology'', Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396f.)</ref><ref>Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", ''Anatolian Studies'', Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (11)</ref><ref>[[Andrew Wilson (classical archaeologist)|Wilson, Andrew]] (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", ''[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]'', Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (7f.)</ref>): [[Watermill]] ([[grain mill]]) by [[Greek engineering|Greek engineers]] in Eastern [[Mediterranean]] (see also [[List of ancient watermills]])<ref>[[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]] (1985): "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report", ''History of Technology'', Vol. 10, pp. 151–179 (160)</ref><ref>[[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]] (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): ''Handbook of Ancient Water Technology'', Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396)</ref> |
* [[Terminus ante quem|Before]] 71 BCE (possibly 3rd century BCE<ref>[[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]] (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): ''Handbook of Ancient Water Technology'', Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396f.)</ref><ref>Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", ''Anatolian Studies'', Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (11)</ref><ref>[[Andrew Wilson (classical archaeologist)|Wilson, Andrew]] (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", ''[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]'', Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (7f.)</ref>): [[Watermill]] ([[grain mill]]) by [[Greek engineering|Greek engineers]] in Eastern [[Mediterranean]] (see also [[List of ancient watermills]])<ref>[[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]] (1985): "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report", ''History of Technology'', Vol. 10, pp. 151–179 (160)</ref><ref>[[Örjan Wikander|Wikander, Örjan]] (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): ''Handbook of Ancient Water Technology'', Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396)</ref> |
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* Before 25 BCE: [[Reverse overshot water-wheel]] by [[Roman engineering|Roman engineers]] in [[Rio Tinto (river)|Rio Tinto]], Spain <ref>Davies, Oliver: ''Roman Mines in Europe'', Oxford (1935)</ref> |
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==1st millennium CE== |
==1st millennium CE== |
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Revision as of 15:52, 13 July 2015
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The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and the people who created the inventions.
Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.
Prehistoric
Note that the dates in the Paleolithic era are approximate and refer to the earliest discovered use of an invention, and are likely to change as more research is done and older sites are found. Similarly, the locations listed are for the site where the earliest example to date has been found, but in most cases there is little certainty how close that may be to where the invention actually first took place.
- 2.6 million years ago: Stone tools (Olduwan) in Ethiopia[2]
- 1.8 million years ago: Fire and then cooking[3]
- 500 thousand years ago (ka): Shelter construction in Japan[4]
- 400 ka: Pigments in Zambia[5]
- 400 ka: Spears in Germany[6]
- 200 ka: Glue in Italy[7]
- 110 ka: Beads in Israel[8]
- 100 ka: Burial in Israel[9]
- 77 ka: Bedding in South Africa[10]
- 64 ka: Spearhead in South Africa, along with what may be an arrowhead.[11]
- 61 ka: Sewing needle in South Africa[11]
- 60 ka: Bow[citation needed][12]
- 40 - 20 ka: Cremation in Australia.[13]
- 36 ka: Cloth woven from flax fiber in Georgia[14][15]
- 35 ka: Flute in Germany[16]
- 28 ka: Rope[17]
- 16 ka: Pottery in China[18]
- by at least 12 ka: Agriculture in Mesopotamia.
- 10 - 7 ka: Mud walls and mudbricks between Syria and Pakistan (see Mureybet and Mehrgarh).
- 7 ka - 4 ka: Writing in Greece, Romania and Egypt (see Dispilio Tablet and Tărtăria tablets).
- 6 ka: Kiln in Mesopotamia[19]
- 5000 - 4500 BC: Lacquer in China[20]
- 5000 - 4500 BC: Rowing oars in China.[21][22]
- 3630 BC: Silk garments (sericulture) in China[23]
- 3500 BC: Wheels in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus.[24]
- 3200 BC: Sailing in ancient Egypt[25][26]
- 3000 BC: Cuneiform in Mesopotamia[27]
- 3000 BC: Bronze in Mesopotamia[28]
- 3000 BC: Papyrus in Egypt[29][30]
1st millennium BCE
6th century BCE
- c. 515 BCE: Crane in Ancient Greece[32]
5th century BCE
- 5th century BCE: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Celtiberian Spain[33][34]
- 5th century BCE: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron was developed in China by the early 5th century BCE during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province.[35][36][37]
- 5th century BCE: Crossbow in Ancient China and Ancient Greece: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as the mid-5th century BCE in Yutaishan, Hubei.[38] In Ancient Greece, the terminus ante quem of the gastraphetes is 421 BCE.[39][40]
- 5th - 4th century BCE: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China between 5th - 4th century BCE, appeared in the Mediterranean by the 6th century CE.[41]
- Before 421 BCE: Catapult in Ancient Greece (incl. Sicily)[39][40]
- c. 480 BCE: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)[42][43]
3rd century BCE
- Early 3rd century BCE: Canal lock (possibly pound lock) in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[44][45][46]
- Approximately 350 BCE: Greek hydraulic semaphore system, an optical communication system developed by Aeneas Tacitus.
- 3rd century BCE: Valve Tower Sluice in Sri Lanka[47]
- 3rd century BCE: Water wheel in Hellenistic kingdoms described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BCE)[48]
- 3rd - 2nd century BCE: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.[35][49]
2nd century BCE
- 2nd century BCE: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BCE – CE 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50 – CE 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[51]
1st century BCE
- 1st century BCE: Glass blowing discovered on the Syro-Judean coast.
- 1st century BCE: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic[52][53]
- 1st century BCE: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)[54][55][56][57][58]
- 150 BCE Astrolabe invented in the Hellenistic world.
- Before 71 BCE (possibly 3rd century BCE[59][60][61]): Watermill (grain mill) by Greek engineers in Eastern Mediterranean (see also List of ancient watermills)[62][63]
- Before 25 BCE: Reverse overshot water-wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain [64]
1st millennium CE
2nd century
- 118 CE: Wheelbarrow was found in a tomb at Chengdu, Sichuan province during Han Dynasty China[65]
- 132: Seismometer in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It was a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.[66][67]
- 2nd century: Crankshaft in Augusta Raurica, Roman Empire[68]
- 2nd century: Negative numbers in Han Dynasty China.
3rd century
- Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing was invented in Han Dynasty China at sometime before 220 CE. This made China become the world first print culture.[72]
- Late 3rd century: Crank and connecting rod (Hierapolis sawmill) in Asia Minor, Roman Empire[69][70][71]
- Late 3rd–early 4th century: Turbine in Africa (province), Roman Empire[73][74][75]
4th century
- 4th century: Field mill in Ancient China, first mentioned in the Yezhongji, or 'Record of Affairs at the Capital Ye of the Later Zhao Dynasty' written by Lu Hui in the 4th century, describing a field mill built by two engineers, Xie Fei and Wei Mengbian.[76]
- 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century CE[77] work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals'.[78]
- 4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire[79]
- 4th century: Stirrups in Ancient China: The first dependable representation of a rider with paired stirrups was found in China in a Jin dynasty tomb of about CE 322.[80][81][82] The stirrup appeared to be in widespread use across China by AD 477.[83]
5th century
- 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness was developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century CE.[84] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.[85]
- 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire[86][87]
6th century
- 563 CE: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire[88]
- 589 CE: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.[89][90]
7th century
- 672 CE: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, was invented by Kallinikos, a Greek refugee to Constantinople, as described by Theophanes.[91] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[92] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[93]
- 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote was first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots were in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desired to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[94][95][96]
- 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain was manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[97]
9th century
- 9th century: Distillation in Syria[98]
- 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder was, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.[99] Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907).[100] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).[101][102][103]
- 9th century: Playing cards in Tang Dynasty China: The first reference to the card game in world history dates no later than the 9th century, when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang, written by Su E described players enjoying the "leaf game" in 868.[104][105]
- 9th century: University in Morrocco[107]
- 9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[108] In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.[108][109]
10th century
- 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.[110] Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapon.[111][112]
- 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appeared in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.[113]
2nd millennium
11th century
- 1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, which attributed the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.[114][115][116][117] In 13th century, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing.[118] In the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg invented the modern movable type system in Europe.[119]
12th century
- 1119: Mariner's compass (wet compass) in Song Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of magnetized needle for navigational purposes at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117).[116][120][121][122][123][124][125] The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[126] The familiar mariner's dry compass which used a pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in a glass box was invented in medieval Europe no later than 1300.[127]
13th century
- 13th century: Soap in Babylonia[128]
- 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century China.[129]
- 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history was by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who used an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[130]
- 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[131]
- 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs were used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[132] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and were called "thunder-crash bombs,"[133] coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.[134]
- 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppressed the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase was used.[135]
14th century
- Early to Mid 1300s: Multistage rocket in Ming Dynasty China described in Huolongjing by Jiao Yu.
- 14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.[136]
- 14th century: Fragmentation Bombs in Ming Dynasty China. Described in the Huolongjing.
15th century
- 1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire[137]
- 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.[138]
- 1470s: Parachute (with frame) in Renaissance Italy[139]
- 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe on Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa[140]
- 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system codified by Luca Pacioli
16th century
- 1560 Floating dock in Venice, Venetian Republic[141]
- 1569 Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator
17th century
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- 1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (see also List of the oldest newspapers)[142][143]
- 1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline was built by Blaise Pascal
18th century
- c. 1700: Bartolomeo Cristofori crafts the first piano
- 1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer .
- 1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first steam engine to pump water out of mines.[144] Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, used a piston.
- 1733: Stephen Hales takes measurements of blood pressure. John Kay enabled one person to operate a loom with the flying shuttle[citation needed]
- 1742: Anders Celsius develops the Centigrade temperature scale.[citation needed]
- 1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently developed Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.
- 1764: James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.
- 1765: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.
- 1770: Richard Salter invents the earliest known design for a Weighting Scale.
- 1793: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin.
19th century
1800s
- 1800: Voltaic pile: an early form of battery by Alessandro Volta in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani.
- 1802: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until generators)[145]
- 1803: John Dalton's developement of the Atomic Theory.
- 1804: Morphine in Paderborn, Germany: Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner.[146]
- 1804: Railway steam locomotive: Richard Trevithick[147]
- 1807: François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen.
- 1807: Robert Fulton expanded water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.
1820s
- 1822: The pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper) is completed by Thomas Blanchard for the U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe could copy symmetrical shapes and was used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles. The lathe's patent was in force for 42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.[148][149]
- 1825: George Stephenson invented the railroad locomotive.
- 1826: The friction match is invented by John Walker[150]
1830s
- 1831: Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry independently of each other invented methods of Electromagnetic induction.
- 1836: Samuel Morse invents Morse code.
- 1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.
1850s
- 1856: Refrigeration: Using the principle of vapour compression, James Harrison produced the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator in Geelong, Australia.[151]
1870s
- 1873: Crookes radiometer: Invented by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the by-product of some chemical research.
- 1876: Telephone: A patent for the telephone is granted to Alexander Graham Bell. However, others inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.[152]
- 1877: The first working phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison.[153]
- 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss was granted a patent for the first practical rebreather[154]
- 1879 Thomas Edison produced the first practical bulb and was granted a U.S. patent.
1880s
- 1886: Process for economically producing Aluminum invented by Charles Martin Hall and independently by Paul Héroult in 1886.
- 1886 Frank Julian Sprague invents the first practical DC electric motor. In 1887 he uses it to build the Richmond Union Passenger Railway, the first successful (and widely copied) large electric street trolley (tram) system.
- 1886 Karl Benz invents the first petrol or gasoline powered auto-mobile (car).[155]
- 1888: Wind turbines for grid electricity invented by Charles F. Brush in 1888.
20th century
- 1900: Human voice transmitted wirelessly (by radio) for the first time by Roberto Landell de Moura. The first AM radio factory was opened in 1912.
- 1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft takes place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. First modern fixed wing aircraft. 1901: Gustave Weisskopf (Whitehead), a German-American immigrant, is credited with motorized aircraft flight in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Flights were witnessed by citizens and other associates, were recorded in the Bridgeport Herald, a local newspaper, but were not mentioned in a 1904 article in Scientific American.[156] In 2013 Jane's All The World's Aircraft recognized Whitehead as first to make a manned, powered, controlled flight.
1910s
- 1915: The tank was invented by Ernest Swinton,[157] although the British Royal Commission on Awards recognised a South Australian named Lance de Mole who had submitted a proposal to the British War Office, for a 'chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches' complete with extensive drawings in 1912[158]
1920s
- 1926: The Yagi-Uda Antenna or simply Yagi Antenna was invented in by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, assisted by his colleague Hidetsugu Yagi. The Yagi Antenna was widely used by the US, British, and Germans during World War II. After the war they saw extensive development as home television antennas.
- 1928: Penicillin was first observed to exude antibiotic substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming. Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to a team of medics and scientists including Howard Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley.
1930s
- 1933: FM radio was patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong.
- 1938: Z1 built by Konrad Zuse was the first freely programmable computer in the world.
- 1938, December: Nuclear fission discovered in experiment by Otto Hahn (Nazi Germany), coined by Lise Meitner (fled to Sweden from Nazi-occupied Austria) and Fritz Strassman (Sweden). The Manhattan Project, and consequently the Soviet atomic bomb project were begun based on this research, as well as the German nuclear energy project, although the latter one declined as its physicists were drafted into Germany's war effort.
1940s
- 1942: The V-2 rocket, the world's first long range ballistic missile, developed in Nazi Germany during World War II.
- 1942：Frequency hopping:Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil
- July 1945: The atomic bomb was first successfully developed by the United States, Britain and Canada as a part of the Manhattan Project and swiftly deployed in August 1945 in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively causing the end of World War II.
- December 1947: The Transistor, used in almost all modern electronic products was invented in December 1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley. Subsequent transistors became steadily smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to manufacture, leading to a revolution in computers, controls, and communication.
- 1947 Floyd Farris and J.B. Clark (Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation) invented hydraulic fracturing technology.[159]
1950s-1960s
- December 20, 1951: First use of nuclear power to produce electricity for households in Arco, Idaho[160][161]
- 1954: Invention of Solar Battery by Bell Telephone scientists, Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson capturing the sun's power. First practical means of collecting energy from the sun and turning it into a current of electricity.
- 1955: The intermodal container was developed by Malcom McLean.
- 1957: The first PC used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610 was invented in 1957 by IBM.
- 1958-59: Co-creation of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
- 1958-60: The LASER.
- 1969: ARPANET first deployed via UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and The University of Utah.
1970s
- 1970: Pocket calculator was invented in Japan.
- 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.[162]
- 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface was introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI was later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa.
- 1973: VHS was invented by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano.
- 1975: Altair 8800 was the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution.
- 1973-75: The Internet protocol suite was developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ARPANET, creating the basis for the modern Internet.
1980s
- 1980: Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented in Japan by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba. It was formally introduced to the public in 1984.
- 1981: MS-DOS is invented by Microsoft.
- 1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.[163]
- 1984: The first commercially available cell phone, the DynaTAC 8000X, is invented by Motorola.
- 1986: The first modern Disposable camera was invented by Fujifilm.
1990s
- 1990:The World Wide Web was first introduced to the public by English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee.[164][165]
- 1993: MOSAIC, the first popular web browser is introduced
- 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions.
See also
- Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
- Accelerating change
- List of emerging technologies
- List of inventors
- Outline of prehistoric technology
Footnotes
- ^ See People of the Millennium for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era.
- ^ Semaw, S.; M. J. Rogers; J. Quade; P. R. Renne; R. F. Butler; M. Domínguez-Rodrigo; D. Stout; W. S. Hart; T. Pickering; S. W. Simpson (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 45: 169–177. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9. PMID 14529651.
- ^ Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species
- ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
- ^ Earliest evidence of art found
- ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
- ^ Mazza, PPA; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, MP; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C; Modugno, F; Ribechini, E (2006). "A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (9): 1310. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Scott Elias (12 September 2012). Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. Elsevier. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-444-53821-5.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Uniquely Human page 163. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
- ^ Wadley, L; Sievers, C; Bamford, M; Goldberg, P; Berna, F; Miller, C. (2011). "Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa". Science. 334 (6061): 1388–1391. doi:10.1126/science.1213317.
- ^ a b Backwell, L; Errico, F; Wadley, L. (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35: 1566–1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006.
- ^ Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). "Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past". Discovery News.
- ^ Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG. (1970). "Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales". World Archaeol. 2 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463. PMID 16468208.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Balter, M. (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science. 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
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