List of proposed state mergers: Difference between revisions

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This is a list of proposed state mergers, including both current and historical proposals. The entities listed below differ from separatist movements in that they would form as a merger or union of two or more existing states, territories, colonies or other regions, becoming either a federation, confederation or other type of unified sovereign state.

Current

Proposed state	Components	Notes
United China	People's Republic of China Republic of China	Unification of the Greater China Region is the stated goal of both governments, though support in Taiwan is slowly decreasing over time. Supported by Chinese nationalists in both states.^[1]^[2]^[3]
United Republic of Cyprus	Republic of Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Proposed federal union between the two Cypriot states to end the Cyprus dispute.^[4]
East African Federation	Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda	Proposed political union between the five member states of the East African Community.^[5]
Republic of Ireland	Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland	A unified Irish state covering the entire island of Ireland and the 32 traditional counties of Ireland, fully independent of the United Kingdom, is supported by Irish republicans and Irish nationalists.^[6]
United Korea	North Korea South Korea	Korean reunification has been a goal for both Koreas since the 1953 armistice agreement. However, proposed strategies vary between the two Koreas.^[7]
Romania	Romania Moldova	Unification of Romania and Moldova is a recognised merger proposal in the two countries.^[8] It's supported by European Union^[9] and Government of Romania^[10]^[11].

Historic

21st century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Russia	Russia Crimea	2014	Yes (de facto)	Crimea unilaterally seceded from Ukraine and later conducted a referendum to join the Russian Federation and was later annexed by Russia. The referendum was controversial and most countries continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.

20th century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Union of Sovereign States	Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Kazakh SSR Azerbaijan SSR Uzbek SSR Kirghiz SSR Turkmen SSR Tajik SSR	1990–1991	No	An attempt for the reorganization of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into a new confederal entity, proposed by Mikhail Gorbachev.
Germany	East Germany West Germany	1990	Yes	German reunification
Yemen	North Yemen South Yemen	1990	Yes	Yemeni unification
Senegambia Confederation	The Gambia Senegal	1982–1989	Yes (1 January 1982 – 30 September 1989)	A loose confederation was formed, but ended due to the Gambia's lack of interest in integration.
Federation of Arab Republics	Libya Egypt Syria Also invited: Iraq Sudan	1972–1977	Yes (1 January 1972 – 19 November 1977)	An attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to build a Pan-Arab state.
Vietnam	North Vietnam South Vietnam	1976	Yes	Reunification Day and the Fall of Saigon
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Umm al-Qaiwain Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah Also invited: Bahrain Qatar	1971	Yes	Six independent emirates formed the United Arab Emirates in December 2, 1971. Ras Al Khaimah later joined the federation.
India	India Monarchy of Sikkim	1947-1975	Yes	After independence in 1947, joining the new Indian Union was rejected by popular vote. Sikkim grew closer to India over time, becoming a protectorate and later a suzerainty of India. When Sikkim voted to join India in 1975, the merger was widely criticized as an annexation by India.
Arab Islamic Republic	Libya Tunisia	1974	No	Proposed by Muammar Gaddafi.
Tanzania	Tanganyika Zanzibar	1964	Yes
Malaysia	Malaya North Borneo Sarawak Singapore	1963	Yes	Singapore was expelled from the federation on 9 August 1965 due to political conflict and power tension.
North Borneo Federation	North Borneo Sarawak Protectorate of Brunei	1956–1960	No
Arab Federation	Kingdom of Iraq Jordan	1958	Yes (14 February 1958 – 2 August 1958)	An attempt to unify the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan. While successful, the short-lived union was disestablished after a military coup deposed King Faisal II of Iraq.
United Arab Republic	Republic of Egypt Syrian Republic	1958	Yes (22 February 1958 – 28 September 1961)	A short-lived Pan-Arab state.
West Indies Federation	British Barbados British Jamaica British Leeward Islands British Trinidad and Tobago British Windward Islands	1958	Yes (1958–1962)	The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state, however, before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts.
United Arab States	United Arab Republic Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen	1958	Yes (8 March 1958 – 26 December 1961)	Loose confederation between the United Arab Republic and (North) Yemen.
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland	Nyasaland Northern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia	1953	Yes (1953–1963)	A semi-independent state.
Canada	Canada Newfoundland	1949	Yes	Newfoundland Act
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia People's Socialist Republic of Albania People's Republic of Bulgaria	1946–1948	No	Josip Broz Tito came extremely close to getting Albania into accepting integration into Yugoslavia, but relations cooled in 1948 over fears that Yugoslavia only intended to use Albania for raw materials, subsequently resulting in the expulsion of Yugoslav diplomats. Yugoslav/Bulgarian negotiations fell through when Moscow attempted to force both countries into accepting Soviet control over the merge, which caused Yugoslavia to withdraw from negotiations and precipitated the Tito–Stalin split.
Greek-Yugoslav confederation	Strictest definition: Kingdom of Greece Kingdom of Yugoslavia Loosest definition also includes: Albanian Kingdom Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Romania	1942–1944	No
Polish-Czechoslovak confederation	Czechoslovak Republic Polish Republic	1939–1948	No	A serious project proposed by Władysław Sikorski.
Nazi Germany	Nazi Germany Federal State of Austria	1938	Yes (1938–1945)	Anschluss
Soviet Union	Byelorussian SSR Russian SFSR Transcaucasian SFSR Ukrainian SSR	1922	Yes (1922–1991)	Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
Ukrainian People's Republic	Ukrainian People's Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic	1919	Yes (1919)	Act Zluky
Weimar Republic	Weimar Republic Republic of German-Austria	1918–1919	No	Following the disintegration of Austria-Hungary in the final days of World War I, the German-speaking territories of the Empire attempted to begin a process of integration into Weimar Germany. The Allies did not favor the idea, and forced the Austrian rump state to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which prohibited Austria from uniting with Germany.
Międzymorze	Belarusian People's Republic Czechoslovak Republic Estonia Finland Hungarian People's Republic Latvia Lithuania Polish Republic Kingdom of Romania Ukrainian People's Republic Kingdom of Yugoslavia	November or December 1918	No	Also called "Intermarium". Suggested shortly after World War I to combat the influences of Germany and Russia.
United Baltic Duchy	Estonia Latvia	1918	No	Attempt to form a German protectorate state in a Personal Union with Kaiser Wilhelm II, mostly led by Baltic German nobility and was only recognized by the German Empire. After Germany's defeat in World War I, Latvia declared its independence. Germany Army General Rüdiger von der Goltz was unsuccessful at attempting to keep the region under German control.
Kingdom of Romania	Kingdom of Romania Transylvania (Part of Hungary) Moldavian Democratic Republic File:Flag of the Banat Republic.png Banat Republic	1918	Yes (1918–1940)	Unification of Greater Romania
Kingdom of Yugoslavia	Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs	1918	Yes (1918–1992)	Creation of Yugoslavia
Balkan Socialist Federation	Principality of Albania Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Yugoslavia	1910–1916	No
Australia	Queensland New South Wales Victoria Tasmania South Australia Western Australia Also invited: New Zealand Fiji	1901	Yes	Federation of Australia

19th century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
German Empire	North German Confederation Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Württemberg Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Alsace-Lorraine Austrian Empire	1871	Partial (1871–1918)	Unification of Germany (excluding Austria) after German victory over the French in the Franco-Prussian War. See also, the German Question regarding the competing ideas of "Greater Germany" and "Lesser Germany" (whether or not a united Germany should include the Austrian Empire). The matter was settled with the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, in which Prussia assumed leadership of the various minor German nation states.
Antillean Confederation	Captaincy General of Cuba Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Dominican Republic	1869–1870	No	Proposed by Ramón Emeterio Betances.
North German Confederation	Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Grand Duchy of Hesse Mecklenburg-Schwerin Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchy of Anhalt Duchy of Brunswick Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen Various other small principalities and free cities	1866	Yes (1867–1871)	Following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the annexation by Prussia of Austria's northern German ally states, Otto von Bismarck proposed to unify Prussia and its own German ally states into a single Federation. Consequently, the North German Constitution was adopted, with the provision that the southern German minor states could enter into the union when politically feasible.
Kingdom of Italy	Kingdom of Sardinia Papal States Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Parma Duchy of Modena and Reggio Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Part of Austrian Empire)	1848–1870	Yes	Although the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861, the Italian Unification is generally considered to have been incomplete until after the integration of Venetia in 1866 and the capture of Rome in 1870. See Italian Unification and Expedition of the Thousand.
Dominion of Canada	New Brunswick Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec	1867	Yes	Canadian Confederation
Greater Republic of Central America	El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Considered joining: Costa Rica Guatemala	1895–1898	Yes (1896–1898)
Kingdom of Greece	Kingdom of Greece United States of the Ionian Islands	1864	Yes	Treaty of London (1864)
United Principalities	Wallachia Moldavia	1862	Yes	Becomes Kingdom of Romania in 1881
United States of America	United States of America Republic of Texas	1845	Yes	Texas annexation
Peru–Bolivian Confederation	Bolivia Peru	1829–1839	Yes (1836–1839)
Gran Colombia	Viceroyalty of New Granada Venezuela Free Province of Guayaquil	1819–1830	Yes (1819–1830)
Scandinavia	Denmark Norway Sweden	Mid-19th century	No
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland	1800	Yes (1801–1922)

18th century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Kingdom of Great Britain	Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland	1707	Yes	Though having been ruled since 1603 in Personal Union when James I succeeded both the English and Scottish crowns both countries remained separate sovereign nations states until 1706 when the Treaty of Union unified them into a single entity.
United States of America	Vermont Republic United States of America	1777–1791	Yes
United States of America	Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia	1786-1788	Yes	United States Constitution is ratified by the Thirteen Original Colonies, replacing the Articles of Confederation and thereby forming a Federal government, ending the individual sovereignty of the US States.

17th century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate	1658–1659	No	Treaty of Hadiach

16th century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia	1574–1658	No
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) Grand Duchy of Lithuania	1569	Yes (1569–1795)	See Union of Lublin

References

^ Lynch, David (9 October 2014). "China's Long Game With Taiwan Just Got Longer". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ Nylander, Johan (4 November 2014). "Taiwan president will deal with China but not at expense of sovereignty". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ Chung, Lawrence (25 September 2014). "Ruling on Hong Kong poll a hammer blow to Taiwan reunification hopes". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ "Basis for a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem" (PDF). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 August 2015. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 26 (help)
^ LAMU (3 September 2009). "An East African Federation: Big ambitions, big question-marks". The Economist. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ McGarry, John; Brendan O'Leary (2004). The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-19-926657-9.
^ Babones, Salvatore (17 October 2014). "2015: The Year of Korean Reunification?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ [1] - moldova.org
^ Dave Keating (29 November 2013). "Georgia and Moldova sign EU association agreements". European Voice.
^ Romania baits Russia by seeking reunification with Moldova - The Telegraph
^ The president of Romania supports unification with Moldova - OSW

[1] Lynch, David (9 October 2014). "China's Long Game With Taiwan Just Got Longer". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[2] Nylander, Johan (4 November 2014). "Taiwan president will deal with China but not at expense of sovereignty". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[3] Chung, Lawrence (25 September 2014). "Ruling on Hong Kong poll a hammer blow to Taiwan reunification hopes". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[4] "Basis for a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem" (PDF). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 August 2015. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 26 (help)

[5] LAMU (3 September 2009). "An East African Federation: Big ambitions, big question-marks". The Economist. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[6] McGarry, John; Brendan O'Leary (2004). The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-19-926657-9.

[7] Babones, Salvatore (17 October 2014). "2015: The Year of Korean Reunification?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[8] [1] - moldova.org

[9] Dave Keating (29 November 2013). "Georgia and Moldova sign EU association agreements". European Voice.

[10] Romania baits Russia by seeking reunification with Moldova - The Telegraph

[11] The president of Romania supports unification with Moldova - OSW

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@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 | [[Korean reunification]] has been a goal for both Koreas since the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|1953 armistice agreement]]. However, proposed strategies vary between the two Koreas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/2015-the-year-korean-reunification-11488 |title=2015: The Year of Korean Reunification? |last=Babones |first=Salvatore |date=17 October 2014 |website=The National Interest |access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>
 |-
+| {{flag|Romania}}
+| {{flag|Romania}}<br>{{flag|Moldova}}
+| [[Unification of Romania and Moldova]] is a recognised merger proposal in the two countries.<ref>[http://www.moldova.org/almost-90-of-romanian-citizens-agree-bessarabia-to-unite-with-romania-survey-232465-eng/] - moldova.org </ref> It's supported by [[European Union]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2013/november/georgia-and-moldova-sign-eu-association-agreements/78910.aspx |title=Georgia and Moldova sign EU association agreements |newspaper=European Voice |author=Dave Keating |date=29 November 2013}}</ref> and [[Government of Romania]]<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/romania/10481579/Romania-baits-Russia-by-seeking-reunification-with-Moldova.html Romania baits Russia by seeking reunification with Moldova] - The Telegraph</ref><ref>[http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2013-12-04/president-romania-supports-unification-moldova The president of Romania supports unification with Moldova] - OSW</ref>.
 |}