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==Origins and distribution==
==Origins and distribution==
Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000 years ago,<ref name = "Karafet"/> probably in [[South Asia]] or [[West Asia]]. It is very rare, although less than 1% in Europe it reaches 12% among [[Mongolians]]. In [[Europe]] it is very spotty, but is recorded in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Shetland]].<ref>[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2004-07/1090823397 David Faux. GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives - Origins of R1a, Q and K in Scandanavia - Part 1]</ref> K-M9 is absent in [[Africa]] and is also very frequent among [[Japanese people|Japanese]] individuals (65.6%).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15222681 "Heterogeneity of the Y chromosome in Afro-Brazilian populations." Abe-Sandes K., Silva W.A. Jr., Zago M.A. Hum Biol. 2004 Feb;76(1):77-86.]</ref>
Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000 years ago,<ref name = "Karafet"/> probably in [[South Asia]] or [[West Asia]].


The basal paragroup K* is exceptionally rare, although it has been reported at low frequencies in various parts of [[Eurasia]], [[Oceania]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="ISOGG 2015 KM9"/>
The basal paragroup K* is exceptionally rare, although it has been reported at low frequencies in various parts of [[Eurasia]], [[Oceania]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="ISOGG 2015 KM9"/>

Revision as of 02:37, 1 November 2015

Haplogroup K
Possible time of origin47,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originSouth or West Asia
AncestorIJK
Descendantshaplogroup K2,[2] and LT
Defining mutationsM9, P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, P132/PF5480

Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A descendant of Haplogroup IJK, K-M9 and its descendant haplogroups comprise a populous geographically diverse haplogroup; they have long been found in men on every continent other than Antarctica.

The direct descendants of K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526) and Haplogroup LT (L298 = P326).[2][3]

Origins and distribution

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000 years ago,[1] probably in South Asia or West Asia. It is very rare, although less than 1% in Europe it reaches 12% among Mongolians. In Europe it is very spotty, but is recorded in Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands and Shetland.[4] K-M9 is absent in Africa and is also very frequent among Japanese individuals (65.6%).[5]

The basal paragroup K* is exceptionally rare, although it has been reported at low frequencies in various parts of Eurasia, Oceania and Africa.[2]

The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:

Structure

Haplogroup K-M9 tree [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][2][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Haplogroup LT (K1). Widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in Pakistan, western India and among the Balochs of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Wodaabe Fulanis (Sahelian Africans), Ethiopians, in Somalia, Djibouti, some alpine regions of Europe, the Aegean Islands and a few populations in India

K2

K2* remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in Omsk Oblast, Russia, appear to belong to the paragroup K2* (M526),[26]

NO

N Found near Arctic Circle, Yakuts, Finno Ugrians (Ancient samples: most remains from the Yangshao, Hongshan, ancient Hungarians, Xiongnu and prehistoric Yakuts; some also in the Xiajiadian mixed between O3)

O Sino-Tibetans + modern Longshan and Daxi and Xiajiadian which was divided between N and O3 (Xiajiadian was mixed others were pure) (O3), Austronesians, Polynesians, Melanesians, Malaygasy and in modern Liangzhu to a very low extent (O1), and Austro-Asiatics (O2) dominant east Asian line (O) note O1 and O2 form a clade against O3 called O1'2

K2b
K2b1

K2b1a (CTS5650/F3744/P405), found in Indonesia and Oceania; includes Haplogroup S (M230, P202, P204) a.k.a. K2b1a4 which, according to ISOGG, is: "a major haplogroup in the highlands of mainland Papua New Guinea where it is found at frequencies of around 50% in some populations and is also present at lower frequencies in adjacent islands of Indonesia and Melanesia."[27]

K2b1b (P336): Alor, Timor and Borneo.

K2b1c (P378): Aeta people of the Philippines.

M (P256, Page93/S322) a.k.a. K2b1d. The most common haplogroup in Papua New Guinea; also found in neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia.

P (K2b2)
P1 (M45/PF5962)

35.4 in Tuvans, 28.3% in Altaians-Kizhi, 28% of Aetas, 22.2% in Todjins, 11.8% in Kalmyks, 8.8% in Soyots, 7.6% in Khakas

10% of Timor rare in other parts of Indonesia

Q (M242) Kets, Selkups, Turkmen, Altai, Tuvans, Far East Siberia, Americas (ancient samples Anzick, Montana, prehistoric Alaskan, ancient Greenlander), Xirong, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54) and possibly Afantova.

R (extinct basal subclades found in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia)

R2 found in India, Sri Lanka, North Pakistan isolates

R1a found in East Europe, India, Central Asia, Altai, Scandinavia, Uighers Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), The Tagar Culture, Karasuk culture, Tashtyk culture, some Corded ware folk

R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages, Armenian Highlands (Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, (reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.)

K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali.

K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java

K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup K and its Subclades – 2015 (5 April 2015).
  3. ^ Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. JSTOR 25593348. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
  4. ^ David Faux. GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives - Origins of R1a, Q and K in Scandanavia - Part 1
  5. ^ "Heterogeneity of the Y chromosome in Afro-Brazilian populations." Abe-Sandes K., Silva W.A. Jr., Zago M.A. Hum Biol. 2004 Feb;76(1):77-86.
  6. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, et al. (January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
  9. ^ Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, et al. (February 2014). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature. 506 (7487): 225–9. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMID 24522598.
  10. ^ Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, et al. (September 2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250.
  11. ^ Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, et al. (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, et al. (2012). "Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PloS One. 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, et al. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
  16. ^ Pichler I, Mueller JC, Stefanov SA, et al. (August 2006). "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms". Human Biology. 78 (4): 441–64. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. PMID 17278620.
  17. ^ Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, et al. (October 2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID 15374596.
  18. ^ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi; Sitalaximi, T; Ashma, Richa; Chainy, G. B. N.; Kashyap, V. K. (2007). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations" (PDF). Anthropology Today: Trends, Scope and Applications.
  19. ^ Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis). hdl:1903/11443.[page needed]
  20. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531513103016352[full citation needed]
  21. ^ Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, et al. (July 2010). "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (7): 800–7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231. PMC 2987365. PMID 20051990.
  22. ^ yhrd.org[full citation needed]
  23. ^ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. (2010). "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606.
  24. ^ http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm[full citation needed]
  25. ^ Magoon, Gregory R; Banks, Raymond H; Rottensteiner, Christian; Schrack, Bonnie E; Tilroe, Vincent O; Robb, Terry; Grierson, Andrew J (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/000802.
  26. ^ [1]
  27. ^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpS.html

External links

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