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In 1989 India announced a plan to replace its ageing British-built [[aircraft carriers]], {{ship|INS|Vikrant|R11|2}} and {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22|2}}, with two new 28,000 ton ''Air Defence Ships'' (ADS) that would operate the [[BAE Sea Harrier]] aircraft. The first vessel was to replace ''Vikrant'', which was set to decommission in early 1997. Construction of the ADS was to start at the Cochin Shipyard (CSL) in 1993 after the Indian Naval Design Organisation had translated this design study into a production model. Following the [[1991 India economic crisis|1991 economic crisis]], the plans for construction of the vessels were put on hold indefinitely.
In 1989 India announced a plan to replace its ageing British-built [[aircraft carriers]], {{ship|INS|Vikrant|R11|2}} and {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22|2}}, with two new 28,000 ton ''Air Defence Ships'' (ADS) that would operate the [[BAE Sea Harrier]] aircraft. The first vessel was to replace ''Vikrant'', which was set to decommission in early 1997. Construction of the ADS was to start at the Cochin Shipyard (CSL) in 1993 after the Indian Naval Design Organisation had translated this design study into a production model. Following the [[1991 India economic crisis|1991 economic crisis]], the plans for construction of the vessels were put on hold indefinitely.


In 1999, then Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] revived the project and sanctioned the construction of the Project 71 ADS.<ref name=br-iac>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html|title=Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project-71)|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref> By that time, given the ageing Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, CSL released a graphic illustration showing the 32,000-ton [[STOBAR]] (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced [[Flight Deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski jump]].<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm |title=Air Defense Ship |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500 ton carrier to operate the [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]]. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasFutureAircraftCarrierForceandtheNeedforStrategicFlexibility_irehman_010610|title=India’s Future Aircraft Carrier Force and the Need for Strategic Flexibility|work=idsa.in}}</ref>
In 1999, then Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] revived the project and sanctioned the construction of the Project 71 ADS.<ref name=br-iac>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html |title=Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project-71) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120217185025/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com:80/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html |archivedate=17 February 2012 }}</ref> By that time, given the ageing Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, CSL released a graphic illustration showing the 32,000-ton [[STOBAR]] (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced [[Flight Deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski jump]].<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm |title=Air Defense Ship |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500 ton carrier to operate the [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]]. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasFutureAircraftCarrierForceandtheNeedforStrategicFlexibility_irehman_010610|title=India’s Future Aircraft Carrier Force and the Need for Strategic Flexibility|work=idsa.in}}</ref>


In August 2006, then [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], Admiral [[Arun Prakash]] stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carriers from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. The length of the ship also increased from {{convert|252|m|ft}} to over {{convert|260|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=48166 |title=Antony lays keel of first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date= |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
In August 2006, then [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], Admiral [[Arun Prakash]] stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carriers from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. The length of the ship also increased from {{convert|252|m|ft}} to over {{convert|260|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=48166 |title=Antony lays keel of first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date= |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
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In April 2011, Admiral [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]] stated that construction of the second carrier was some years away as there were a number of higher spending priorities for the navy.<ref name=hindu-2iac>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1819080.ece|title=Second indigenous carrier a long way off: Navy Chief|publisher=The Hindu|date=28 April 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> The Initial design of the second carrier featured significant changes from ''Vikrant'', including; increase in displacement to over 65,000 tons, a [[steam catapult|Steam-powered]] [[CATOBAR]] system to launch larger fighters, AEW (airborne early-warning) aircraft and mid-air refueling tankers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/73256/LATEST%20HEADLINES/First+indigenous+aircraft+carrier+to+be+launched+next+year:+Navy+chief.html |title=First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2 December 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
In April 2011, Admiral [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]] stated that construction of the second carrier was some years away as there were a number of higher spending priorities for the navy.<ref name=hindu-2iac>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1819080.ece|title=Second indigenous carrier a long way off: Navy Chief|publisher=The Hindu|date=28 April 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> The Initial design of the second carrier featured significant changes from ''Vikrant'', including; increase in displacement to over 65,000 tons, a [[steam catapult|Steam-powered]] [[CATOBAR]] system to launch larger fighters, AEW (airborne early-warning) aircraft and mid-air refueling tankers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/73256/LATEST%20HEADLINES/First+indigenous+aircraft+carrier+to+be+launched+next+year:+Navy+chief.html |title=First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2 December 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>


Design stage for INS ''Vishal'' (IAC-II) is being undertaken by the navy’s 'Naval Design Bureau'. The navy has decided not to seek outside help in preparing the design concept and implementation plans. The navy might later seek help from the Russian Design Bureau in order to integrate the Russian aircraft onto ''Vishal''. IAC-II will be a flat-top carrier with a displacement of 65,000 tons, 25,000 tons more than ''Vikrant'' and may be having a [[Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System|EMALS]] CATOBAR system, unlike the STOBAR system on IAC-I.<ref name=ibnl17j>{{cite news|title=India starts work on second indigenous aircraft carrier|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-starts-work-on-second-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/271741-3.html|accessdate=5 August 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=Jul 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name="bignewsnetwork.com">[http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/232477671 US expert: Washington should help India develop next-gen aircraft carriers] The Big News Network 02 May 2015</ref><ref name="thediplomat.com">[http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/us-india-collaboration-on-aircraft-carriers-a-good-idea/ US-India Collaboration on Aircraft Carriers: A Good Idea?] The Diplomat 23 April 2015</ref> Experts{{who|date=June 2015}} believe that a Naval variant of [[HAL Tejas|Tejas Mk II]], [[HAL AMCA]], [[DRDO AURA]], [[Airborne early warning|AEW]] Aircraft and [[Aerial Refueling|Mid-Air Refueling Tankers]] are likely to operate from the aircraft carrier. Decision regarding the carrier air battle group of INS Vishal still remains unclear because of the lack any official comment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article583809.ece|title=India plans a 65,000-tonne warship|accessdate=14 Aug 2012}}</ref> The navy evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the [[US Navy]] in their latest [[Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier]]s. [[General Atomics]], the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including [[unmanned combat air vehicle]]s (UCAV). The carrier is expected to enter service by 2023.<ref name=tniex6a12>{{cite news|title=India plans a 65,000-tonne warship|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article583809.ece|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=bsne31m13>{{cite news|title=Navy eyes high-tech options for future aircraft carriers|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/navy-eyes-high-tech-options-for-future-aircraft-carriers-113052900923_1.html|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=navaltechinses1>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navy-seeks-emals-system-second-vikrant-class-aircraft-carrier|publisher=Naval Technology|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> On 1 August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear propulsion]] was also being considered.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eye-on-future-India-mulls-options-for-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier/articleshow/21536515.cms Eye on future, India mulls options for nuclear-powered aircraft carrier] Times of India 1 August 2013</ref>
Design stage for INS ''Vishal'' (IAC-II) is being undertaken by the navy’s 'Naval Design Bureau'. The navy has decided not to seek outside help in preparing the design concept and implementation plans. The navy might later seek help from the Russian Design Bureau in order to integrate the Russian aircraft onto ''Vishal''. IAC-II will be a flat-top carrier with a displacement of 65,000 tons, 25,000 tons more than ''Vikrant'' and may be having a [[Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System|EMALS]] CATOBAR system, unlike the STOBAR system on IAC-I.<ref name=ibnl17j>{{cite news|title=India starts work on second indigenous aircraft carrier|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-starts-work-on-second-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/271741-3.html|accessdate=5 August 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=Jul 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name="bignewsnetwork.com">[http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/232477671 US expert: Washington should help India develop next-gen aircraft carriers] {{wayback|url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/232477671 |date=20150518075115 |df=y }} The Big News Network 02 May 2015</ref><ref name="thediplomat.com">[http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/us-india-collaboration-on-aircraft-carriers-a-good-idea/ US-India Collaboration on Aircraft Carriers: A Good Idea?] The Diplomat 23 April 2015</ref> Experts{{who|date=June 2015}} believe that a Naval variant of [[HAL Tejas|Tejas Mk II]], [[HAL AMCA]], [[DRDO AURA]], [[Airborne early warning|AEW]] Aircraft and [[Aerial Refueling|Mid-Air Refueling Tankers]] are likely to operate from the aircraft carrier. Decision regarding the carrier air battle group of INS Vishal still remains unclear because of the lack any official comment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article583809.ece|title=India plans a 65,000-tonne warship|accessdate=14 Aug 2012}}</ref> The navy evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the [[US Navy]] in their latest [[Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier]]s. [[General Atomics]], the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including [[unmanned combat air vehicle]]s (UCAV). The carrier is expected to enter service by 2023.<ref name=tniex6a12>{{cite news|title=India plans a 65,000-tonne warship|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article583809.ece|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=bsne31m13>{{cite news|title=Navy eyes high-tech options for future aircraft carriers|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/navy-eyes-high-tech-options-for-future-aircraft-carriers-113052900923_1.html|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=navaltechinses1>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navy-seeks-emals-system-second-vikrant-class-aircraft-carrier|publisher=Naval Technology|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> On 1 August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear propulsion]] was also being considered.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eye-on-future-India-mulls-options-for-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier/articleshow/21536515.cms Eye on future, India mulls options for nuclear-powered aircraft carrier] Times of India 1 August 2013</ref>


==Carrier air group==
==Carrier air group==
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The [[keel]] for ''Vikrant'' was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the [[Cochin Shipyard]] on 28 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085124 |title=India overhauls coastal security, Navy gets charge |publisher=NDTV.com |date=28 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20090226/120325539.html |title=India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday &#124; World &#124; RIA Novosti |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined together for the hull. By the time the [[keel]] was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tonnes had been completed.<ref name=Herald_Elite_club>{{cite news|title=India joins elite warships club|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar12009/scroll20090301121399.asp| accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2FContent%2FMar12009%2Fscroll20090301121399.asp&date=2012-07-15 |archivedate= 2012-07-15|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. It was planned that after about a year’s development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Outfitting would then be carried out after launch. As per the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS), sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013, with the ship to be commissioned in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29613&sectionid=4&issueid=93&Itemid=1 |title=Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=18 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indigenous-aircraft-carrier-s-nucleus-ready_1448720 |title=Indigenous Aircraft Carrier’s nucleus ready - India - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=7 October 2010 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>
The [[keel]] for ''Vikrant'' was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the [[Cochin Shipyard]] on 28 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085124 |title=India overhauls coastal security, Navy gets charge |publisher=NDTV.com |date=28 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20090226/120325539.html |title=India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday &#124; World &#124; RIA Novosti |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined together for the hull. By the time the [[keel]] was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tonnes had been completed.<ref name=Herald_Elite_club>{{cite news|title=India joins elite warships club|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar12009/scroll20090301121399.asp| accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2FContent%2FMar12009%2Fscroll20090301121399.asp&date=2012-07-15 |archivedate= 2012-07-15|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. It was planned that after about a year’s development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Outfitting would then be carried out after launch. As per the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS), sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013, with the ship to be commissioned in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29613&sectionid=4&issueid=93&Itemid=1 |title=Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=18 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indigenous-aircraft-carrier-s-nucleus-ready_1448720 |title=Indigenous Aircraft Carrier’s nucleus ready - India - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=7 October 2010 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref>


In March 2011, it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in delivery of the huge main gearboxes for the carrier. The supplier, Elecon Engineering, had to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts.<ref name=hindu-schedule>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1530996.ece|title=Indigenous aircraft carrier a year behind schedule|publisher=The Hindu|date=12 March 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment.<ref name=hindu-arihant>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2681534.ece|title=INS Arihant on track|publisher=The Hindu|date=3 December 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> In August 2011, the defence ministry reported to the [[Lok Sabha]] that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-launch-this-dec_723865.html|title=‘Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec’|work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-completed-by-dec-govt/773900.html First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec: Govt, IBN Live News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes.<ref name=bs-gears/> Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems.<ref name=DN449>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/449/india-floats-out-its-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-from-cochin.html|title=India Floats out Its First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 'INS Vikrant' From Cochin|work=defencenow.com}}</ref><ref name=hindu-float/>
In March 2011, it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in delivery of the huge main gearboxes for the carrier. The supplier, Elecon Engineering, had to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts.<ref name=hindu-schedule>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1530996.ece|title=Indigenous aircraft carrier a year behind schedule|publisher=The Hindu|date=12 March 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment.<ref name=hindu-arihant>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2681534.ece|title=INS Arihant on track|publisher=The Hindu|date=3 December 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011}}</ref> In August 2011, the defence ministry reported to the [[Lok Sabha]] that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-launch-this-dec_723865.html|title=‘Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec’|work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-completed-by-dec-govt/773900.html First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec: Govt, IBN Live News<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{wayback|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-completed-by-dec-govt/773900.html |date=20121107013318 |df=y }}</ref> On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes.<ref name=bs-gears/> Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems.<ref name=DN449>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/449/india-floats-out-its-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-from-cochin.html|title=India Floats out Its First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 'INS Vikrant' From Cochin|work=defencenow.com}}</ref><ref name=hindu-float/>


In July 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that construction of ''Vikrant'' has been delayed by 3 years, and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2017. Then again in November 2012, ''[[NDTV]]'' reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014.<ref name="Ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-aircraft-carrier-more-costly-already-delayed-294997|title=Indian aircraft carrier: More costly, already delayed|author=Sudhi Ranjan Sen|date=20 November 2012|work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Work has begun for next stage which includes installation of the integrated propulsion system. Italian defence company [[Avio]] is installing the integrated platform management system (IPMS).<ref>[http://www.trishul-trident.blogspot.com/blog/Updates From 12th Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA 2013) Between March 26 & 30]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/indian-carrier-sails-from-russia-for-final-sea-trials-48281/ |title=Indian Carrier Sails from Russia for Final Sea Trials |date=July 8, 2013}}</ref>
In July 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that construction of ''Vikrant'' has been delayed by 3 years, and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2017. Then again in November 2012, ''[[NDTV]]'' reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014.<ref name="Ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-aircraft-carrier-more-costly-already-delayed-294997|title=Indian aircraft carrier: More costly, already delayed|author=Sudhi Ranjan Sen|date=20 November 2012|work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Work has begun for next stage which includes installation of the integrated propulsion system. Italian defence company [[Avio]] is installing the integrated platform management system (IPMS).<ref>[http://www.trishul-trident.blogspot.com/blog/Updates From 12th Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA 2013) Between March 26 & 30]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/indian-carrier-sails-from-russia-for-final-sea-trials-48281/ |title=Indian Carrier Sails from Russia for Final Sea Trials |date=July 8, 2013}}</ref>


===''Vikrant's'' launch===
===''Vikrant's'' launch===
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/making-of-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/0/ Making of Indigenous Aircraft Carrier], ''Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000'', Vice Adm (Retd) [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|G M Hiranandani]]
* [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/making-of-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/0/ Making of Indigenous Aircraft Carrier], ''Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000'', Vice Adm (Retd) [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|G M Hiranandani]]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html ''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier Bharat Rakshak]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20120217185025/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com:80/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html ''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier Bharat Rakshak]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm History as Air Defense Ship on Global Security]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm History as Air Defense Ship on Global Security]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikrant-2.htm Global Security]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikrant-2.htm Global Security]

Revision as of 14:25, 21 July 2016

For the decommissioned Majestic-class aircraft carrier, see INS Vikrant (R11).
INS Vikrant under construction.
Class overview
NameVikrant-class aircraft carrier
BuildersCochin Shipyard Limited
Operators
Indian Navy Ensign
Indian Navy Ensign
Indian Navy
Preceded byINS Vikramaditya
In commissionExpected 2018 (INS Vikrant)[1]
Planned2[2][3][4]
Building1
General characteristics
TypeAircraft carrier
Displacement
  • INS Vikrant: 40,000 tonnes
  • INS Vishal: 65,000 tonnes[6]
Length262 metres (860 ft)
Beam60 metres (200 ft)
Draught8.4 metres (28 ft)
Depth25.6 metres (84 ft)
Decks2.5 acres (110,000 sq ft; 10,000 m2)
Propulsion
Speed28 kn (52 km/h)
Range8,000 nmi (15,000 km)[5]
Complement1,400 (incl air crew)
Sensors and
processing systems
Electronic warfare
& decoys		C/D band early air-warning radar[5]
Armament
Aircraft carried

The Vikrant class (Sanskrit: विक्रान्त) (formerly Project 71 Air Defence Ship (ADS) or Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)) is a class of two aircraft carriers being built for the Indian Navy. The two vessels are the largest warships and the first aircraft carriers to be designed and built in India. They are being built by Cochin Shipyard.

Preparations for building the lead vessel of the class, INS Vikrant, started in 2008, and the keel was laid in February 2009. The carrier was floated out of its dry dock on 29 December 2011,[9] and launched on 12 August 2013.[10] The scale and complexity of the project caused problems which delayed the commencement and timeline of construction for the carrier. Technical difficulties, the cost of refitting the Russian-built carrier INS Vikramaditya, and billions in cost overruns[11] have delayed plans for the first of the vessels to enter service, which is now scheduled for 2018.[10]

Background

A schematic representation of INS Vikrant

In 1989 India announced a plan to replace its ageing British-built aircraft carriers, Vikrant and Viraat, with two new 28,000 ton Air Defence Ships (ADS) that would operate the BAE Sea Harrier aircraft. The first vessel was to replace Vikrant, which was set to decommission in early 1997. Construction of the ADS was to start at the Cochin Shipyard (CSL) in 1993 after the Indian Naval Design Organisation had translated this design study into a production model. Following the 1991 economic crisis, the plans for construction of the vessels were put on hold indefinitely.

In 1999, then Defence Minister George Fernandes revived the project and sanctioned the construction of the Project 71 ADS.[12] By that time, given the ageing Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, CSL released a graphic illustration showing the 32,000-ton STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced ski jump.[13] The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500 ton carrier to operate the MiG-29K. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance.[14]

In August 2006, then Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Arun Prakash stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carriers from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. The length of the ship also increased from 252 metres (827 ft) to over 260 metres (850 ft).[15]

Design and description

INS Vikrant

Main article: INS Vikrant (2013)

The first ship of the class, Vikrant, displaces about 40,000 metric tons (39,000 long tons), is 262 metres (860 ft) long and has a tailored air group of up to thirty aircraft. The IAC-I features a STOBAR[16] (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) configuration with a ski-jump. The deck is designed to enable aircraft such as the MiG-29K to operate from the carrier. It will deploy up to 30 fixed-wing aircraft,[17] primarily the Mikoyan MiG-29K and the naval variant of the HAL Tejas Mark 2, besides carrying 10 Kamov Ka-31 or Westland Sea King helicopters. The Ka-31 will fulfill the airborne early warning (AEW) role and the Sea King will provide anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability.[18][19]

INS Vikrant during its launch in August 2013

The carrier is powered by four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines on two shafts, generating over 80MW of power. The gearboxes for the carriers were designed and supplied by Elecon Engineering.[9][20] [21]

INS Vishal

Main article: INS Vishal

In April 2011, Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma stated that construction of the second carrier was some years away as there were a number of higher spending priorities for the navy.[22] The Initial design of the second carrier featured significant changes from Vikrant, including; increase in displacement to over 65,000 tons, a Steam-powered CATOBAR system to launch larger fighters, AEW (airborne early-warning) aircraft and mid-air refueling tankers.[23]

Design stage for INS Vishal (IAC-II) is being undertaken by the navy’s 'Naval Design Bureau'. The navy has decided not to seek outside help in preparing the design concept and implementation plans. The navy might later seek help from the Russian Design Bureau in order to integrate the Russian aircraft onto Vishal. IAC-II will be a flat-top carrier with a displacement of 65,000 tons, 25,000 tons more than Vikrant and may be having a EMALS CATOBAR system, unlike the STOBAR system on IAC-I.[24][25][26] Experts[who?] believe that a Naval variant of Tejas Mk II, HAL AMCA, DRDO AURA, AEW Aircraft and Mid-Air Refueling Tankers are likely to operate from the aircraft carrier. Decision regarding the carrier air battle group of INS Vishal still remains unclear because of the lack any official comment.[27] The navy evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system.[citation needed] The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The carrier is expected to enter service by 2023.[28][29][30] On 1 August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered.[31]

Carrier air group

Naval variant of Tejas taking-off during test-flight from a shore-based ski-jump facility at INS Hansa, Goa

India considered a number of aircraft for operation from its INS Vikramaditya and the planned indigenous aircraft carrier. India evaluated the Russian Sukhoi Su-33, but chose the lighter Mikoyan MiG-29K as Vikramaditya was smaller and lacked an aircraft catapult.[32] On 18 January 2010, it was reported that India and Russia were close to signing a deal for 29 MiG-29K fighters to operate from IAC-I.[33] In addition, the navy signed a deal for six naval-variants of the HAL Tejas.[34] In June 2012, Flight Global reported that the Indian Navy was considering the use of Rafale M (Naval variant) on these carriers.[35]Hindustan Aeronautics have indicated that a Carrier based version of the HAL AMCA will be included in INS Vishal.[36]DRDO AURA might also be developed to meet the Navy's need.

The Navy has indicated it prefers the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) on its second carrier Vishal.[37] INS Vishal may feature EMALS for operating larger fighter aircraft and UCAVs, and carry heavier airborne early-warning (AEW) system and aerial refuelers.[38]

Construction

INS Vikrant during its undocking in June 2015

Amongst the first construction problems experienced was the lack of supply of carrier-grade steel due to the inability of Russia to supply the AB/A grade steel. Finally, the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) worked with the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) to create suitable production facilities for the steel in India.[9][18] The SAIL Steel Plants of the Steel at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur and Bokaro manufactured 26,000 tonnes of three special steels being used for the hull, flight deck and floor compartments of the carrier.[39]

The keel for Vikrant was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the Cochin Shipyard on 28 February 2009.[40][41] The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined together for the hull. By the time the keel was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tonnes had been completed.[42] The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. It was planned that after about a year’s development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Outfitting would then be carried out after launch. As per the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013, with the ship to be commissioned in 2014.[43][44]

In March 2011, it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in delivery of the huge main gearboxes for the carrier. The supplier, Elecon Engineering, had to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts.[45] Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment.[46] In August 2011, the defence ministry reported to the Lok Sabha that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning.[47][48] On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes.[20] Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems.[5][9]

In July 2012, The Times of India reported that construction of Vikrant has been delayed by 3 years, and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2017. Then again in November 2012, NDTV reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014.[49] Work has begun for next stage which includes installation of the integrated propulsion system. Italian defence company Avio is installing the integrated platform management system (IPMS).[50][51]

Vikrant's launch

In July 2013, Defence Minister A K Antony announced that Vikrant would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard. After its launch, Vikrant would be re-docked for completion of rest of the work including the flight deck. According to Vice Admiral Robin Dhowan, about 83% of the fabrication work and 75% of the construction work has been completed. He said that 90% of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India, about 50% of the propulsion system, and about 30% of the fighting capability of the carrier was Indian. He also said that the ship will be equipped with a long range missile system with multi-function radar and a close-in weapon system (CIWS). The ship was launched by Elizabeth Antony, wife of Defence Minister A K Antony on 12 August 2013. Extensive sea trials are expected to begin in 2016 and the ship will be inducted into the navy by late 2018.[10][52][53]

Ships of the class

Name Pennant Tonnage Laid down Launched Sea trials Commissioning Details
Vikrant tbd 40,000 28 February 2009 12 August 2013[54] 2016 2018[55] Under Construction, Conventional-powered STOBAR fleet carrier
Vishal tbd 65,000 tbd tbd tbd 2025[56]

Design Phase, possibly Nuclear-powered, EMALS CATOBAR carrier[25][26][57]

See also

References

  1. ^ "'Vikrant'- Navy's First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier Launched : Press Release". Indian Navy. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  2. ^ "'India speeds up the design of second domestic aircraft carrier".
  3. ^ "Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier".
  4. ^ "India eyes US aircraft carrier technology as arms ties deepen".
  5. ^ a b c "India Floats out Its First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 'INS Vikrant' From Cochin". defencenow.com.
  6. ^ Rajat Pandit (6 July 2010). "Navy crosses fingers on LCA rollout". Times of India.
  7. ^ "Indians Discuss Future Carrier Plans". Aviation International News.
  8. ^ "List of Aircraft Carriers Under Construction: 2013". World Defense Review. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d "Navy floats out first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier". The Hindu. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  10. ^ a b c India launches first indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant Times of India 12 August 2013
  11. ^ "Should India Be Building Another Carrier?". Defense News.
  12. ^ "Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project-71)". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ John Pike. "Air Defense Ship". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  14. ^ "India's Future Aircraft Carrier Force and the Need for Strategic Flexibility". idsa.in.
  15. ^ "Antony lays keel of first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  16. ^ "Comparison of Chinese Aircraft Carrier Liaoning and Indian INS Vikrant". The World Reporter. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Force Projection and Modernization of Indian Navy". SP's Naval Forces. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Keel-laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December". Hindu.com. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  19. ^ Rakesh Krishnan Simha (5 December 2012). "Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future". Russia & India Report. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  20. ^ a b "Elecon to supply gears for India's first aircraft carrier". Business Standard. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  21. ^ "Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future". IndRus. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  22. ^ "Second indigenous carrier a long way off: Navy Chief". The Hindu. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  23. ^ Sandeep Unnithan (2 December 2009). "First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  24. ^ "India starts work on second indigenous aircraft carrier". IBN Live. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  25. ^ a b US expert: Washington should help India develop next-gen aircraft carriers Template:Wayback The Big News Network 02 May 2015
  26. ^ a b US-India Collaboration on Aircraft Carriers: A Good Idea? The Diplomat 23 April 2015
  27. ^ "India plans a 65,000-tonne warship". Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  28. ^ "India plans a 65,000-tonne warship". The New Indian Express. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  29. ^ "Navy eyes high-tech options for future aircraft carriers". Business Standard. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  30. ^ "Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier". Naval Technology. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  31. ^ Eye on future, India mulls options for nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Times of India 1 August 2013
  32. ^ "MiG-29 Shuts Down The Su-33". 13 October 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  33. ^ Pandit, Rajat (18 January 2010). "India, Russia to ink $1.2 bn deal for 29 more MiG-29Ks". The Times Of India.
  34. ^ Sandeep Unnithan (2 December 2009). "First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief: LATEST HEADLINES: India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  35. ^ "IAC enters trial as navy eyes Rafale". Flight magazine. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  36. ^ HAL AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) 5th Generation Fighter Concept (2025) Military Factory 26 February 2015
  37. ^ "Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier". Naval Technology. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  38. ^ "US defence secretary to visit India in May to push aircraft carrier technologies". The Times of India. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  39. ^ "INS Vikrant's first victory: being built from Indian steel". Business Standard. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  40. ^ "India overhauls coastal security, Navy gets charge". NDTV.com. 28 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  41. ^ "India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday | World | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  42. ^ "India joins elite warships club". Deccan Herald. 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  43. ^ Sandeep Unnithan (18 February 2009). "Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  44. ^ "Indigenous Aircraft Carrier's nucleus ready - India - DNA". Dnaindia.com. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
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  46. ^ "INS Arihant on track". The Hindu. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  47. ^ "'Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec'". Zee News.
  48. ^ First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec: Govt, IBN Live News Template:Wayback
  49. ^ Sudhi Ranjan Sen (20 November 2012). "Indian aircraft carrier: More costly, already delayed". NDTV.com.
  50. ^ From 12th Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA 2013) Between March 26 & 30[permanent dead link]
  51. ^ "Indian Carrier Sails from Russia for Final Sea Trials". 8 July 2013.
  52. ^ INS Vikrant, first Indian-made aircraft carrier, enters water next week NDTV 11 August 2013
  53. ^ "Handover of aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya to take place on November 16". 14 November 2013.
  54. ^ "Indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched in August: AK Antony". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  55. ^ "INS Vikrant set to undock next month".
  56. ^ Sharma, Ritu. "India plans a 65,000-tonne warship". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  57. ^ "Eye on future, India mulls options for nuclear-powered aircraft carrier". The Times of India. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

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