Jump to content

Ethereum: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 791374937 by 210.211.122.239 (talk) vandalism
LarsPensjo (talk | contribs)
203 edits
Undid revision 791305397 by Bobbtheman (talk) Restore section "Clients and wallets", as per explanation in talk page.
Line 148: Line 148:


== Ecosystem ==
== Ecosystem ==
The projects listed in this section are not exhaustive and may be outdated
The projects listed in this section are not exhaustive and may be outdated.

=== Clients and wallets ===
* Geth — Client implementation in Go.<ref name=AADCBTclients/>
* Jaxx — Web wallet.<ref name="BTCNJAXX">{{cite web|url=https://news.bitcoin.com/jaxx-the-new-fleet-of-bitcoin-ethereum-wallets/|last=Redman|first=Jamie|date=13 February 2016|title=Jaxx: The New Fleet of Bitcoin & Ethereum Wallets|publisher=Saint Bitts LLC}}</ref>
* KeepKey — Hardware wallet.<ref name="ETHNkeepkey">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnews.com/keepkey-hard-wallet-supports-ethereum|last=Silva|first=Los|date=23 November 2016|title=KeepKey Hard Wallet Supports Ethereum|publisher=ETHNews}}</ref>
* Ledger Nano S — Hardware wallet.<ref name="CDledger">{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ledger-blue-hardware-wallet-blockchain-smart-contracts/|last=Faife|first=Corin|date=26 November 2016|title=Ledger Launches Hardware Wallet for the Smart Contract Era|publisher=CoinDesk}}</ref>
* Mist — Desktop wallet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themerkle.com/a-review-of-the-bests-ethereum-wallets/|title=A Review of The Best Ethereum Wallets|publisher=}}</ref>
* Parity — Client implementation in Rust.<ref name=AADCBTclients/>


=== Decentralized applications ===
=== Decentralized applications ===

Revision as of 21:56, 21 July 2017

Ethereum
Initial release30 July 2015
Repository
Written inC++, Go, Rust
Operating systemClients available for Linux, Windows, macOS, POSIX, Raspbian
Platformx86, ARM
TypeDecentralized computing
LicenseGPLv3, LGPLv3[1]
Websitewww.ethereum.org

Ethereum is an open-source, public, blockchain-based distributed computing platform featuring smart contract (scripting) functionality, which facilitates online contractual agreements.[2] It provides a decentralized Turing-complete virtual machine, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which can execute scripts using an international network of public nodes. Ethereum also provides a cryptocurrency token called "ether", which can be transferred between accounts and used to compensate participant nodes for computations performed. "Gas", an internal transaction pricing mechanism, is used to mitigate spam and allocate resources on the network.[2][3]

Ethereum was proposed in late 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, a cryptocurrency researcher and programmer. Development was funded by an online crowdsale during July–August 2014.[4] The system went live on 30 July 2015, with 11.9 million coins "premined" for the crowdsale.[5] This accounts for approximately 13 percent of the total circulating supply.[when?]

In 2016 Ethereum was forked into two blockchains, as a result of the collapse of The DAO project. The majority fork has retained the name Ethereum (the subject of this article), and the second fork named Ethereum Classic.[6][7][8]

History

Origin

Ethereum was initially described in a white paper by Vitalik Buterin,[9] a programmer involved with Bitcoin, in late 2013 with a goal of building decentralized applications.[10][11] Buterin had argued that Bitcoin needed a scripting language for application development. Failing to gain agreement, he proposed development of a new platform with a more general scripting language.[12]: 88 

The original four members of the Ethereum team were Vitalik Buterin, Mihai Alisie, Anthony Di Iorio, and Charles Hoskinson.[13] Formal development of the Ethereum software project began in early 2014 through a Swiss company, Ethereum Switzerland GmbH (EthSuisse).[14][15] Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the Ethereum Foundation (Stiftung Ethereum) was set up as well. Development was funded by an online public crowdsale during July–August 2014, with the participants buying the Ethereum value token (ether) with another digital currency, bitcoin.[4] While there was early praise for the technical innovations of Ethereum, questions were also raised about its security and scalability.[10]

Milestones

Several prototypes of the Ethereum platform were developed by the Foundation, as part of their Proof-of-Concept series, prior to the official launch of the Frontier network. The last of these prototypes culminated in a public beta pre-release known as "Olympic".[16][17] The Olympic network provided users with a bug bounty of 25,000 ether for stress testing the limits of the Ethereum blockchain.

After Olympic, the Foundation announced the beginning of the Frontier network to mark the tentative experimental release of the Ethereum platform in July of 2015.[18][19] Since the initial launch, Ethereum has undergone several planned protocol upgrades called milestones, which are important changes affecting the underlying functionality and/or incentive structures of the platform.[20][21]

The current milestone is named "Homestead" and is considered stable.[22][23] It includes improvements to transaction processing, gas pricing, and security.[24][22][25] There are at least two other protocol upgrades planned in the future, i.e. Metropolis and Serenity. Metropolis is intended to reduce the complexity of the EVM and provide more flexibility for smart contract developers.[21] The move to Serenity is still uncertain, but should include a fundamental change to Ethereum's consensus algorithm to enable a basic transition from hardware mining (proof-of-work) to virtual mining (proof-of-stake).[21][26] Improvements to scalability, specifically sharding, are also said to be a key objective on the development roadmap.[27][28]

Version Code name Release date
Old version, no longer maintained: 0 Olympic May, 2015[29]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1 Frontier 30 July 2015[29]
Current stable version: 2 Homestead 14 March 2016[29]
Future release: 3 Metropolis TBA[29]
Future release: 4 Serenity TBA[29]
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

The DAO hard fork

In 2016 a decentralized autonomous organization called The DAO, a set of smart contracts developed on the platform, raised a record US$150 million in a crowdsale to fund the project.[30] The DAO was exploited in June when US$50 million in ether were claimed by an anonymous entity.[31][32] The event sparked a debate in the crypto-community about whether Ethereum should perform a contentious "hard fork" to reappropriate the stolen funds.[33] As a result of the dispute, the network split in two, Ethereum (the subject of this article) and Ethereum Classic. The hard fork created a rivalry between the two networks.[34]

After the initial hard fork, Ethereum subsequently forked two times in the fourth quarter of 2016 to deal with other attacks.[35] By the end of November 2016, Ethereum had increased its DDoS protection, de-bloated the blockchain, and thwarted further spam attacks by hackers.[25]

Architecture

Ether

Ether
Unit
SymbolΞ or ETH‎
Demographics
User(s)Worldwide
Issuance
Currency typeCryptocurrency

The value token of the Ethereum blockchain is called ether. It is listed under the code ETH and traded on cryptocurrency exchanges. It is also used to pay for transaction fees and computational services on the Ethereum network.[36]

Tokens can be volatile per circumstances, such as ether's plunge from $21.50 to $8 when The DAO was hacked on 17 June 2016.[32] As of June 2017, the value of ether had risen to more than $400, a 5,000% rise since the beginning of the year.[37] Volatility continued, however, including a "flash crash" triggered by a large sell order on one exchange which briefly dropped the price to $0.10, after which it recovered to more than $300.[38]

Ethereum Virtual Machine

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)[39][40] is the runtime environment for smart contracts in Ethereum. The formal definition of the EVM is specified in the Ethereum Yellow Paper by Gavin Wood.[41][42] It is sandboxed and also completely isolated from the network, filesystem or other processes of the host computer system. Every Ethereum node in the network runs an EVM implementation and executes the same instructions. Ethereum Virtual Machines have been implemented in C++, Go, Haskell, Java, Python, Ruby, Rust, and WebAssembly (currently under development).[43][44][45]

Smart contracts

Main article: Smart contract

Smart contracts are deterministic exchange mechanisms controlled by digital means that can carry out the direct transaction of value between untrusted agents.[46] They can be used to facilitate, verify, and enforce the negotiation or performance of economically-laden procedural instructions and potentially circumvent censorship, collusion, and counter-party risk. In Ethereum, smart contracts are treated as autonomous scripts or stateful decentralized applications that are stored in the Ethereum blockchain for later execution by the EVM. Instructions embedded in Ethereum contracts are paid for in ether (or more technically "gas") and can be implemented in a variety of Turing complete scripting languages.[2][47]

Contracts on the public blockchain

As the contracts can be public, it opens up the possibility to prove functionality, e.g. self-contained provably fair casinos.[48]

One issue related to using smart contracts on a public blockchain is that bugs, including security holes, are visible to all but cannot be fixed quickly.[49] One example of this is the 17 June 2016 attack on The DAO, which could not be quickly stopped or reversed.[31]

There is ongoing research on how to use formal verification to express and prove non-trivial properties. A Microsoft Research report noted that writing solid smart contracts can be extremely difficult in practice, using The DAO hack to illustrate this problem. The report discussed tools that Microsoft had developed for verifying contracts, and noted that a large-scale analysis of published contracts is likely to uncover widespread vulnerabilities. The report also stated that it is possible to verify the equivalence of a Solidity program and the EVM code.[50]

Programming languages

Main article: Solidity

Smart contracts are high-level programming abstractions that are compiled down to EVM bytecode and deployed to the Ethereum blockchain for execution. They can be written in Solidity (a language library with similarities to C and JavaScript), Serpent (similar to Python), LLL (a low-level Lisp-like language), and Mutan (Go-based, but deprecated).[51] There is also a research-oriented language under development called Viper (a strongly-typed Python-derived decidable language).[52]

Performance

In Ethereum all smart contracts are stored publicly on every node of the blockchain, which has trade-offs.[53] The downside is that performance issues arise in that every node is calculating all the smart contracts in real time, resulting in lower speeds.[53] Ethereum engineers have been working on sharding the calculations, but no solution had been detailed by early 2016.[53] As of January 2016, the Ethereum protocol could process 25 transactions per second.[53] In September 2016, Buterin presented proposals to increase scalability.[28]

Ether supply increase rate

The supply of Ether was projected to increase by 14.75% in 2017, gradually declining to 1.59% by 2065.[54][unreliable source?] However, a new implementation of Ethereum named "Casper" based on proof of stake rather than proof of work is expected to reduce the inflation rate to between 0.5% to 2%.[55][56]

Proposed uses

Many uses have been proposed for Ethereum platform, including ones that are impossible or unfeasible.[57][58][36] Use cases proposals have included finance, the internet-of-things, farm-to-table produce, electricity sourcing and pricing, and sports betting.[36][59]

These uses include:

Ecosystem

The projects listed in this section are not exhaustive and may be outdated.

Clients and wallets

  • Geth — Client implementation in Go.[43]
  • Jaxx — Web wallet.[62]
  • KeepKey — Hardware wallet.[63]
  • Ledger Nano S — Hardware wallet.[64]
  • Mist — Desktop wallet.[65]
  • Parity — Client implementation in Rust.[43]

Decentralized applications

Enterprise software

Ethereum is being tested by enterprise software companies for various applications. Interested parties include Microsoft, IBM, JPMorgan Chase,[36][85] Deloitte,[86] R3,[87] Innovate UK (cross-border payments prototype).[88][89]

Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA)

In March 2017, various blockchain start-ups, research groups, and Fortune 500 companies announced the creation of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA)[90] — a nonprofit organization with over 116 enterprise members — including ConsenSys, Cornell University's research group, Toyota Research Institute, Samsung SDS, Microsoft, Intel, J.P. Morgan, Merck KGaA, DTCC, Deloitte, Accenture, Banco Santander, BNY Mellon, ING, and National Bank of Canada.[91][92][93] The purpose of the EEA is to coordinate the engineering of an open-source standard and private "permissioned" version of the Ethereum blockchain that can address the common interests of enterprises in banking, management, consulting, automotive, pharmaceutical, health, technology, mobile, entertainment, and other industries, while working with developers from the Ethereum ecosystem. Certain members of the alliance have also indicated a desire to investigate and collaborate on hybrid architectures to potentially anchor private blockchains to the public Ethereum blockchain in the future, although concerns remain over the security, compliance, and regulations involved in bridging such permissioned and "permissionless" blockchains.[90][94][93]

Permissioned ledgers

Ethereum is used and being investigated as a permissioned blockchain in various projects.

  • J.P. Morgan Chase is developing a blockchain, atop Ethereum. The system, dubbed "Quorum," is designed to toe the line between private and public in the realm of shuffling derivatives and payments. The idea is to satisfy regulators who need seamless access to financial goings-on, while protecting the privacy of parties that don’t wish to reveal their identities nor the details of their transactions to the general public.[95]
  • Royal Bank of Scotland has announced that it has built a Clearing and Settlement Mechanism (CSM) based on the Ethereum distributed ledger and smart contract platform.[96][97]

Criticism

The main Ethereum public blockchain and the "ether" cryptocurrency have been criticized[by whom?] for enabling ponzi schemes.[98]

References

  1. ^ "Ethereum Go GitHub repository".
  2. ^ a b c Understanding Ethereum (Report). CoinDesk. 24 June 2016.
  3. ^ ConsenSys (23 June 2016). "Ethereum, Gas, Fuel, & Fees". ConsenSys Media. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Aitken, Roger (23 April 2016). "Digital Gold 'Done Right' With DigixDAO Crypto-Trading On OpenLedger". Forbes. Retrieved 28 April 2016. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ etherchain.org. "Accounts - etherchain.org - The ethereum blockchain explorer". www.etherchain.org. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  6. ^ De Jesus, Cecille (19 July 2016). "The DAO Heist Undone: 97% of ETH Holders Vote for the Hard Fork". Futurism, LLC. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  7. ^ Quentson, Andrew (17 July 2016). "Miners Vote Overwhelmingly in Support of Ethereum's Hardfork". Cryptocoinnews. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  8. ^ Bradley, Miles (17 November 2016). "CoinDesk Research: Ethereum Hard Fork Had Little Impact on Sentiment". Coindesk. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  9. ^ "White Paper · ethereum/wiki Wiki · GitHub".
  10. ^ a b Finley, Klint (27 January 2014). "Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web Into One Giant Bitcoin Network". Wired. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  11. ^ Schneider, Nathan (7 April 2014). "Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  12. ^ Tapscott, Don; Tapscott, Alex (7 May 2016). The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Portfolio. ISBN 978-0670069972. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ "Ethereum: Now Going Public".
  14. ^ Schmid, Valentin (10 May 2014). "The Entrepreneur: Joe Lubin, COO of Ethereum". Epoch Times. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  15. ^ "Company Overview of Ethereum Switzerland GmbH". Bloomberg. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016. The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Baar, Switzerland. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Buterin, Vitalik (9 May 2015). "Olympic: Frontier Pre-Release". Ethereum Foundation. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  17. ^ Lombardo, Hans (17 May 2015). "Ethereum Debuts "eπ" Ethereum-on-Raspberry Pi as Olympic Whirs before Frontier Release". Allcoinsnews. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  18. ^ Gupta, Vinay (12 March 2015). "Getting to the Frontier". Ethereum Foundation. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  19. ^ Vigna, Paul (31 July 2015). "BitBeat: Ethereum Opens Its 'Frontier' for Business". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  20. ^ Gupta, Vinay (3 March 2015). "The Ethereum Launch Process". Ethereum Foundation. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Silva, Los (25 February 2017). "Ethereum's Road Map for 2017". ETHNews. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  22. ^ a b "Ethereum Homestead Documentation: The Homestead Release". Ethereum Foundation. n.d. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  23. ^ Donnelly, Jacob (14 March 2016). "Ethereum Blockchain Project Launches First Production Release". CoindDesk. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  24. ^ Wilcke, Jeffrey (29 February 2016). "Homestead Release". Ethereum Foundation. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  25. ^ a b Hertig, Alyssa (22 November 2016). "Ethereum's Fourth Blockchain Fork: So Far, So Good". CoinDesk. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  26. ^ Hertig, Alyssa (18 January 2017). "Where's Casper? Inside Ethereum's Race to Reinvent its Blockchain". CoinDesk. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  27. ^ Hertig, Alyssa (n.d.). "How Will Ethereum Scale?". CoinDesk. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  28. ^ a b Rizzo, Pete (19 September 2016). "Ethereum's Creator Proves Blockchain Scaling Vision is No Joke". CoinDesk. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  29. ^ a b c d e Asharaf, S.; Adarsh, S. (2017). Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 54–55. ISBN 9781522521938.
  30. ^ a b Vigna, Paul (16 May 2016). "Chiefless Company Rakes In More than $100 Million". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  31. ^ a b Popper, Nathaniel (18 June 2016). "Hacker May Have Taken $50 Million From Cybercurrency Project". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  32. ^ a b Price, Rob (17 June 2016). "Digital Currency Ethereum is Cratering Amid Claims of a $50 Million Hack". Business Insider. Business Insider. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  33. ^ Peck, Morgan (19 July 2016). ""Hard Fork" Coming to Restore Ethereum Funds to Investors of Hacked DAO". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. IEEE. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  34. ^ Hertig, Alyssa (28 July 2016). "Ethereum's Two Ethereums Explained". CoinDesk. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  35. ^ Redman, Jamie (14 October 2016). "Ethereum to Hard Fork Two More Times Following Recent Attacks". Bitcoin.com. Bitcoin.com. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  36. ^ a b c d Popper, Nathaniel (27 March 2016). "Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin's". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  37. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (12 June 2017). "Ethereum hits another record high after bitcoin and is now up over 5,000% since the start of the year". CNBC. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  38. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (22 June 2017). "Ethereum briefly crashed from $319 to 10 cents in seconds on one exchange after 'multimillion dollar' trade". CNBC. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  39. ^ "What is Ethereum? — Ethereum Homestead 0.1 documentation". ethdocs.org.
  40. ^ Dannen, Chris (2017). "The EVM". Introducing Ethereum and Solidity: Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners. Apress. pp. 47–67. ISBN 9781484225356.
  41. ^ Ethereum Yellow Paper by Gavin Wood
  42. ^ Triantafyllidis, Nikolaos Petros (19 February 2016). "The Ethereum Project: Ethereum History". Developing an Ethereum Blockchain Application (Report). University of Amsterdam. p. 20.
  43. ^ a b c Asharaf, S.; Adarsh, S. (2017). "Appendix 1: Ethereum Clients". Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. p. 98. ISBN 9781522521938.
  44. ^ Dannen, Chris (27 March 2017). "Ethereum Devs Publish Roadmap for EVM Upgrade". CryptoNews.
  45. ^ "Ethereum Client Implementations - EntEthAlliance - Confluence". entethalliance.atlassian.net.
  46. ^ Szabo, Nick (1997). "The Idea of Smart Contracts".
  47. ^ Asharaf, S.; Adarsh, S. (2017). "Bridging the Blockchain Knowledge Gap". Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 1–20. ISBN 9781522521938.
  48. ^ Piasecki, Piotr J. (2016). "Gaming Self-Contained Provably Fair Smart Contract Casinos". Ledger. 1: 99–110. doi:10.5195/ledger.2016.29.
  49. ^ Peck, M. (28 May 2016). "Ethereum's $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  50. ^ "Short Paper: Formal Verification of Smart Contracts" (PDF). microsoft.com/. Microsoft. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  51. ^ Asharaf, S.; Adarsh, S. (2017). Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies and Smart Contracts: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9781522521938.
  52. ^ Rivlin, Brianne (14 November 2016). "Geth, Viper, and Wafr: New Ethereum Developments". ETHNews. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  53. ^ a b c d Allison, Ian (25 January 2016). "How are banks actually going to use blockchains and smart contracts?". International Business Times. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  54. ^ "Spreadsheet of Ether inflation rate". Presale. Google Docs. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  55. ^ Hertig, Alyssa (18 January 2017). "Where's Casper? Inside Ethereum's Race to Reinvent its Blockchain". CoinDesk. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  56. ^ Buterin, Vitalik (27 June 2017). "Once Casper comes out, ~0.5-2% annual seems feasible. Once we add partial tx fee burning and if fees go up, may go to 0 or lower". Twitter. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  57. ^ Greenspan, Gideon (17 April 2016). "Why Many Smart Contract Use Cases Are Simply Impossible - CoinDesk". CoinDesk.
  58. ^ "This Is Your Company on Blockchain". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  59. ^ Bordet, Julián (21 March 2016). "Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Ethereum Sparks Up Googles of Tomorrow". The Cointelegraph. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  60. ^ EconoTimes. "ConsenSys uPort wins International Blockchain Summit - EconoTimes". EconoTimes. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  61. ^ Allison, Ian (23 September 2016). "ConsenSys uPort scoops first prize in International Blockchain Summit Demo Day". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  62. ^ Redman, Jamie (13 February 2016). "Jaxx: The New Fleet of Bitcoin & Ethereum Wallets". Saint Bitts LLC.
  63. ^ Silva, Los (23 November 2016). "KeepKey Hard Wallet Supports Ethereum". ETHNews.
  64. ^ Faife, Corin (26 November 2016). "Ledger Launches Hardware Wallet for the Smart Contract Era". CoinDesk.
  65. ^ "A Review of The Best Ethereum Wallets".
  66. ^ "Luxembourg Stock Exchange introduces blockchain into reporting service". 18 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  67. ^ Young, Joseph. "Chronicled Introduces New Ethereum-Powered IoT Open Registry". Nasdaq.
  68. ^ "Ethcore Announces Pre-release Of Its Blockchain Technology Suite 'Parity'". EconoTimes. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  69. ^ Allison, Ian. "Ethereum-based Slock.it reveals first ever lock opened with money". International Business Times UK.
  70. ^ Allison, Ian (12 September 2016). "Decentralized Capital issuing fiat-backed digital assets on the Ethereum blockchain". International Business Times.
  71. ^ "Santander Confirms Fiat-backed Token Project on Ethereum Blockchain". CoinTelegraph. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  72. ^ Buntinx, JP (28 April 2016). "DigixDAO DGD Assets To Be Listed on OpenLedger". The Merkle. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  73. ^ Allison, Ian (4 October 2015). "Imogen Heap shows how smart music contracts work using Ethereum". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  74. ^ "Ethereum Prediction Market Service Takes First Steps With Beta Launch - CoinDesk". CoinDesk. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  75. ^ "ICO Roundup 2017 by Cointelegraph: Cashing In On Blockchain Apps' Mainstream Year". CoinTelegraph. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  76. ^ Rennie, Ellie (12 May 2016). "The radical DAO experiment". Swinburne News. Swinburne University of Technology. Retrieved 12 May 2016. When it reaches the end of the funding phase on 28 May, it will begin contracting blockchain-based start-ups to create innovative technologies. The extraordinary thing about The DAO is that no single entity owns it, and it has no conventional management structure or board of directors.
  77. ^ Allison, Ian (30 April 2016). "Ethereum reinvents companies with launch of The DAO". International Business Times. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  78. ^ Weinglass, Simona (19 August 2015). "Backfeed wants to decentralize the Internet and help you earn what you deserve". Geektime.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  79. ^ CFA, Adam Hayes, (3 February 2017). "This New Social Network is Powered by Ethereum Technology". Investopedia. Retrieved 6 February 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ Allison, Ian (22 December 2015). "Game-changers FreeMyVunk and Digix allow video gamers to trade virtual assets for physical gold". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  81. ^ "Decentralized Options Exchange Etheropt Uses Automated Ethereum Smart Contract".
  82. ^ Rutkin, Aviva (2 March 2016). "Blockchain-based microgrid gives power to consumers in New York". New Scientist. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  83. ^ Mizrahi, Avi (1 December 2016). "Everex Helps Migrant Workers Send Remittance Back to Myanmar via Ethereum". Finance Magnates. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  84. ^ Higgins, Stan. "Why a German Power Company is Using Ethereum to Test Blockchain Car Charging". CoinDesk. Retrieved 2 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  85. ^ "Hyperledger blockchain code almost comes together for IoT". Rethink Research. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  86. ^ Allison, Ian (3 May 2016). "Deloitte to build Ethereum-based 'digital bank' with New York City's ConsenSys". International Business Times.
  87. ^ Allison, Ian (20 January 2016). "R3 connects 11 banks to distributed ledger using Ethereum and Microsoft Azure". International Business Times. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  88. ^ "UK Government Awards £248k for Ethereum Prototype". CoinDesk.
  89. ^ "Settlement using blockchain to Automate Foreign Exchange in a Regulated environment (SAFER)". Innovate UK.
  90. ^ a b Popper, Nathaniel (27 February 2017). "Business Giants to Announce Creation of a Computing System Based on Ethereum". New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  91. ^ Peck, Morgan (2 March 2017). "Corporate Titans Unite to Build an Enterprise Version of the Ethereum Blockchain". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  92. ^ "Enterprise Ethereum Alliance expands dramatically announcing 86 new members" (PDF) (Press release). Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA). 19 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  93. ^ a b Shin, Laura (22 May 2017). "Ethereum Enterprise Alliance Adds 86 New Members Including DTCC, State Street And Infosys". Forbes. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  94. ^ "Newly formed enterprise collaboration drives Ethereum blockchain technology best practices focusing on security, privacy, scalability, and interoperability" (Press release). Market Wire. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  95. ^ Hacket, Robert. "Why J.P. Morgan Chase Is Building a Blockchain on Ethereum". Fortune.
  96. ^ "Proving Ethereum for the Clearing Use Case" (PDF).
  97. ^ Allison, Ian (7 December 2016). "Blockchain: RBS builds Ethereum-based distributed clearing house". IB Times. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  98. ^ Kaminska, Izabella (1 June 2017). "It's not a ponzi, it's a smart ponzi". Financial Times - Alphaville.

Media related to Ethereum at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethereum&oldid=791692898"