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A vape shop^{[notes 1]} is a retail outlet specializing in the selling of electronic cigarette products.^[26] There are also online vape shops.^[27] A vape shop offers a range of e-cigarette products.^[28] The majority of vape shops do not sell e-cigarette products that are from "Big Tobacco" companies.^[29] In 2013, online search engine searches on vape shops surpassed searches on e-cigarettes.^[30] Around a third of all sales of e-cigarette products take place in vape shops.^[31] Big Tobacco believes the independent e-cigarette market is a threat to their interests.^[31]

Effective August 8, 2016, under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules, a vape shop that mixes or prepares e-liquids, or makes or modifies any kind of e-cigarettes, is regulated as a tobacco product manufacturer.^[32] The FDA acknowledged that many vape shops will go out of business, but they also state many will stay open, despite hefty costs.^[33] Vape shop owner Joe Baba in the US believes a ban on public vaping might put several vape shops out of business because taste-testing would be prohibited.^[34] The revised EU Tobacco Products Directive came into effect May 2016 which regulates the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes.^[35] Small business owners are concerned that the regulations will make e-cigarettes less interesting to consumers and that this means a downturn of their business.^[36]

Vape trade shows have an array of product vendors, seminars, social interactions with other vapers, parties, gifts, vaping contests, and other activities.^[37] Vape shows are free to attend or have an entrance fee that cost from $10 to $25.^[37] In 2014, vaping contests at vape trade shows such as "cloud-chasing" were rare.^[37] By 2015, close to 50% of vaping trade show organizations promoted contests such as cloud-chasing.^[37] Vape trade shows are increasing in popularity and regularity.^[37] Vape shop owners, agents, distributors, and vapers attend trade shows.^[38]

Store

Selection

As the tobacco epidemic has increased to include wider use of e-cigarettes, a different kind of retailer has come forth, known as vape shops.^[39] A vape shop is a retail outlet focusing in the selling of electronic cigarette products.^[26] There are also online vape shops.^[27] E-cigarettes products are mainly available online or in dedicated "vape" storefronts.^[40] They are also available at grocery stores,^[41] coffee shops,^[42] conventional retailers,^[20] mass merchandisers,^[43] mass retailers,^[44] tobacco retailers,^[20] convenience stores,^[44] gas stations,^[45] dollar stores,^[46] drug stores,^[47] liquor stores,^[48] shopping malls,^[49] and at small kiosks in shopping malls.^[50] The major sellers for e-cigarette products are vape shops, supermarkets, online vendors, and tobacco shops.^[51]

A vape shop offers a range of e-cigarette products.^[28] They do not customarily sell tobacco products.^[52] Vape shops generally have an antagonistic relationship with the tobacco industry.^[29] The majority of vape shops do not sell e-cigarette products that are from "Big Tobacco" companies.^[29] Big Tobacco believes the independent e-cigarette market is a threat to their interests.^[31] The existence of some "vape and smoke" shops are opposed by most of the vape shop industry, based on anecdotal evidence.^[53] Retailers specializing in tobacco such as smoke shops and head shops have started selling an assortment of vaping products along with their regular products.^[52] These vendors such as smoke shops and head shops are generally opposed by vaping purists and advocacy groups.^[52] Brands owned by tobacco companies offered a limited range of e-cigarette products, whereas brands owned by vape shops emphasized a panoply of flavor and nicotine options.^[54]

By 2014 all the major multinational tobacco companies had entered the e-cigarette market.^[55] They did so either by buying existing e-cigarette companies (including Ruyan, the original Chinese e-cigarette company, which was bought by Imperial Tobacco) or by developing their own products.^[55] Although there continue to be independently owned vape shops, from economic and political perspectives the e-cigarette business is now part of the traditional tobacco industry.^[55] The smaller operators, who are independent sellers of e-cigarettes (so-called vape shops), are losing market share to the large tobacco companies.^[55]

E-cigarettes at a gas station.

Vape shops can offer a greater selection of e-cigarettes than conventional retailers.^[7] While vape shops offer mostly reusable e-cigarettes, cig-a-likes are mostly available at convenience stores.^[56] Vape shops often sell later-generation devices different from the cig-a-likes usually sold by tobacco stores.^[57] Vape shops offer a diverse assortment of refillable e-cigarettes and more complex tank devices for experienced users.^[53]

Vape shops typically offer a diverse selection of e-liquids,^[58] while convenience stores offer some e-liquids.^[59] Vape shops can buy e-liquids containing 100 mg/mL and dilute them according to the patron's preference.^[60] Vape shops offer several kinds of solution strengths.^[53] Some retail stores are also manufacturers that create custom flavors, which increases the variety of flavors available.^[61] Flavors such as chocolate, caramel, mint, menthol, coffee, cherry, and apple can be added to the liquid nicotine.^[60] Oils and wax for use in reusable vaporizers have been available.^[62] Herbs for vaping are also sold.^[63] Local vape shops in Wilson County, North Carolina sold e-cigarettes known as Black Magic.^[64] After several complaints from concerned parents received by the sheriff's office an investigation uncovered high-school students were buying Black Magic.^[64] The North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation tests indicated they contained cannabidiol, or CBD oil, and also synthetic cannabinoids, which are against the law in the state.^[64] The Black Magic that were sold at these shops stated on the packaging, "legal in all 50 states."^[64] Officials stated they seized numerous Black Magic packages.^[64] Inexpensive lithium-ion batteries may be sold at local vape shops.^[65] Vape shops may carry vaping magazines and may offer accessories such as clothing, bags, wooden cases for the e-liquid,^[28] and vape carrying cases.^[66] A handful of vape shops sell antique signs and trinkets to decorate where you live or crafts from regional artists.^[67] Many small vape shops are selling e-cigarette products made from China.^[68]

Design and layout

They vary in design and product selection.^[28] There are shops that look a bit similar to bars.^[28] There are shops that have a lounge where people can drink a beverage as they vape.^[28] Vape shops sometimes include a café or other elements that promote socializing, essentially making such places like a lounge.^[69] A vape shop in Anderson, CA also sells vaping products via drive-through.^[70] A vape shop in Elkton, Maryland also sells beer and food.^[71] A vape shop in Ottawa, Illinois provides a socializing area with a sofa and television.^[72] There are shops that have a vape bar where patrons can test out different e-liquids and socialize.^[1] Vape shops having lounge areas, food and beverage amenities, and entertainment may furnish a social setting for vaping that may entice newbie e-cigarette users and non-smokers alike.^[41] Hardly any vape shops have a photo booth.^[67] A small number of vape shops offer patrons the opportunity to vape via a hookah.^[67] A few vape shops double as art galleries.^[73] Vape shop tenants are usually interested in a location between 1,200 and 1,500 square feet.^[49]

Marketing and events

Many e-cigarette companies have proposed to retailers the idea to convert part of their current location into a mini vape shop.^[30] The markup for traditional cigarettes is 10–20%, but e-cigarette dispensers, nicotine cartridges, and accessories are as high 200–400% markup.^[74] US vape shops generate around $26,000 in monthly sales.^[75] In San Francisco, e-liquids, not the devices, were the main source of income for vape shops.^[39] US vape shop owners intend to capitalize on medical marijuana-related sales.^[76] In the UK in 2018, there is increased competition among vape shops because more shops have opened.^[77]

"Vape shops intend to make potential customers aware of their existence and curious about visiting a shop and engaging in vaping. They also intend to make the shop accessible to encourage sales of e-cigarette-related products (vaping equipment, e-liquids, and hobby-related items such as t-shirts and magazines). Barker and colleagues interviewed vape shop owners/managers in 37 vape shops and observed availability, price, promotion and placement of vaping products and e-liquids across nine USA cities: Atlanta, Chicago, Henderson, Phoenix, Oklahoma City, San Jose, Seattle, Thousand Oaks, and Ventura. A majority of vape shops primarily use social media outlets (e.g. 100% Facebook, 86% Instagram and Yelp, 65% Twitter, 38% YouTube) and special events open to the community (57%) for marketing. Few stores reported using print or broadcast media, with radio being the most popular venue (19%). About half (51%) of stores had external advertisements, and almost one-third had no signage related to sales to minors," according to a 2017 report.^[53]

Vape shops have used the game Pokémon Go to market their products.^[78] "From July to October 2016, several vape shops and online retailers have incorporated Pokémon Go as part of promotions on Twitter, linking game performance with discounts on their products," a 2017 report stated.^[78] Vape shops have also set up local events to join Pokémon Go activities with vaping promotional contests.^[78]

In 2015, "Cloud-chasing", the activity of blowing the largest clouds of vapor, were becoming a routine event at local vape shops.^[79] Many vape shops organize cloud-chasing events.^[80] Cloud-chasing contests appear to be intended to bring in new shoppers and increase e-cigarette business.^[81] Vape shops have held music concerts at night.^[82]

Marketing of e-cigarettes by tobacco shops was limited, with most responding that they do not market e-cigarettes, according to a 2018 report.^[83] Almost half have used social media, with others relying on word of mouth and price promotions.^[83] Vape shops utilized more diverse marketing channels, including radio, print media, and word of mouth.^[83] In-store marketing has been increasing, as of 2016.^[83] The most common form of marketing by vape shops is social media, which all vape shops cited using for marketing, the 2018 report concluded.^[83]

Customer experience

Most vape shop customers are people who are interested in reducing or quitting smoking.^[85] Some are long-term e-cigarette users.^[86] The average customer age is from 40-45.^[87] Vape shop customers visit their local vape shop for personalized e-cigarette advice.^[88] Vape shop retail workers may show potential customers how to use different e-cigarettes and how to fill the devices with e-liquid.^[1] A "vapologist" may give advise to potential customers to choosing an e-liquid.^[89] Patrons are permitted to vape in most vape shops.^[80] Almost all vape shops do not allow smoking.^[90]

Some US vape shop owners choose not to sell vaping products to minors.^[91] The City Council of Malden, Massachusetts received quite a few complaints following a vape shop opening near the Mystic Valley Regional Charter School.^[92] The school board of Howe Sound Secondary School in Squamish, British Columbia is concerned a vape shop could open close to the high school.^[93] In June 2017 Christina Moore on behalf of the District of Squamish wrote in an email, "the District has no means to withhold such a business licence if all of our regulatory requirements are met."^[93] The vape shop marketed flavored e-cigarettes that appeared to target a younger audience.^[92] Pleasantville, New York Board of Education officials in 2017 were concerned over a vape shop opening near schools, learning centers and other locations attended by young people.^[94] New Rochelle, New York officials in 2017 proposed regulation to stop smoke and vape shops from selling nicotine-based products within 500 feet of youth-based institutions.^[95] "Vape shops in general have received a bad rep for their social element and for allegedly marketing toward children," Chris Bouton, a vape shop owner in Ypsilanti, Michigan, said in 2016.^[96] Vape shop owners support prohibiting the sales of e-cigarettes to children.^[97] In 2016-2017 in the UK, vape shops were the top destination for buying e-cigarettes among previous-year smokers.^[98] A 2016 Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use UK survey found 37% of e-cigarette users of those 11-15 years of age stated they purchased an e-cigarette at a vape shop.^[99] About 25% of 11-15 year olds of respondents in a UK survey stated buying e-cigarettes from vape shops, among those who vape and smoke.^[100] The top destination to buy e-cigarettes in regular users of those 11-15 years of age was a vape shop, with 24% stating buying them from these shops.^[101]

Studies focused on vape shops are limited.^[83] A 2018 study of e-cigarette users in the East Anglia region of England found e-cigarette users reported that vape shops were very attentive to their needs related to e-cigarette use.^[102] In order to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace, vape shop owners and managers commonly stated that they distinguish their stores from others through customer service and new products, according to a 2018 report.^[83] These findings support previous studies which found vape shops build rapport with customers and create an atmosphere around vaping which allows for interaction, builds a sense of community, and attracts customers.^[83] The relational dimension of vape shops may contribute to the spread of information about e-cigarettes including new products, forms of use, and health-related issues.^[83] Thus, while the US FDA has required warning labels on products and advertisements, it cannot control what vape shop owners and staff communicate to their customers or where they get information.^[83] Vape shops are not only retail outlets where products are made available; they also act as a center of activity for the vape community for information about e-cigarettes.^[83]

In-store observations

Vape shop employees were commonly former smokers who generally were presently e-cigarettes users, and employees shared their thoughts using e-cigarettes and moving away from cigarettes.^[39] Michelle LaBarbera, representing the Vapor Group Inc. located in Davie, Florida, said in 2014, "A very big part of employment at a vape shop is not just understanding how the product works and being able to explain it, but also being able to figure out what may be wrong with it."^[59] Vape shops occasionally provide inaccurate information.^[39] Of the 77 vape shops in the Los Angeles Basin, 50% of the vape shops had let people test e-liquids consisting of nicotine.^[103] 83% of the vape shops had self-service testing areas for patrons.^[103] The majority of vape shops let patrons to test several kinds of e-liquids.^[53] Other retailers do not provide sampling of e-liquids.^[53] 72% of vape shop workers stated that spills of e-liquids consisting of nicotine had happened.^[103] 64% of the vape shops had safety gear, whereas 34% had gear for appropriate nicotine handling.^[103] In addition, 62% of vape shop workers stated they picked up nicotine absent of gloves or other safety protection.^[103]

A 2016 study analyzed 23 vape shops in the San Francisco Bay Area offering e-cigarettes and e-liquid.^[53] Every retailer sold e-liquid containing no nicotine.^[53] 91% had free e-liquid samples.^[53] 57% of those having free samples available merely had e-liquid without nicotine available.^[53] Many vape shops began charging for samples, such as a $1 fee, that get around the FDA rules of giving away free samples, based on anecdotal evidence.^[53] Every vape shop retailer sold second-generation and third-generation e-cigarettes, and just 17% of vape shops sold first-generation e-cigarettes.^[53] Employees said about 72% of their shoppers purchased e-cigarettes for quitting smoking or as an alternative to tobacco use, and 10% for using recreationally for the first-time.^[53] Six shops stated there were shoppers that were young adult enthusiasts such cloud-chasers.^[53] A 2014 study evaluated the amounts of nicotine in 70 e-liquid bottles from 16 unlicensed vape shops.^[104] 17% of the samples tested had greater concentrations of nicotine than stated on the labels.^[104] One sample had a 172% greater amount of nicotine than indicated on the label.^[104]

In January 2017 an e-cigarette blew up in a man's hands while trying it out in a vape shop.^[105] In April 2016 a minor lost the ability to see in one eye and was burned when a vape shop employee in a Brooklyn, New York mall inserted the incorrect battery into an e-cigarette and it blew up.^[106] Vape shop owners said e-cigarette battery blasts are avoidable if users are cautious and adhere to battery safety directions.^[107] Local vape shop owners stated the risk from an e-cigarette blast is small.^[108] It is recommended that if the batteries wrapper is tarnished do not use it or go to a vape shop to check if it can be fixed.^[109]

A 2017 United States Department of Health and Human Services report stated, "We detected the presence of metals, such as chromium, lead, copper, and nickel on surfaces in the shop. This finding was not surprising given that these metals have also been measured by other researchers in e-liquids (chromium, lead, and nickel) and in vapor from e-cigarettes (chromium, nickel, and copper) Some of the other elements that we detected on surfaces are found in human sweat (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorous). It is unknown if their presence on surfaces was from e-cigarettes, people touching surfaces, or both."^[84]

In-store air quality

A 2017 United States Department of Health and Human Services report evaluated concerns about exposure to vaping-related chemicals in a vape shop.^[84] Exposure to flavoring chemicals (diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, acetaldehyde), formaldehyde, nicotine, and propylene glycol were all below occupational exposure limits (OELs).^[84] They found that not all employees wore chemical protective gloves when handling liquids containing nicotine.^[84] They saw chemicals being stored in a refrigerator used for food.^[84] The 2017 United States Department of Health and Human Services report concluded, "Employees were exposed to detectable levels of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in the air while working in the vape shop. Although the measured concentrations were below all applicable OELs, to better protect the health of employees we recommend that the employer implement a policy prohibiting vaping in the work place with e-liquids that contain diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. The concentration of other vaping-related chemicals that we measured were also below their relevant OELs. Employees should be trained on proper chemical handling procedures and the need for consistent use of chemical protective nitrile gloves when handling liquids containing nicotine."^[84] "EC aerosols generated in a vape shop can travel into a nearby business where they deposit on surfaces forming [EC exhaled aerosol residue] ECEAR," according to a 2018 report.^[110]

Store owners

Vape shops are mainly small, independent businesses.^[111] They are started by owners of tobacco retailers and small bands of investors.^[74] There are also regional chains.^[112] The majority of vape shops are owned by individuals who vape.^[59] Vape shop owners mainly use the internet to get information on e-cigarettes, rather than rely on science-based evidence.^[39] The main source of information on e-cigarette products for vape shops is social media channels.^[113] Information is also obtained from e-cigarette company sales representatives and vape product warehouses, which could play a key role in informing vape shops of new e-cigarette products and in guiding shops on which items to offer and sell.^[113] Vape shops owners believe e-cigarettes is a lot safer than traditional cigarettes.^[53] Vape shop owners generally believe vaping is a habit.^[114] Vape shop owners described e-cigarette use as a hobby.^[115] Several vape shop owners stated that vaping provided an option to use nicotine in places where smoking was banned.^[115] Vape shop owners did not consider e-liquid nicotine addictive.^[114] Many vape shop owners thought that smokers have an addiction to the other chemicals in cigarettes, but not nicotine.^[114] Vape shop retailers demonstrated little interest in dealing with nicotine addiction.^[39] It has been reported that many vape shop owners do not know all of the substances contained in e-liquids.^[116] Some vape shop owners recognized that some e-liquids were made in unsanitary conditions.^[115] Retailers said that e-cigarette vapors is made up of merely water vapors, however, the evidence does not support this assertion.^[117] According to the view of among vape shop owners, Big Tobacco's entrance in the vaping industry will remain unsettling, as they pay for influence in the marketability of these devices, particularly to a younger audience.^[118] Some vape shop owners believed that it would be better if e-cigarettes were not regulated as tobacco products and thought that Big Tobacco was responsible for the proposed FDA rules.^[115] A 2018 study found that local vape shops were often unaware of pending regulation in the US.^[102] This may be because vape shops struggled just to stay open: 20% of the sample closed over the course of a year, a 2018 report stated.^[102]

Prevalence

Vape shops are becoming increasingly popular.^[119] Over the few years leading up to 2018, vape shops have proliferated in a number of countries such as the US, at retail locations, as well as online.^[120] Over the few years leading up to 2015, vape shops have increased in a number of countries.^[29] As of 2015^[update], vape shops are commonly found in Nova Scotia.^[121] In 2013, online search engine searches on vape shops surpassed searches on e-cigarettes.^[30] The markup of e-cigarettes as high as 200–400% may play a role in the prevalence of vape shops.^[29] Worldwide, retailers have sold millions of devices.^[122] Around a third of all sales of e-cigarette products take place in vape shops.^[31] In 2017, vape shops were believed to produce the highest sales for the e-cigarette market.^[51] For the UK in 2018, retailer vape shops were the most prevalence point of purchase, with above 40% of sales.^[100]

Vape shops in the US have emerged in large cities, and additionally in smaller metropolitan places.^[41] In 2014, the Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association estimated that there were 35,000 vape shops in the US, more than triple the number a year earlier.^[123] In 2016 data provided from Yelp showed that the western states are the hub of the e-cigarette business.^[124] The availability of vaping products in US stores is increasing, especially in places with low taxes and smoking bans.^[125] As of 2017^[update], new vape shops are opening, in some cases close to schools.^[126] Vape shops in the US are more frequently to be located close to private universities and colleges in cities rather than rural places.^[127] In the US, e-cigarettes sold at retailers are more likely available in places with a higher median family income.^[128] Vape shops in southern California are found in places with a higher percentage of the Hispanic population, a 2018 report suggests.^[129] E-cigarettes sold at retailers is greater in US states with minimal clean indoor air polices and in areas with low cigarette taxes.^[128] Vape shops in the US are frequently located in census tracts where retailing of tobacco is strong, and where less racial minorities reside.^[31] Vape shops were more frequent in places where more White people reside.^[39] Vape shops in the US are more frequently located in places where people with a greater possibility for vaping and smoking reside.^[57]

There are numerous vape shops in Canada.^[130] In 2015, there were about 8,000 vape shops in the UK.^[36] Poorer areas in the UK have had an increase in the number of vape shops.^[131] In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year.^[132] Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.^[132]

Regulations

United States

Effective August 8, 2016, under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules, a vape shop that mixes or prepares e-liquids, or makes or modifies any kind of e-cigarettes, is regulated as a tobacco product manufacturer.^[32] The categorization of vape shops that make or modify e-cigarettes including e-liquids as manufacturers mandating abiding with the FDA manufacturing standards, have been extended to August 8, 2022.^[53] Vape shops cannot hand out free samples to patrons or sell to individuals under 18 years of age.^[134] Individuals under the age of 18 are not allowed to handle e-cigarette devices.^[106] Retailers are required to ask for photo ID from patrons who look to be under 27 years of age.^[135] "One of the most important provisions to help reduce youth access to tobacco products is the prohibition on free samples of tobacco products," FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb stated in October 2017.^[136] "With more youth using e-cigarettes than any other tobacco product, it’s critical that manufacturers and retailers understand how we intend to enforce this provision," he added.^[136] The FDA sends undercover minors into vape shops to attempt to buy e-cigarette products.^[137] The purpose of this operation is to ensure retailers do not violate federal regulations.^[137] Five individuals were arrested for selling e-cigarette products to patrons under 21 years of age at vape shops in Suffolk County, New York in December 2017, local police stated.^[138] There are no strict FDA rules in regard to the age of people who enter vape shops.^[139]

The significant increase in employees directly telling customers of free e-cigarette puff trial offers rather than posting displays of the offers in the shop suggest retailers are finding ways around the impending FDA regulations by not having displays but still engaging in the (soon-to-be illegal) behavior.^[113] This may signify that awareness of, but not necessarily compliance with, the impending rules is occurring in the vape marketplace.^[113] Effective May 10 2018, vape shop retailers were prohibited from selling or distributing e-cigarettes or other vape products without including a health warning statement on the product packaging and from displaying e-cigarette or other vape product advertisements without including a health warning statement on the ads.^[113]

In 2018 the FDA investigated JUUL to determine if they are marketing its e-cigarette that looks like a USB flash drive to youth.^[140] Two vape shops in New Jersey were notified by the FDA in April 2018 to stop selling JUUL e-cigarettes to minors.^[141] "The illegal sale of these JUUL products to minors is concerning. In fact, just since the beginning of March, FDA compliance checks have uncovered 40 violations for illegal sales of JUUL products to youth. The FDA has issued 40 warning letters for those violations, which we are also announcing today. This includes warning letters that are the result of the blitz. Others are a result of our sustained enforcement efforts to reduce tobacco product sales to minors. And we anticipate taking many more similar actions as a result of the ongoing blitz and our focus on enforcement related to youth access," FDA Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb stated on April 24, 2018.^[142] The FDA announced several new actions and efforts aimed at doing just that as the first steps in a new Youth Tobacco Prevention Plan focused on stopping youth use of tobacco products, and in particular, e-cigarettes.^[142] The FDA also sent an official request for information directly to JUUL Labs, requiring the company to submit important documents to better understand the reportedly high rates of youth use and the particular youth appeal of these products.^[142] In response, JUUL Labs announced in April 2018 the programs they are initiating to prevent young people from using their products.^[143]

Effective June 9, 2016, under California's tobacco laws, the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was raised from 18 to 21 and e-cigarettes were added to the current definition of tobacco products.^[144] As part of the rules, e-cigarettes, e-liquids, in addition to vaping devices and accessories, are not permitted to be sold in self-service displays.^[145] "Today marks a significant moment in California history as new tobacco control laws go into effect statewide. This is the first time the Golden State has raised the age of sale for tobacco since the law first took effect 144 years ago," said Dr. Karen Smith, California Department of Public Health director and state health officer, on June 9, 2016.^[145] "Our focus is on reaching more than 34,000 retailers with tobacco licenses and vape shops to provide them the information and resources needed to comply with the new tobacco 21 law."^[145] The California Department of Public Health, Food and Drug Branch is charged with enforcing the Stop Tobacco Access to Kids Enforcement Act, and conducts ongoing illegal sales enforcement operations.^[145] California retailers caught selling tobacco products to minors during these enforcement operations are subject to fines up to $6,000.^[145]

In May 2016 the FDA used its authority under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with FDA and comply with good manufacturing practice regulation.^[146] Small vape shop businesses are concerned about the FDA regulations.^[147] Vape shop owners in the US are concerned about the costs of adhering to the proposed FDA regulations.^[148] According to the FDA filing applications will take approximately 1,500 hours to complete with a price between $117,000 to $466,000.^[149] E-cigarette advocates stated filing FDA applications is too expensive for small companies, which will give consumers less options because it is expected only large tobacco companies can afford the steep costs.^[150] The concern in the vaping community is the FDA rules will favor large tobacco companies' one-time use e-cigarettes.^[151] Vape shop owner Brent Ellis believes the FDA rules might shut down his business.^[152]

On May 5, 2016, the FDA announced that all tobacco products will be regulated, including e-cigarettes, which require vape shops to register as tobacco companies.^[153] The FDA acknowledged that many vape shops will go out of business, but they also state many will stay open, despite hefty costs.^[33] Part of the new law requires products to state nicotine is addictive.^[154] As of 2017^[update] sellers of vaping products and other affiliated products in California are obligated to obtain a retailer's license from the California State Board of Equalization.^[155] Vape shop owner Joe Baba in the US believes a ban on public vaping might put several vape shops out of business because taste-testing would be prohibited.^[34] Cheryl Jones, a vape shop co-owner in DuBois, Pennsylvania said in June 2016 that she believes that the FDA rules will eliminate 90% of the items sold at vape shops.^[156] The American Vaping Association said it could cost upwards of a $1 million to get a new product approved by the FDA.^[157] Most vaping products must adhere to the FDA rules in order to be legally sold.^[158] E-cigarette and tobacco companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning existing products already on the market.^[159] In 2016, some big companies have taken legal action disputing the FDA regulations.^[160] In January 2018, vape shops in 5 US states have taken legal action disputing a rule established by the FDA that declares e-cigarettes and similar devices to be regulated as tobacco products.^[161] The FDA is planning on banning the sale of e-liquid flavors at convenience stores and gas stations.^[162] Tobacco, mint, and menthol flavors will still be allowed at convenience stores, gas stations, and other places where they are sold.^[162] Fruity-type flavors can only be sold at places where adults shop, such as vape shops.^[162]

Europe

The revised EU Tobacco Products Directive came into effect May 2016 which regulates the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes.^[35] Small business owners are concerned that the regulations will make e-cigarettes less interesting to consumers and that this means a downturn of their business.^[36] Tank devices can be up to 2 ml in capacity.^[163] E-liquid packages can be sold for up to 10 ml.^[163] Vape shops in the UK are not permitted to sell vaping products to minors.^[164] The law is intended to prevent children from having access to all types of tobacco and nicotine.^[165] The Independent British Vape Trade Association has a 15-point voluntary code of conduct.^[166] Along with asking shops to not deliberately sell their products to minors, to refrain from asserting health benefits from using e-cigarettes and comply with the law, it states the following: "Vape products are for current or former smokers and existing users of vaping devices, therefore [you should] never knowingly sell to anyone who is not a current or former smoker, or a current vaper."^[166] Close to 9 out of 10 vape shops in the UK are breaching the Independent British Vape Trade Association's code of conduct by offering e-cigarettes to never-smokers,^[167] according to an undercover investigation by the Royal Society for Public Health.^[168] The Royal Society for Public Health is insisting vape shops to abide by the industry's code of conduct.^[169]

Canada

In late November 2015, Bill 44 was passed by the National Assembly, which regulates e-cigarettes as tobacco products in Quebec, Canada.^[170] It bans using e-cigarettes in vape shops, bans indoor displays and advertising, and bans sales on their websites.^[171] Vaping is prohibited in the same places as smoking.^[172] E-cigarettes are banned in restaurants and bar patios.^[173] E-cigarette use in enclosed public spaces is no longer legal.^[174] Patrons are no longer permitted to try out products inside a vape shop.^[174] Vape shops owners in Quebec state the revised law is harming their business.^[174] In November 2015 the Council of Saskatchewan voted to ban vaping wherever smoking is banned, except for vape shops.^[175] Jennifer Miller, representing the Lung Association of Saskatchewan, said they are primarily concerned for employees of vape shops who will inhale exhaled e-cigarette vapor.^[175] She said, "It’s a lot of exposure for the lungs in a 40-hour work-week."^[175]

Trade show

Vape trade shows have an array of product vendors, seminars, social interactions with other vapers, parties, gifts, vaping contests, and other activities.^[37] By 2015, the number of vaping trade show organizations arranging vape trade shows had grown to 41.^[37] This includes 90 trade shows, with 6 set for 2016 in 8 countries.^[37] Vape shows were organized in 26 US states.^[37] They ranged from smaller local shows to large shows jumping around among cities.^[37] Most vape show organizations are in the US.^[37] Others are in Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.^[37] Vape shows are free to attend or have an entrance fee that cost from $10 to $25.^[37] In 2014, vaping contests at vape trade shows such as cloud-chasing were rare.^[37] By 2015, close to 50% of vaping trade show organizations promoted contests such as cloud-chasing.^[37] Vaping at the shows is permitted and encouraged, which lead to photo and video footage displayed on show Websites.^[37] Every show provided sponsors or vendors that offered for sale their products at the shows, which support people to observe and use vaping products.^[37] Vaping is permitted in places for vaping shows while vaping is prohibited in those places for other events.^[176] In July 2015, a New Jersey vape trade show was fined for breaching the state’s 2010 indoor smoke-free law, which bans vaping indoors.^[37] Vape trade shows are increasing in popularity and regularity.^[37]

Vape shows include VapeBash, VapeCon, VapeXpo^[177] Vapestock, Vape-a-Palooza, Vapetoberfest, Vapor Gras,^[178] and Canada Vape Expo.^[179] Vape Fest, which started in 2010, is an annual vape show hosted by different cities across the US.^[180] The first annual Electronic Cigarette Convention began in September 2013 at the Anaheim Convention Center, in Anaheim, California.^[181] Vape Summit started in 2013.^[182] World Vapor Expo began in 2014 at Rosemont, Illinois, US.^[183] World Vapor Expo was held in Miami, Florida, US in 2017.^[184] E-cigarette marketing approaches at the 2017 World Vapor Expo included providing samples of candy flavored e-liquids along with actual matching candy samples.^[184] A 2018 report stated, "E-cigarette marketing strategies such as those observed at the 2017 World Vapor Expo echo earlier cigarette promotions infamously used by the tobacco industry to attract consumers, most notably teenagers."^[184] Oregon Vape Festival began in January 2015.^[185] In May 2015 at Vape Summit 3 in Las Vegas, there was a cloud-chasing competition.^[186] Vaper Expo UK began in 2016 at Birmingham, UK.^[187] In May 2016 Vape Summit was held in Paris, France.^[188] VapeShow Prague in the Czech Republic began in 2016.^[189] The Hall of Vape in Messe Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany is an annual event held in May.^[190] Vape Expo China, which started in 2015, is an annual vape show held in different cities in China.^[191] Vape shop owners, agents, distributors, and vapers attended the trade show.^[191] Vape Expo Japan was held from March 29 to March, 31 2018 in Osaka, Japan.^[192] Approximately 180 exhibitors from at least 25 countries attended the show.^[192] The VapEvent 2018 is mainly a trade show for businesses.^[193]

Gallery

Various vape shops
Vape shop in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, England.
Vape shop in Northwich, Cheshire, England.
Vape shop in Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
Vape shop in Hope Mills, North Carolina, United States.
Interior view of a vape shop in Orange, California, United States.

Notes

^ Vape shop is also variously known as a vape bar,^[2] vaping bar,^[3] vape lounge,^[4] vaping lounge,^[5] vape outlet,^[6] e-cigarette vape store,^[7] ENDS retailer,^[8] ENDS vape store,^[7] vape store,^[9] vapor store,^[10] vapor shop,^[11] vaping shop,^[12] vaping store,^[13] electronic cigarette shop,^[14] e-cigarette shop,^[15] e-cig shop,^[16] EC shop,^[17] EC lounge,^[17] e-cigarette specialty shop,^[18] e-cigarette specialty store,^[19] electronic cigarette retail outlet,^[20] e-cigarette retail outlet,^[21] electronic cigarette store,^[22] electronic cig store,^[23] e-cigarette store,^[24] or e-cig store.^[25]

Bibliography

McNeill, A; Brose, LS; Calder, R; Bauld, L; Robson, D (February 2018). "Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018" (PDF). UK: Public Health England. pp. 1–243.
Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (January 2018). "Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes" (PDF). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: 1–774. doi:10.17226/24952. PMID 29894118. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
"E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. Surgeon General of the United States. 2016. pp. 1–298. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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[26] Vape shop is also variously known as a vape bar,^[2] vaping bar,^[3] vape lounge,^[4] vaping lounge,^[5] vape outlet,^[6] e-cigarette vape store,^[7] ENDS retailer,^[8] ENDS vape store,^[7] vape store,^[9] vapor store,^[10] vapor shop,^[11] vaping shop,^[12] vaping store,^[13] electronic cigarette shop,^[14] e-cigarette shop,^[15] e-cig shop,^[16] EC shop,^[17] EC lounge,^[17] e-cigarette specialty shop,^[18] e-cigarette specialty store,^[19] electronic cigarette retail outlet,^[20] e-cigarette retail outlet,^[21] electronic cigarette store,^[22] electronic cig store,^[23] e-cigarette store,^[24] or e-cig store.^[25]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{pp-pc|small=yes}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
-[[File:Vapor-specific shops of Lincoln (April 2014), location 7 of 8.jpg|right|thumb|A vape shop in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], US.<ref name=dailynebraskan2014/>|alt=A vape shop in Lincoln, Nebraska, US.]]
+[[File:Vapor-specific shops of Lincoln (April 2014), location 7 of 8.jpg|right|thumb|A vape shop in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], Unites States.<ref name=dailynebraskan2014/>|alt=A vape shop in Lincoln, Nebraska, Unites States.]]
+<!-- Store and Prevalence -->
-A '''vape shop''' is a [[retail store]] or website specializing in the selling of [[electronic cigarette]] products.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=Steve|last2=Garcia|first2=Robert|last3=Cruz|first3=Tess|last4=Baezconde-Garbanati|first4=Lourdes|last5=Pentz|first5=Mary|last6=Unger|first6=Jennifer B|title=Consumers’ perceptions of vape shops in Southern California: an analysis of online Yelp reviews|journal=Tobacco Induced Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|year=2014|pages=22|issn=1617-9625|doi=10.1186/s12971-014-0022-7|pmid=25484852|pmc=4258055}}</ref>
+A '''vape shop'''{{#tag:ref|'''Vape shop''' is also variously known as a '''vape bar''',<ref name=Peltz2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-fda-ecigarettes-20160506-story.html|title=FDA to begin regulating electronic cigarettes|author1=James F. Peltz|author2=Ronald D. White|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> '''vaping bar''',<ref name=Maginnis2015>{{cite news|url=https://baristanet.com/2015/11/montclair-township-council-discusses-invasive-lighting-head-shops/|title=Montclair Township Council Discusses Invasive Lighting & Head Shops|author=Steven Maginnis|publisher=Baristanet|date=17 November 2015}}</ref> '''vape lounge''',<ref name=Danner2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.gcdailyworld.com/story/2277179.html|title=Local vape shop set to expand|author=Patti Danner|work=[[Greene County Daily World]]|date=12 February 2016}}</ref> '''vaping lounge''',<ref name=KWWR2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.kwwl.com/story/25124396/2014/03/Monday/new-vaping-lounge-smoking-up-in-iowa-city|title=New vaping lounge smoking up in Iowa City|publisher=[[KWWL (TV)]]|date=31 March 2014}}</ref> '''vape outlet''',<ref name=And2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/12/18/trader-ban-vaping-and-we-will-go-underground/|title=Trader: Ban vaping and we will go underground|author=Syed Azhar And|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]|publisher=Star Media Group Berhad|date=18 December 2015}}</ref> '''e-cigarette vape store''',<ref name=KimLoomis2016/> '''ENDS retailer''',<ref name=KleinBerman2016>{{cite journal|last1=Klein|first1=Elizabeth G.|last2=Berman|first2=Micah|last3=Hemmerich|first3=Natalie|last4=Carlson|first4=Cristen|last5=Htut|first5=Susandi|last6=Slater|first6=Michael|title=Online E-cigarette Marketing Claims: A Systematic Content and Legal Analysis|journal=Tobacco Regulatory Science|volume=2|issue=3|year=2016|pages=252–262|issn=23339748|doi=10.18001/TRS.2.3.5|pmc=4950517|pmid=27446984}}</ref> '''ENDS vape store''',<ref name=KimLoomis2016/> '''vape store''',<ref name=Altman2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20150911/burglar-caught-on-video-in-san-pedro-vape-store-break-in|title=Burglar caught on video in San Pedro vape store break-in|author=Larry Altman|work=[[Daily Breeze]]|date=11 September 2015}}</ref> '''vapor store''',<ref name=TackettLechner2015>{{cite journal|last1=Tackett|first1=Alayna P.|last2=Lechner|first2=William V.|last3=Meier|first3=Ellen|last4=Grant|first4=DeMond M.|last5=Driskill|first5=Leslie M.|last6=Tahirkheli|first6=Noor N.|last7=Wagener|first7=Theodore L.|title=Biochemically verified smoking cessation and vaping beliefs among vape store customers|journal=Addiction|volume=110|issue=5|year=2015|pages=868–874|issn=09652140|doi=10.1111/add.12878|pmid=25675943}}</ref> '''vapor shop''',<ref name=Driscoll2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/news/company-opens-fourth-vapor-shop-in-vandalia/nr74k/|title=Company opens fourth vapor shop in Vandalia|author=Kara Driscoll|work=[[Dayton Daily News]]|publisher=[[Cox Media Group]]|date=1 August 2016}}</ref> '''vaping shop''',<ref name=Millward2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/business/vaping-shop-set-sell-e-cigarettes-5919074|title=Vaping shop all set to sell e-cigarettes in Caversham|author=David Millward|work=[[Reading Post]]|date=12 September 2013}}</ref> '''vaping store''',<ref name=Church2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.kvrr.com/2017/09/12/detroit-lakes-city-council-votes-on-raising-purchasing-age-on-tobacco/|title=Detroit Lakes City Council Votes on Raising Purchasing Age on Tobacco|author=Danielle Church|publisher=[[KVRR]]|date=12 September 2017}}</ref> '''electronic cigarette shop''',<ref name=Rengers2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/business/article1152107.html|title=Nectar of the Gods Vape Shop to open in Sweetbriar at 21st and Amidon|author=Carrie Rengers|work=[[The Wichita Eagle]]|date=28 July 2014}}</ref> '''e-cigarette shop''',<ref name=TC2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.connexionfrance.com/Tobacconist-tabac-Esmokeclean-Toulouse-e-cigarette-15166-view-article.html|title=Tobacconist sues e-cigarette shop|work=[[The Connexion]]|date=29 October 2013}}</ref> '''e-cig shop''',<ref name=Sottile2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/10/the-right-to-vape/381145/|title=The Right to Vape|author=Leah Sottile|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=8 October 2014}}</ref> '''EC shop''',<ref name=Pisinger2014/> '''EC lounge''',<ref name=Pisinger2014>{{cite journal|last1=Pisinger|first1=Charlotta|last2=Døssing|first2=Martin|title=A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes|journal=Preventive Medicine|date=December 2014|volume=69|pages=248–260|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.009|pmid=25456810}}</ref> '''e-cigarette specialty shop''',<ref name=Kurie2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.southernminn.com/faribault_daily_news/news/article_f062783d-8841-5bca-b2f6-ceb1b9df95d9.html|author=Rebecca Kurie|title=E-cigarette shop opens in Faribault|work=[[Faribault Daily News]]|date=22 August 2013}}</ref> '''e-cigarette specialty store''',<ref name=BosteanCrespi2016>{{cite journal|last1=Bostean|first1=Georgiana|last2=Crespi|first2=Catherine M.|last3=Vorapharuek|first3=Patsornkarn|last4=McCarthy|first4=William J.|title=E-cigarette use among students and e-cigarette specialty retailer presence near schools|journal=Health & Place|volume=42|year=2016|pages=129–136|issn=13538292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.012|pmc=5126978|pmid=27770669}}</ref> '''electronic cigarette retail outlet''',<ref name=HahnBegley2015/> '''e-cigarette retail outlet''',<ref name=Cassella2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.bendbulletin.com/home/2196696-151/e-cigarette-chain-hitches-a-ride-on-industrys-success|title=E-cigarette chain hitches a ride on industry's success|author=Megan Cassella|work=[[The Bulletin (Bend)]]|date=29 June 2014}}</ref> '''electronic cigarette store''',<ref name=BV2014>{{cite news|url=http://patch.com/florida/clearwater/island-vape-shop--clearwater-beach-electronic-cigarette-store|title=Island Vape Shop - Clearwater Beach Electronic Cigarette Store|author=Beach Vapor (Open Post)|work=Clearwater patch|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=14 March 2014}}</ref> '''electronic cig store''',<ref name=Smith2014>{{cite news|url=http://mtstandard.com/news/local/e-cig-flap-health-worker-oversteps-law-with-electronic-cig/article_236d887c-296f-11e4-b674-001a4bcf887a.html|title=E-cig flap: Health worker oversteps law with electronic cig stores|author=Mike Smith|work=[[The Montana Standard]]|date=21 August 2014}}</ref> '''e-cigarette store''',<ref name=Boettger2014>{{cite news|url=http://peninsulaclarion.com/news/2015-04-24/kenai-vape-shop-may-face-problems-from-smoking-bill|title=Kenai vape shop may face problems from smoking bill|author=Ben Boettger|work=[[Peninsula Clarion]]|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> or '''e-cig store'''.<ref name=TSM2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.tristatehomepage.com/news/local-news/how-to-properly-use-e-cigarette-batteries|title=Safe E-Cigarette Battery Use Encouraged|work=TriStateHomepage.com|publisher=[[Nexstar Broadcasting Group]]|date=25 February 2016}}</ref>|group=notes}} is a [[Retail#Retailing in the modern era|retail outlet]] specializing in the selling of [[electronic cigarette]] products.<ref name=Sussman2014/> There are also [[online shopping|online]] vape shops.<ref name=Groome2017/> A vape shop offers a range of e-cigarette products.<ref name=Jones2015/> The majority of vape shops do not sell e-cigarette products that are from "[[Big Tobacco]]" companies.<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015/> In 2013, online [[search engine]] searches on vape shops surpassed searches on e-cigarettes.<ref name=Haar-2014/> Around a third of all sales of e-cigarette products take place in vape shops.<ref name=GiovencoDuncan2016/> Big Tobacco believes the independent e-cigarette market is a threat to their interests.<ref name=GiovencoDuncan2016/>
+<!-- Regulations -->
-==Store==
+Effective August 8, 2016, under the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) rules, a vape shop that mixes or prepares [[construction of electronic cigarettes#E-cigarette liquid|e-liquid]]s, or makes or modifies any kind of e-cigarettes, is regulated as a tobacco product manufacturer.<ref name=FDA-2016/> The FDA acknowledged that many vape shops will go out of business, but they also state many will stay open, despite hefty costs.<ref name=NewsChannel4-2016/> Vape shop owner Joe Baba in the US believes a [[list of vaping bans in the United States|ban on public vaping]] might put several vape shops out of business because taste-testing would be prohibited.<ref name=TSTC2015/> The revised EU [[Tobacco Products Directive]] came into effect May 2016 which regulates the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes.<ref name=Washtell2016/> Small business owners are concerned that the regulations will make e-cigarettes less interesting to consumers and that this means a downturn of their business.<ref name=TheEconomicVoice2015/>
-[[File:Vaping (9832376464).jpg|right|thumb|Interior view of a vape shop in the US.|alt=Interior view of a vape shop in the US.]]
-[[File:Vape on! (14578840025).jpg|thumb|right|150px|E-cigarette retailer marketing sign.|alt=E-cigarette retailer marketing sign that says vape on.]]
-[[Electronic cigarette|E-cigarettes]] products are mainly available online or in dedicated "vape" storefronts.<ref name=Esterl2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vaporizers-are-the-new-draw-in-e-cigarettes-1401378596|title='Vaporizers' Are the New Draw in E-Cigarettes|author=Mike Esterl|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=29 May 2014}}</ref> They are also available at grocery stores,<ref name=LeeKim2015>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Youn Ok|last2=Kim|first2=Annice E|title='Vape shops' and 'E-Cigarette lounges' open across the USA to promote ENDS|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=24|issue=4|year=2015|pages=410–412|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051437|pmid=24727649}}</ref> conventional retailers,<ref name=Hahn2015/> mass retailers,<ref name=HuangTauras2014>{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Jidong|last2=Tauras|first2=John|last3=Chaloupka|first3=Frank J|title=The impact of price and tobacco control policies on the demand for electronic nicotine delivery systems|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=suppl 3|year=2014|pages=iii41–iii47|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051515|pmc=4145658|pmid=24935898}}</ref> tobacco retailers,<ref name=Hahn2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hahn|first1=Ellen J.|last2=Begley|first2=Kathy|last3=Gokun|first3=Yevgeniya|last4=Johnson|first4=Andrew O.|last5=Mundy|first5=Monica E.|last6=Rayens|first6=Mary Kay|title=Electronic Cigarette Retail Outlets and Proximity to Schools|journal=American Journal of Health Promotion|volume=29|issue=6|year=2015|pages=380–383|issn=0890-1171|doi=10.4278/ajhp.130627-ARB-335|pmid=24968182}}</ref> convenience stores,<ref name=HuangTauras2014/> gas stations, drug stores,<ref name=Lee2015>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Andrew H. Y.|last2=Stater|first2=Brian J.|last3=Close|first3=Lanny|last4=Rahmati|first4=Rahmatullah|title=Are e-cigarettes effective in smoking cessation?|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=125|issue=4|year=2015|pages=785–787|issn=0023-852X|doi=10.1002/lary.24954|pmid=25387447}}</ref> and shopping malls.<ref name=Sunnucks2014>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2014/01/27/some-phoenix-landlords-hesitant-to.html|author=Mike Sunnucks|title=Some Phoenix landlords hesitant to lease space to electronic cigarette shops|journal=Phoenix Business Journal|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> A vape shop offers a range of e-cigarette products.<ref name=Jones2015/> The majority of vape shops do not sell e-cigarette products that are from "[[Big Tobacco]]" companies.<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015/> Vape shops can offer a greater selection of e-cigarettes than conventional retailers.<ref name=KimLoomis2016>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Annice E|last2=Loomis|first2=Brett|last3=Rhodes|first3=Bryan|last4=Eggers|first4=Matthew E|last5=Liedtke|first5=Christopher|last6=Porter|first6=Lauren|title=Identifying e-cigarette vape stores: description of an online search methodology|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=25|issue=e1|year=2016|pages=e19–e23|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052270|pmid=26205913}}</ref> While vape shops offer mostly [[construction of electronic cigarettes|reusable e-cigarettes]], cig-a-likes are mostly available at convenience stores.<ref name=Hunt2015>{{cite news | url=http://mountainx.com/news/foggy-frontiers-the-rise-of-the-vapor-industry-in-wnc/|title=Foggy frontiers: The rise of the vapor industry in WNC|work=[[Mountain Xpress]]|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
+<!-- Trade show -->
-Vape shops typically offer a diverse selection of [[e-liquids]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/e-cigarette-industry-booming-in-saskatchewan-1.2735841|title=E-cigarette industry booming in Saskatchewan|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=14 August 2014}}</ref> Vape shops can buy e-liquids containing 100&nbsp;mg/mL and dilute them according to the patron's preference.<ref name=KaisarPrasad2016>{{cite journal|last1=Kaisar|first1=Mohammad Abul|last2=Prasad|first2=Shikha|last3=Liles|first3=Tylor|last4=Cucullo|first4=Luca|title=A Decade of e-Cigarettes: Limited Research & Unresolved Safety Concerns|journal=Toxicology|year=2016|issn=0300-483X|doi=10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.020|pmid=27477296|volume=365|pages=67–75}}</ref> [[Flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|Flavors]] such as chocolate, caramel, mint, menthol, coffee, cherry, and apple can be added to the liquid nicotine.<ref name=KaisarPrasad2016/> Vape shops may carry vaping magazines and may offer accessories such as clothing, bags and wooden cases for the e-liquid.<ref name=Jones2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32094431|title=California vaping: The new subculture|author=Owen Bennett Jones|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|date=6 April 2015}}</ref> Vape shops host music concerts at night.<ref name=Neely2016>{{cite news|url=http://thedmonline.com/vape-music-wall-oxfords-newest-music-venue/|title=Vape, music and The Wall: Oxford’s newest music venue|author=Alexis Neely|work=[[The Daily Mississippian]]|date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Vape shops are increasing in popularity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.keyt.com/news/sb-county-considers-ecig-ban-in-public-places/34028248|title=SB County Considers E-Cig Ban in Public Places|author=Owen Bennett Jones|publisher=NPG of California|date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Many e-cigarette companies have proposed to retailers the idea to convert part of their current location into a mini vape shop.<ref name=Haar-2014/>
+Vape trade shows have an array of product vendors, seminars, social interactions with other vapers, parties, gifts, vaping contests, and other activities.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape shows are free to attend or have an entrance fee that cost from [[United States dollar|$]]10 to $25.<ref name=Williams2015/> In 2014, vaping contests at vape trade shows such as "[[cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)|cloud-chasing]]" were rare.<ref name=Williams2015/> By 2015, close to 50% of vaping trade show organizations promoted contests such as cloud-chasing.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape trade shows are increasing in popularity and regularity.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape shop owners, agents, distributors, and vapers attend trade shows.<ref name=YN2016/>
+== Store ==
-Vape shops are mainly small, independent businesses.<ref name=Mincer2015>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/rise-u-vape-shops-owners-eye-marijuana-market-050555483--finance.html;_ylt=AwrTceJaLN1VcIQAN2knnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByNWU4cGh1BGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--|title=In rise of U.S. vape shops, owners eye new marijuana market|author=Jilian Mincer|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Vape shops are usually interested in a location between 1,200 and 1,500 square feet.<ref name=Sunnucks2014/> They vary in design and product selection.<ref name=Jones2015/> Some look like bars.<ref name=Jones2015/> Some have lounges where people can drink a beverage as they vape.<ref name=Jones2015/> Some vape shops have a vape bar where patrons can test out different e-liquids and socialize.<ref name=dailynebraskan2014>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/news/generation-v-e-cigarettes-and-vape-bar-aims-to-convert/article_f79f2130-9466-11e3-b3d8-0017a43b2370.html|title=Generation V E-Cigarettes and Vape Bar aims to convert smokers to e-cigarettes|work=[[Daily Nebraskan]]|date=13 February 2014}}</ref> Vape shop customers visit their local vape shop for personalized e-cigarette advice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Polosa|first1=Riccardo|last2=Caponnetto|first2=Pasquale|last3=Cibella|first3=Fabio|last4=Le-Houezec|first4=Jacques|title=Quit and Smoking Reduction Rates in Vape Shop Consumers: A Prospective 12-Month Survey|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=4|year=2015|pages=3428–3438|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph120403428|pmid=25811767|pmc=4410194}}</ref> Vape shop retail workers may show potential customers how to use different e-cigarettes and how to fill the devices with e-liquid.<ref name=dailynebraskan2014/> A "vapologist" may give advise to potential customers to choosing an e-liquid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/nyregion/e-cigarette-shops-open-even-as-city-cracks-down.html|title=E-Cigarette Shops Open Even as City Cracks Down|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Daniel Krieger|date=9 January 2014}}</ref> Patrons are permitted to vape in most vape shops.<ref name=SussmanAllem2016>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=Steve|last2=Allem|first2=Jon-Patrick|last3=Garcia|first3=Jocelyn|last4=Unger|first4=Jennifer B.|last5=Cruz|first5=Tess Boley|last6=Garcia|first6=Robert|last7=Baezconde-Garbanati|first7=Lourdes|title=Who walks into vape shops in Southern California?: a naturalistic observation of customers|journal=Tobacco Induced Diseases|volume=14|issue=1|year=2016|issn=1617-9625|doi=10.1186/s12971-016-0082-y|pmc=4880826|pmid=27231480}}</ref> "[[Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)|Cloud-chasing]]", the activity of blowing the largest clouds of vapor, is becoming a routine event at some vape shops.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/01/us-ecigarettes-teens-tricks-insight-idUSKBN0NM49020150501|title=As youth vaping rises, teens cite the allure of tricks|author=Jilian Mincer|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
+=== Selection ===
+[[File:Vaping (9832376464).jpg|right|thumb|Interior view of a vape shop in [[Orange, California]], Unites States.|alt=Interior view of a vape shop in Orange, California, Unites States.]]
+As the [[prevalence of tobacco consumption|tobacco epidemic]] has increased to include wider use of e-cigarettes, a different kind of retailer has come forth, known as vape shops.<ref name=LeeOrlan2017/> A vape shop is a [[Retail#Retailing in the modern era|retail outlet]] focusing in the selling of [[electronic cigarette]] products.<ref name=Sussman2014>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=Steve|last2=Garcia|first2=Robert|last3=Cruz|first3=Tess|last4=Baezconde-Garbanati|first4=Lourdes|last5=Pentz|first5=Mary|last6=Unger|first6=Jennifer B|title=Consumers’ perceptions of vape shops in Southern California: an analysis of online Yelp reviews|journal=Tobacco Induced Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|year=2014|pages=22|issn=1617-9625|doi=10.1186/s12971-014-0022-7|pmc=4258055|pmid=25484852}}</ref> There are also [[online shopping|online]] vape shops.<ref name=Groome2017>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/08/14/vaping-101-why-do-i-get-a-burnt-taste-from-my-e-cig-when-and-how-to-change-your-coil-6851542/|title=Vaping 101: Why do I get a burnt taste from my e cig? When and how to change your coil|author=Imogen Groome|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|date=14 August 2017}}</ref> E-cigarettes products are mainly available online or in dedicated "vape" storefronts.<ref name=Esterl2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vaporizers-are-the-new-draw-in-e-cigarettes-1401378596|title='Vaporizers' Are the New Draw in E-Cigarettes|author=Mike Esterl|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=29 May 2014}}</ref> They are also available at grocery stores,<ref name=LeeKim2015>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Youn Ok|last2=Kim|first2=Annice E|title='Vape shops' and 'E-Cigarette lounges' open across the USA to promote ENDS|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=24|issue=4|year=2015|pages=410–412|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051437|pmid=24727649}}</ref> coffee shops,<ref name=SæbøScheffels2017>{{cite journal|last1=Sæbø|first1=Gunnar|last2=Scheffels|first2=Janne|title=Assessing notions of denormalization and renormalization of smoking in light of e-cigarette regulation|journal=International Journal of Drug Policy|volume=49|year=2017|pages=58–64|issn=09553959|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.026|pmid=28987929}}</ref> conventional retailers,<ref name=HahnBegley2015/> [[mass merchandiser]]s,<ref name=GiovencoHammond2015>{{cite journal|last1=Giovenco|first1=Daniel P.|last2=Hammond|first2=David|last3=Corey|first3=Catherine G.|last4=Ambrose|first4=Bridget K.|last5=Delnevo|first5=Cristine D.|title=E-Cigarette Market Trends in Traditional U.S. Retail Channels, 2012–2013|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|volume=17|issue=10|year=2015|pages=1279–1283|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/ntu282|pmc=4683368|pmid=25542918}}</ref> mass retailers,<ref name=HuangTauras2014>{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Jidong|last2=Tauras|first2=John|last3=Chaloupka|first3=Frank J|title=The impact of price and tobacco control policies on the demand for electronic nicotine delivery systems|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=suppl 3|year=2014|pages=iii41–iii47|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051515|pmc=4145658|pmid=24935898}}</ref> tobacco retailers,<ref name=HahnBegley2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hahn|first1=Ellen J.|last2=Begley|first2=Kathy|last3=Gokun|first3=Yevgeniya|last4=Johnson|first4=Andrew O.|last5=Mundy|first5=Monica E.|last6=Rayens|first6=Mary Kay|title=Electronic Cigarette Retail Outlets and Proximity to Schools|journal=American Journal of Health Promotion|volume=29|issue=6|year=2015|pages=380–383|issn=0890-1171|doi=10.4278/ajhp.130627-ARB-335|pmid=24968182}}</ref> convenience stores,<ref name=HuangTauras2014/> gas stations,<ref name=Rooney2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/opinion/rooney-e-cigs-carry-harmful-side-effects-for-smokers-nonsmokers/article_30127d5c-991a-11e3-b53c-001a4bcf6878.html|title=ROONEY: E-cigs carry harmful side effects for smokers, nonsmokers|author=Jennifer Rooney|work=Daily Nebraskan|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> [[dollar store]]s,<ref name=HoslerDone2016>{{cite journal|last1=Hosler|first1=Akiko S.|last2=Done|first2=Douglas H.|last3=Michaels|first3=Isaac H.|last4=Guarasi|first4=Diana C.|last5=Kammer|first5=Jamie R.|title=Longitudinal Trends in Tobacco Availability, Tobacco Advertising, and Ownership Changes of Food Stores, Albany, New York, 2003–2015|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=13|year=2016|issn=1545-1151|doi=10.5888/pcd13.160002|pmc=4867654|pmid=27172257}}</ref> drug stores,<ref name=Lee2015>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Andrew H. Y.|last2=Stater|first2=Brian J.|last3=Close|first3=Lanny|last4=Rahmati|first4=Rahmatullah|title=Are e-cigarettes effective in smoking cessation?|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=125|issue=4|year=2015|pages=785–787|issn=0023-852X|doi=10.1002/lary.24954|pmid=25387447}}</ref> liquor stores,<ref name=BosteanCrespi2017>{{cite journal|last1=Bostean|first1=Georgiana|last2=Crespi|first2=Catherine M.|last3=Vorapharuek|first3=Patsornkarn|last4=McCarthy|first4=William J.|title=E-cigarette specialty retailers: Data to assess the association between retail environment and student e-cigarette use|journal=Data in Brief|volume=11|year=2017|pages=32–38|issn=23523409|doi=10.1016/j.dib.2016.12.022|pmid=28127580}}</ref> shopping malls,<ref name=Sunnucks2014>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2014/01/27/some-phoenix-landlords-hesitant-to.html|author=Mike Sunnucks|title=Some Phoenix landlords hesitant to lease space to electronic cigarette shops|journal=Phoenix Business Journal|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> and at small [[kiosk]]s in shopping malls.<ref name=GoniewiczKuma2012>{{cite journal|last1=Goniewicz|first1=M. L.|last2=Kuma|first2=T.|last3=Gawron|first3=M.|last4=Knysak|first4=J.|last5=Kosmider|first5=L.|title=Nicotine Levels in Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|volume=15|issue=1|year=2012|pages=158–166|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/nts103|pmid=22529223}}</ref> The major sellers for e-cigarette products are vape shops, supermarkets, online vendors, and tobacco shops.<ref name=YF2018/>
+A vape shop offers a range of e-cigarette products.<ref name=Jones2015/> They do not customarily sell tobacco products.<ref name=Giovenco2017/> Vape shops generally have an antagonistic relationship with the [[tobacco industry]].<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015/> The majority of vape shops do not sell e-cigarette products that are from "[[Big Tobacco]]" companies.<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015/> Big Tobacco believes the independent e-cigarette market is a threat to their interests.<ref name=GiovencoDuncan2016/> The existence of some "vape and smoke" shops are opposed by most of the vape shop industry, based on [[anecdotal evidence]].<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Retailers specializing in tobacco such as [[tobacconist|smoke shops]] and [[head shop]]s have started selling an assortment of vaping products along with their regular products.<ref name=Giovenco2017/> These vendors such as smoke shops and head shops are generally opposed by vaping purists and advocacy groups.<ref name=Giovenco2017>{{cite journal|last1=Giovenco|first1=Daniel P.|title=Smoke Shop Misclassification May Cloud Studies on Vape Shop Density|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|year=2017|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/ntx136|pmid=28605478}}</ref> Brands owned by tobacco companies offered a limited range of e-cigarette products, whereas brands owned by vape shops emphasized a panoply of flavor and nicotine options.<ref name=HsuSun2018>{{cite journal|last1=Hsu|first1=Greta|last2=Sun|first2=Jessica Y|last3=Zhu|first3=Shu-Hong|title=Evolution of Electronic Cigarette Brands From 2013-2014 to 2016-2017: Analysis of Brand Websites|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=20|issue=3|year=2018|pages=e80|issn=1438-8871|doi=10.2196/jmir.8550}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://www.jmir.org/2018/3/e80/|author(s)=Greta Hsu, Jessica Y Sun, and Shu-Hong Zhu}}</ref>
-Some vape shop owners choose not to sell vaping products to minors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/teens-using-e-cigarettes-triples-few-in-metro-monitoring-to-see-how-theyre-getting-them|title=Number of teens using e-cigarettes triples; few in metro monitoring to see how they're getting them|author=Brendaliss Gonzalez|publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]]|date=3 July 2015}}</ref> Vapor store owners use the internet to get information e-cigarettes.<ref name=CheneyGowin2016/> Vape shop owners generally believe vaping is a habit.<ref name=CheneyGowin2016>{{cite journal|last1=Cheney|first1=Marshall K.|last2=Gowin|first2=Mary|last3=Wann|first3=Taylor Franklin|title=Vapor Store Owner Beliefs and Messages to Customers|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|volume=18|issue=5|year=2016|pages=694–699|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/ntv129|pmid=26113622}}</ref> It has been reported that many vape shop owners do not know all of the substances contained in e-liquids.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rocklandtimes.com/2016/07/07/vape-culture-grows-still-nobody-knows/|title=Vape Culture Grows, Still Nobody Knows|author=dskriloff|publisher=Rockland County Times|date=7 July 2016}}</ref>
+By 2014 all the major multinational tobacco companies had entered the e-cigarette market.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> They did so either by buying existing e-cigarette companies (including [[Dragonite International Limited|Ruyan]], the original Chinese e-cigarette company, which was bought by [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco]]) or by developing their own products.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> Although there continue to be independently owned vape shops, from economic and political perspectives the e-cigarette business is now part of the traditional tobacco industry.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> The smaller operators, who are independent sellers of e-cigarettes (so-called vape shops), are losing market share to the large tobacco companies.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018>{{cite journal|last1=Glantz|first1=Stanton A.|last2=Bareham|first2=David W.|title=E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=39|issue=1|date=January 2018|issn=0163-7525|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757|pmid=29323609}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757|author(s)=Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham}}</ref>
-{{clear}}
+[[File:Electronic Cigarette at Gas Station (25126975800).jpg|right|thumb|E-cigarettes at a gas station.|alt=E-cigarettes at a gas station.]]
-==Prevalence==
+Vape shops can offer a greater selection of e-cigarettes than conventional retailers.<ref name=KimLoomis2016>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Annice E|last2=Loomis|first2=Brett|last3=Rhodes|first3=Bryan|last4=Eggers|first4=Matthew E|last5=Liedtke|first5=Christopher|last6=Porter|first6=Lauren|title=Identifying e-cigarette vape stores: description of an online search methodology|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=25|issue=e1|year=2016|pages=e19–e23|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052270|pmid=26205913}}</ref> While vape shops offer mostly [[construction of electronic cigarettes|reusable e-cigarettes]], cig-a-likes are mostly available at convenience stores.<ref name=Hunt2015>{{cite news|url=http://mountainx.com/news/foggy-frontiers-the-rise-of-the-vapor-industry-in-wnc/|title=Foggy frontiers: The rise of the vapor industry in WNC|work=[[Mountain Xpress]]|date=16 July 2015}}</ref> Vape shops often sell later-generation devices different from the cig-a-likes usually sold by tobacco stores.<ref name=DaiHao2017/> Vape shops offer a diverse assortment of refillable e-cigarettes and more complex tank devices for experienced users.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/>
-In 2013, online [[search engine]] searches on vape shops surpassed searches on e-cigarettes.<ref name=Haar-2014>{{cite news|author= Melissa Vonder Haar|title=A Case of the Vapors|url=http://www.cspdailynews.com/sites/default/files/magazine-files/F1_TOBSUP_2014.pdf|work=Convenience Store News|year=2014}}</ref> The markup of e-cigarettes as high as 200–400% may play a role in the prevalence of vape shops.<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=S.|last2=Baezconde-Garbanati|first2=L.|last3=Garcia|first3=R.|last4=Barker|first4=D. C.|last5=Samet|first5=J. M.|last6=Leventhal|first6=A.|last7=Unger|first7=J. B.|title=Commentary: Forces That Drive the Vape Shop Industry and Implications for the Health Professions|journal=Evaluation & the Health Professions|year=2015|issn=0163-2787|doi=10.1177/0163278715586295|pmid=25967071|volume=39|pmc=5021181|pages=379–88}}</ref> In 2014, the Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association estimated that there were 35,000 vape shops in the US, more than triple the number a year earlier.<ref name=EsterlAug2014>{{cite news|last1=Esterl|first1=Mike|title=Big Tobacco's E-Cigarette Push Gets a Reality Check|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/big-tobaccos-e-cig-push-gets-a-reality-check-1409078319|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 August 2014}}</ref> There are numerous vape shops in Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard-freeholder.com/2016/06/10/vape-depot-opens-cornwall-location|title=Vape Depot opens Cornwall location|author=Todd Hambleton|work=Cornwall Standard Freeholder|date=10 June 2016}}</ref> In 2015, there were about 8,000 vape shops in the UK.<ref name=TheEconomicVoice2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.economicvoice.com/will-2016-be-the-year-that-the-high-street-vape-shop-runs-out-of-puff/|title=Will 2016 be the year that the high street vape shop runs out of puff?|publisher=The Economic Voice Ltd|date=15 December 2015}}</ref> In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year.<ref name=Lastennet2016/> Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.<ref name=Lastennet2016>{{cite news|last1=Lastennet|first1=Vincent|title=Cigarettes électroniques. Le marché de la vape en deux cartes|url=http://www.letelegramme.fr/bretagne/cigarettes-electroniques-le-marche-de-la-vape-en-deux-cartes-07-02-2016-10949003.php|work=Le Télégramme|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
+Vape shops typically offer a diverse selection of [[construction of electronic cigarettes#E-cigarette liquid|e-liquids]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/e-cigarette-industry-booming-in-saskatchewan-1.2735841|title=E-cigarette industry booming in Saskatchewan|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=14 August 2014}}</ref> while convenience stores offer some e-liquids.<ref name=Kress2014/> Vape shops can buy e-liquids containing 100&nbsp;mg/mL and dilute them according to the patron's preference.<ref name=KaisarPrasad2016>{{cite journal|last1=Kaisar|first1=Mohammad Abul|last2=Prasad|first2=Shikha|last3=Liles|first3=Tylor|last4=Cucullo|first4=Luca|title=A Decade of e-Cigarettes: Limited Research & Unresolved Safety Concerns|journal=Toxicology|year=2016|volume=365|pages=67–75|issn=0300-483X|doi=10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.020|pmid=27477296}}</ref> Vape shops offer several kinds of solution strengths.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Some retail stores are also manufacturers that create custom [[Flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|flavors]], which increases the variety of flavors available.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=11; Chapter 1}} Flavors such as chocolate, caramel, mint, menthol, coffee, cherry, and apple can be added to the liquid nicotine.<ref name=KaisarPrasad2016/> Oils and wax for use in reusable vaporizers have been available.<ref name=Fairley2014>{{cite news|url=http://hightimes.com/culture/sales-of-vaporizers-and-e-liquids-eclipse-e-cigarettes/|title=Sales of Vaporizers and E-Liquids Eclipse E-Cigarettes|author=Juliette Fairley|work=[[High Times]]|date=4 November 2014}}</ref> Herbs for vaping are also sold.<ref name=Voon2013>{{cite news|url=http://nyulocal.com/on-campus/2013/11/26/come-vape-at-the-east-villages-vape-lounge|title=Come Vape At The East Village’s Vape Lounge|author=Claire Voon|work=[[NYU Local]]|date=13 November 2013}}</ref> Local vape shops in [[Wilson County, North Carolina]] sold e-cigarettes known as Black Magic.<ref name=Neeley2018/> After several complaints from concerned parents received by the sheriff's office an investigation uncovered high-school students were buying Black Magic.<ref name=Neeley2018/> The [[North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation]] tests indicated they contained cannabidiol, or CBD oil, and also synthetic cannabinoids, which are against the law in the state.<ref name=Neeley2018/> The Black Magic that were sold at these shops stated on the packaging, "legal in all 50 states."<ref name=Neeley2018/> Officials stated they seized numerous Black Magic packages.<ref name=Neeley2018>{{cite news|url=http://www.reflector.com/Crime-and-Rescue/2018/02/15/Deputies-seize-vape-liquid-made-with-synthetic-pot.html|title=Wilson deputies seize vape liquid made with synthetic pot|author=Olivia Neeley|work=[[The Daily Reflector]]|date=15 February 2018}}</ref> Inexpensive lithium-ion batteries may be sold at local vape shops.<ref name=Wehner2018>{{cite news|url=http://bgr.com/2018/05/16/vape-death-exploding-battery-kills-florida-man/|title=Florida man killed by exploding vape is the first e-cigarette fatality in the United States|author=Mike Wehner|publisher=[[Boy Genius Report]]|date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Vape shops may carry vaping magazines and may offer accessories such as clothing, bags, wooden cases for the e-liquid,<ref name=Jones2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32094431|title=California vaping: The new subculture|author=Owen Bennett Jones|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=6 April 2015}}</ref> and vape carrying cases.<ref name=Clark2017>{{cite news|url=http://heavy.com/marijuana/2017/10/top-best-vape-shop-accessories-vaping/|title=Top 10 Best Accessories to Purchase at Your Vape Shop|author=Becca Clark|publisher=heavy|date=20 October 2017}}</ref> A handful of vape shops sell antique signs and trinkets to decorate where you live or crafts from regional artists.<ref name=Miller2015/> Many small vape shops are selling e-cigarette products made from China.<ref name=Boyd2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.pentictonwesternnews.com/news/382172311.html?mobile=true|title=E-cigarette a burning topic with Okanagan shops|author=Dale Boyd|work=Penticton Western News|publisher=[[Black Press]]|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>
-==Regulations==
-Effective from 8 August 2016, under the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) rules, a vape shop that mixes or prepares e-liquids, or makes or modifies any kind of e-cigarettes, is regulated as a tobacco product manufacturer.<ref name=FDA-2016>{{cite web|title=Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)|url=http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ProductsIngredientsComponents/ucm456610.htm|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services|agency=US Food and Drug Administration|date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Vape shops cannot hand out free samples to patrons or sell to individuals under 18 years of age.<ref name=Madhani2016/> Retailers are required to ask for photo ID from patrons who look to be under 27 years of age.<ref name=Madhani2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/08/07/e-cigarette-regulations-set-go-into-effect/88362926/|title=It's about to get a lot harder for minors to vape|author=Aamer Madhani|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=8 August 2016}}</ref>
+=== Design and layout ===
-In May 2016 the FDA used its authority under the [[Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act]] to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with FDA and comply with [[good manufacturing practice]] regulation.<ref name=FDA2016>{{cite journal|title=Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/05/10/2016-10685/deeming-tobacco-products-to-be-subject-to-the-federal-food-drug-and-cosmetic-act-as-amended-by-the|journal=Federal Register|publisher=Food and Drug Administration|page=234|date=10 May 2016}}</ref> Small vape shop businesses are concerned about the FDA regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10130211234592774869404581088451777513530|title=FDA Cloud Hangs Over Vape Shops|author=Tripp Mickle|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Vape shop owners in the US are concerned about the costs of adhering to the proposed FDA regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsinferno.com/new-regulations-for-liquid-nicotine-expected-to-have-major-impact-on-vape-shops/|title=New Regulations for Liquid Nicotine Expected to Have Major Impact on Vape Shops|author=F.A. Kelley|publisher=NewsInferno|date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Some vape shop owners believe the proposed FDA rules might put them out of business.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wyff4.com/news/fda-proposes-strict-regulations-for-vaping/34135730|title=FDA proposes strict regulations for vaping |author=Gabrielle Komorowski|publisher=[[WYFF]]|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> On 5 May 2016, the FDA announced that all tobacco products will be regulated, including e-cigarettes, which require vape shops to register as tobacco companies.<ref name=NewsChannel10-2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.newschannel10.com/story/32009771/new-fda-regulations-smoke-out-local-vape-shop-owners|title=New FDA regulations smoke out local vape shop owners|publisher=News Channel 10|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> The FDA acknowledged that many vape shops will go out of business, but they also state many will stay open, despite hefty costs.<ref name=NewsChannel4-2016>{{cite news|url=http://kfor.com/2016/05/05/fda-unveils-new-regulations-on-tobacco-vaping-industry/|title=FDA unveils new regulations on tobacco, vaping industry|authors=KFOR-TV & K. Querry, CNN Wire|publisher=News Channel 4|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Part of the new law requires products to state [[nicotine]] is addictive.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/05/08/indiana-vape-shop-owners-say-new-fda-rule-crush-industry/84036264/|title=Indiana vape shop owners say new FDA rule will crush industry|author=Shari Rudavsky|work=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=9 May 2016}}</ref> Some vape shop owners in the US believe a [[list of vaping bans in the United States|ban on public vaping]] might put some vape shops out of business because taste-testing would be prohibited.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/snohomish-county-considers-ban-on-e-cigarettes-in-public/|title=Snohomish County considers ban on e-cigarettes in public|publisher=[[The Seattle Times Company]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=11 July 2015}}</ref>
+They vary in design and product selection.<ref name=Jones2015/> There are shops that look a bit similar to bars.<ref name=Jones2015/> There are shops that have a lounge where people can drink a beverage as they vape.<ref name=Jones2015/> Vape shops sometimes include a café or other elements that promote socializing, essentially making such places like a lounge.{{sfn|SGUS|2016|p=14; Chapter 1}} A vape shop in Anderson, CA also sells vaping products via [[drive-through]].<ref name=Linder2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.krcrtv.com/news/local/shasta/small-businesses-see-improvement-as-local-vape-shop-expands/368772123|title=Small businesses see improvement as local vape shop expands|author=Jeremy Linder|publisher=[[KRCR-TV]]|agency=[[Bonten Media Group]]|date=1 March 2017}}</ref> A vape shop in Elkton, Maryland also sells beer and food.<ref name=Mattix2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.cecildaily.com/business/article_94267eba-ec6f-53d5-bce1-8caa853db72e.html|title=Mattix on Matters: Wesley's to open second vape shop|author=Cheryl Mattix|publisher=Cecil Daily|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> A vape shop in Ottawa, Illinois provides a socializing area with a sofa and television.<ref name=Jaquins2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.mywebtimes.com/news/local/ottawa-native-opens-vape-shop/article_7e016842-bee9-5799-8fb5-964861c22360.html|title=Ottawa native opens vape shop|author=Stephanie Jaquins|publisher=mywebtimes.com|date=5 March 2015}}</ref> There are shops that have a vape bar where patrons can test out different e-liquids and socialize.<ref name=dailynebraskan2014>{{cite news|author=Staff|url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/news/generation-v-e-cigarettes-and-vape-bar-aims-to-convert/article_f79f2130-9466-11e3-b3d8-0017a43b2370.html|title=Generation V E-Cigarettes and Vape Bar aims to convert smokers to e-cigarettes|work=[[Daily Nebraskan]]|date=13 February 2014}}</ref> Vape shops having lounge areas, food and beverage amenities, and entertainment may furnish a social setting for vaping that may entice newbie e-cigarette users and non-smokers alike.<ref name=LeeKim2015/> Hardly any vape shops have a [[photo booth]].<ref name=Miller2015/> A small number of vape shops offer patrons the opportunity to vape via a [[hookah]].<ref name=Miller2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/easton/index.ssf/2015/12/vape_shop_relax_at_eclectic_co.html|title=Vape, shop, relax at eclectic College Hill shop|author=Rudy Miller|work=[[The Express-Times]]|date=27 December 2015}}</ref> A few vape shops double as [[art galleries]].<ref name=Disser2015>{{cite news|url=http://bedfordandbowery.com/2015/05/avant-garde-vape-shops-double-as-art-galleries-but-will-they-ever-be-cool/|title='Avant Garde' Vape Shops Double as Art Galleries, But Will They Ever Be Cool?|author=Nicole Disser|publisher=Bedford + Bowery|date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Vape shop tenants are usually interested in a location between 1,200 and 1,500 square feet.<ref name=Sunnucks2014/>
-The revised Tobacco Products Directive European legislation will regulate the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes.<ref name=TheEconomicVoice2015/> Small business owners are concerned that the new regulation will make e-cigarettes less interesting to consumers and that this means a downturn of their business.<ref name=TheEconomicVoice2015/> In late November 2015, Bill 44 was passed by the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]], which regulates e-cigarettes as tobacco products.<ref name=CBCNEWS2016>{{cite news|title=Vape store owners argue new Quebec law infringes on freedom of speech|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/ecigarette-vaping-bill-44-charter-of-rights-1.3465564|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=26 February 2016}}</ref> It bans using e-cigarettes in vape shops, bans indoor displays and advertising, and bans sales on their websites.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canadian vaping industry challenging Quebec law|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/canadian-vaping-industry-challenging-quebec-law-1.2857655|publisher=[[CTV News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=13 April 2016}}</ref>
+=== Marketing and events ===
-==Trade show==
+[[File:Vape on! (14578840025).jpg|thumb|right|150px|E-cigarette retailer marketing sign in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg, Brooklyn]], New York, Unites States.|alt=E-cigarette retailer marketing sign in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, Unites States. The sign states, "F#@K Big Tobacco, vape on, and free tastings".]]
-[[File:Electronic Cigarette Convention Anaheim CA 2013 (10452741094).jpg|right|thumb|A bird's-eye view of an e-cigarette convention in the US.|alt=A bird's-eye view of an e-cigarette convention in the US.]]
+Many e-cigarette companies have proposed to retailers the idea to convert part of their current location into a mini vape shop.<ref name=Haar-2014/> The markup for traditional cigarettes is 10–20%, but e-cigarette dispensers, nicotine cartridges, and accessories are as high 200–400% markup.<ref name=Klein2013/> US vape shops generate around [[United States dollar|$]]26,000 in monthly sales.<ref name=TS2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13399358/1/us-vape-shops-average-26k-in-monthly-sales-according-to-industry-index.html|title=U.S. Vape Shops Average $26K In Monthly Sales, According To Industry Index|publisher=[[TheStreet.com]]|agency=[[PR Newswire]]|date=15 December 2015}}</ref> In San Francisco, e-liquids, not the devices, were the main source of income for vape shops.<ref name=LeeOrlan2017/> US vape shop owners intend to capitalize on [[medical cannabis|medical marijuana]]-related sales.<ref name=Mincer-2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ecigarettes-shops-idUSKCN0Q30B820150729|title=In rise of U.S. vape shops, owners eye new marijuana market|author=Jilian Mince|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> In the UK in 2018, there is increased competition among vape shops because more shops have opened.<ref name=Morris2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43965382|title=Up in smoke: Is the vape shop boom about to end?|author=Ben Morris|publisher=BBC News|date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
-Vape trade shows have an array of product vendors, seminars, social interactions with other vapers, parties, gifts, vaping contests, and other activities.<ref name=Williams2015/> By 2015, the number of vaping trade show organizations arranging vape trade shows had grown to 41.<ref name=Williams2015/> This includes 90 trade shows, with 6 set for 2016 in 8 countries.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape shows were organized in 26 US states.<ref name=Williams2015/> They ranged from smaller local shows to large shows jumping around among cities.<ref name=Williams2015/> Most vape show organizations are in the US.<ref name=Williams2015/> Others are in Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape shows are free to attend or have an entrance fee that cost from [[United States dollar|$]]10 to $25.<ref name=Williams2015/> In 2014, vaping contests at vape trade shows such as cloud-chasing were rare.<ref name=Williams2015/> By 2015, close to 50% of vaping trade show organizations promoted contests such as cloud-chasing.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vaping at the shows is permitted in most jurisdictions.<ref name=Williams2015/> In July 2015, a New Jersey vape trade show was fined for breaching the state’s 2010 indoor [[smoke-free law]], which bans vaping indoors.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape trade shows are increasing in popularity and regularity.<ref name=Williams2015>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Rebecca S|title=VapeCons: E-cigarette user conventions|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=36|issue=4|year=2015|pages=440–451|issn=0197-5897|doi=10.1057/jphp.2015.31|pmc=4641520|pmid=26424201}}</ref>
+"Vape shops intend to make potential customers aware of their existence and curious about visiting a shop and engaging in vaping. They also intend to make the shop accessible to encourage sales of e-cigarette-related products (vaping equipment, e-liquids, and hobby-related items such as t-shirts and magazines). Barker and colleagues interviewed vape shop owners/managers in 37 vape shops and observed availability, price, promotion and placement of vaping products and e-liquids across nine USA cities: Atlanta, Chicago, Henderson, Phoenix, Oklahoma City, San Jose, Seattle, Thousand Oaks, and Ventura. A majority of vape shops primarily use social media outlets (e.g. 100% Facebook, 86% Instagram and Yelp, 65% Twitter, 38% YouTube) and special events open to the community (57%) for marketing. Few stores reported using print or broadcast media, with radio being the most popular venue (19%). About half (51%) of stores had external advertisements, and almost one-third had no signage related to sales to minors," according to a 2017 report.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/>
-Vape shows include VapeBash, VapeCon, VapeXpo<ref name=Oser2016>{{cite news|url=http://vapenewsmagazine.com/august-2016/vaping-from-the-outside-is-trade-showconventiion-admission-worth-the-money|title=Vaping from the Outside: Is Trade Show/Conventiion Admission Worth the Money|author=Susan Oser|work=Vaping News Magazine|date=18 August 2016}}</ref> Vapestock, Vape-a-Palooza, Vapetoberfest, Vapor Gras,<ref name=Joyce2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2014/07/01/is-the-e-cigarette-bubble-about-to-burst/|title=Is the E-Cigarette Bubble About to Burst?|author=Jaime Joyce|work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> and Canada Vape Expo.<ref name=Mclaren2015>{{cite news|url=http://torontoist.com/2016/08/toronto-vaping-darryl-mccoy/|title=We Went to Toronto’s Vape Olympics, Which Might Be the Last of its Kind in Ontario|author=Erik Mclaren|work=[[Torontoist]]|date=25 August 2016}}</ref> Vape Fest, which started in 2010, is an annual vape show hosted by different cities across the US.<ref name=Larson2014>{{cite news|author1=Eric Larson|title=Pimp My Vape: The Rise of E-Cigarette Hackers|url=http://mashable.com/2014/01/25/vaping-subculture/|accessdate=22 November 2014|publisher=Mashable|date=25 January 2014}}</ref> Vape Summit started in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cw39.com/2014/11/08/thousands-cloud-up-nrg-center-for-vape-summit-ii/|title=Thousands cloud up NRG Center for Vape Summit II|author=gtrudeaunf|work=New Fix|agency=CW39|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Vapor World Expo began in 2014 at Rosemont, Illinois.<ref name=CSD2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.cstoredecisions.com/2014/01/08/vapor-world-expo-debut-near-chicago/|title=Vapor World Expo To Debut Near Chicago|author=CSD Staff|work=Convenience Store Decisions|agency=Harbor Communications|date=8 January 2014}}</ref> In May 2015 at Vape Summit 3 in Las Vegas, there was a cloud-chasing competition.<ref name=Burn-Callander2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11583974/Are-you-a-vanilla-custard-cloud-chaser.html|title=Are you a vanilla custard cloud chaser?|author=Rebecca Burn-Callander|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> In May 2016 Vape Summit was held in Paris, France.<ref name=Dunand2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.vapingpost.com/2016/04/01/paris-vape-summit-a-meeting-from-vapers-to-vapers/|title=Paris Vape Summit, a meeting from vapers to vapers|author=Nathalie Dunand|publisher=VapingPost|date=1 April 2016}}</ref> The Vape Expo China, which started in 2015, is an annual vape show held in different cities in China.<ref name=YN2016>{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/reed-huabo-organize-2nd-vape-123000379.html|title=Reed Huabo to Organize The 2nd Vape Expo China (Shenzhen)|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|agency=[[PR Newswire]]|date=18 July 2016}}</ref> Vape shop owners, agents, distributors, and vapers attend the trade show.<ref name=YN2016/>
+Vape shops have used the game [[Pokémon Go]] to market their products.<ref name=KirkpatrickCruz2017/> "From July to October 2016, several vape shops and online retailers have incorporated Pokémon Go as part of promotions on Twitter, linking game performance with discounts on their products," a 2017 report stated.<ref name=KirkpatrickCruz2017/> Vape shops have also set up local events to join Pokémon Go activities with vaping promotional contests.<ref name=KirkpatrickCruz2017>{{cite journal|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=Matthew G|last2=Cruz|first2=Tess Boley|last3=Goldenson|first3=Nicholas I|last4=Allem|first4=Jon-Patrick|last5=Chu|first5=Kar-Hai|last6=Pentz|first6=Mary Ann|last7=Unger|first7=Jennifer B|title=Electronic cigarette retailers use Pokémon Go to market products|journal=Tobacco Control|year=2017|pages=tobaccocontrol-2016-053369|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053369|pmid=28044010}}</ref>
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+In 2015, "[[Cloud-chasing (electronic cigarette)|Cloud-chasing]]", the activity of blowing the largest clouds of vapor, were becoming a routine event at local vape shops.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/01/us-ecigarettes-teens-tricks-insight-idUSKBN0NM49020150501|title=As youth vaping rises, teens cite the allure of tricks|author=Jilian Mincer|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Many vape shops organize cloud-chasing events.<ref name=SussmanAllem2016/> Cloud-chasing contests appear to be intended to bring in new shoppers and increase e-cigarette business.<ref name=Harrison2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/teen/though-unregulated-e-cigarette-culture-grows/article_f096a530-40f6-52d7-882e-bc4ec57be1aa.html|title=Though unregulated, e-cigarette culture grows|author=Eliza Harrison|work=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]]|date=11 June 2015}}</ref> Vape shops have held music concerts at night.<ref name=Neely2016>{{cite news|url=http://thedmonline.com/vape-music-wall-oxfords-newest-music-venue/|title=Vape, music and The Wall: Oxford’s newest music venue|author=Alexis Neely|work=[[The Daily Mississippian]]|date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
-==External links==
-* {{commonscat-inline|Electronic cigarettes}}
+Marketing of e-cigarettes by tobacco shops was limited, with most responding that they do not market e-cigarettes, according to a 2018 report.<ref name=YangLee2018/> Almost half have used social media, with others relying on word of mouth and price promotions.<ref name=YangLee2018/> Vape shops utilized more diverse marketing channels, including radio, print media, and word of mouth.<ref name=YangLee2018/> In-store marketing has been increasing, as of 2016.<ref name=YangLee2018/> The most common form of marketing by vape shops is social media, which all vape shops cited using for marketing, the 2018 report concluded.<ref name=YangLee2018/>
+=== Customer experience ===
+[[File:Department of Health and Human Services report Evaluation of Chemical Exposures at a Vape Shop juice bar mixing station.jpg|right|thumb|A photo of a juice bar mixing station at a vape shop in January 2016.<ref name=HHS2017/>|alt=A photo of a juice bar mixing station at a vape shop in January 2016.]]
+Most vape shop customers are people who are interested in reducing or quitting smoking.<ref name=Tyndall2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/opinion/opinion+getting+regulations+right+vapour+products/12160965/story.html|title=Opinion: Getting regulations right on vapour products|author=Mark Tyndall|publisher=[[Postmedia Network]]|agency=[[Postmedia News]]|date=30 August 2016}}</ref> Some are long-term e-cigarette users.<ref name=Royle2016>{{cite news|author=Sara Royle|url=http://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/14722123.Kendal_vape_shop_owner_dismisses_new_research/|title=Kendal vape shop owner dismisses new research|work=[[The Westmorland Gazette]]|date=4 September 2016}}</ref> The average customer age is from 40-45.<ref name=Miller2016>{{cite news|url=http://lasvegassun.com/news/2016/aug/28/new-fda-regulations-could-extinguish-nevadas-vapor/|title=New FDA regulations could damage Nevada’s vapor industry|author=Valerie Miller|work=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|publisher=[[Greenspun Media Group]]|date=28 August 2016}}</ref> Vape shop customers visit their local vape shop for personalized e-cigarette advice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Polosa|first1=Riccardo|last2=Caponnetto|first2=Pasquale|last3=Cibella|first3=Fabio|last4=Le-Houezec|first4=Jacques|title=Quit and Smoking Reduction Rates in Vape Shop Consumers: A Prospective 12-Month Survey|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=4|year=2015|pages=3428–3438|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph120403428|pmc=4410194|pmid=25811767}}</ref> Vape shop retail workers may show potential customers how to use different e-cigarettes and how to fill the devices with e-liquid.<ref name=dailynebraskan2014/> A "vapologist" may give advise to potential customers to choosing an e-liquid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/nyregion/e-cigarette-shops-open-even-as-city-cracks-down.html|title=E-Cigarette Shops Open Even as City Cracks Down|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Daniel Krieger|date=9 January 2014}}</ref> Patrons are permitted to vape in most vape shops.<ref name=SussmanAllem2016>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=Steve|last2=Allem|first2=Jon-Patrick|last3=Garcia|first3=Jocelyn|last4=Unger|first4=Jennifer B.|last5=Cruz|first5=Tess Boley|last6=Garcia|first6=Robert|last7=Baezconde-Garbanati|first7=Lourdes|title=Who walks into vape shops in Southern California?: a naturalistic observation of customers|journal=Tobacco Induced Diseases|volume=14|issue=1|year=2016|issn=1617-9625|doi=10.1186/s12971-016-0082-y|pmc=4880826|pmid=27231480}}</ref> Almost all vape shops do not allow smoking.<ref name=Falchek2015>{{cite news|url=http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/business/vaping-takes-hold-in-nepa-health-benefits-hazy-1.1894245|title=Vaping takes hold in NEPA, health benefits hazy|author=David Falchek|work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]]|date=7 June 2015}}</ref>
+Some US vape shop owners choose not to sell vaping products to minors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/teens-using-e-cigarettes-triples-few-in-metro-monitoring-to-see-how-theyre-getting-them|title=Number of teens using e-cigarettes triples; few in metro monitoring to see how they're getting them|author=Brendaliss Gonzalez|publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]]|date=3 July 2015}}</ref> The City Council of [[Malden, Massachusetts]] received quite a few complaints following a vape shop opening near the Mystic Valley Regional Charter School.<ref name=Leibowitz2017/> The school board of [[Howe Sound Secondary School]] in [[Squamish, British Columbia]] is concerned a vape shop could open close to the high school.<ref name=Chua2017/> In June 2017 Christina Moore on behalf of the District of Squamish wrote in an email, "the District has no means to withhold such a business licence if all of our regulatory requirements are met."<ref name=Chua2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.squamishchief.com/news/local-news/schools-ask-the-district-to-reconsider-proposed-vape-shop-1.20825972|title=Schools ask the District to reconsider proposed vape shop|author=Steven Chua|publisher=The Squamish Chief|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> The vape shop marketed flavored e-cigarettes that appeared to target a younger audience.<ref name=Leibowitz2017>{{cite news|url=http://malden.wickedlocal.com/news/20170428/council-to-discuss-zoning-for-pot-tobacco-alcohol-shops|title=Council to discuss zoning for pot, tobacco, alcohol shops|author=Aaron Leibowitz|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date=28 April 2017}}</ref> [[Pleasantville, New York]] Board of Education officials in 2017 were concerned over a vape shop opening near schools, learning centers and other locations attended by young people.<ref name=McKinney2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/news/2017/08/01/pleasantville-officials-concerned-over-vape-shop/528223001/|title=Pleasantville officials concerned over vape shop|author=Michael P. McKinney|work=[[The Journal News]]|date=1 August 2017}}</ref> [[New Rochelle, New York]] officials in 2017 proposed regulation to stop smoke and vape shops from selling nicotine-based products within 500 feet of youth-based institutions.<ref name=Reiner2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/new-rochelle/2017/06/19/new-rochelle-ban-smoke-and-vape-shops-near-schools/394228001/|title=New Rochelle mulls banning smoke and vape shops near schools|author=Dan Reiner|work=The Journal News|date=19 June 2017}}</ref> "Vape shops in general have received a bad rep for their social element and for allegedly marketing toward children," Chris Bouton, a vape shop owner in Ypsilanti, Michigan, said in 2016.<ref name=Perkins2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2016/04/new_vape_shop_planned_for_down.html|title=New vape shop planned for downtown Ypsilanti|author=Tom Perkins|publisher=[[Advance Digital]]|agency=[[Booth Newspapers]]|date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Vape shop owners support prohibiting the sales of e-cigarettes to children.<ref name=Lehrer2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/study-e-cig-bans-on-minors-lead-to-higher-smoking-rates/article/1054361#!|title=Study: E-Cig Bans on Minors Lead to Higher Smoking Rates|author=Eli Lehrer|work=[[The Weekly Standard]]|date=27 October 2015}}</ref> In 2016-2017 in the UK, vape shops were the top destination for buying e-cigarettes among previous-year smokers.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=95}} A 2016 Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use UK survey found 37% of e-cigarette users of those 11-15 years of age stated they purchased an e-cigarette at a vape shop.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=71}} About 25% of 11-15 year olds of respondents in a UK survey stated buying e-cigarettes from vape shops, among those who vape and smoke.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=39}} The top destination to buy e-cigarettes in regular users of those 11-15 years of age was a vape shop, with 24% stating buying them from these shops.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=72}}
+Studies focused on vape shops are limited.<ref name=YangLee2018/> A 2018 study of e-cigarette users in the East Anglia region of England found e-cigarette users reported that vape shops were very attentive to their needs related to e-cigarette use.<ref name=SumnerFarsalinos2018>{{cite journal|last1=Sumner|first1=Walton|last2=Farsalinos|first2=Konstantinos|title=Lessons and Guidance from the Special Issue on Electronic Cigarette Use and Public Health|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=15|issue=7|year=2018|pages=1338|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph15071338}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/7/1338/htm|author(s)=Walton Sumner and Konstantinos Farsalinos}}</ref> In order to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace, vape shop owners and managers commonly stated that they distinguish their stores from others through customer service and new products, according to a 2018 report.<ref name=YangLee2018/> These findings support previous studies which found vape shops build rapport with customers and create an atmosphere around vaping which allows for interaction, builds a sense of community, and attracts customers.<ref name=YangLee2018/> The relational dimension of vape shops may contribute to the spread of information about e-cigarettes including new products, forms of use, and health-related issues.<ref name=YangLee2018/> Thus, while the US FDA has required warning labels on products and advertisements, it cannot control what vape shop owners and staff communicate to their customers or where they get information.<ref name=YangLee2018/> Vape shops are not only retail outlets where products are made available; they also act as a center of activity for the vape community for information about e-cigarettes.<ref name=YangLee2018>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Joshua S.|last2=Lee|first2=Esther|title=A qualitative assessment of business perspectives and tactics of tobacco and vape shop retailers in three communities in Orange County, CA, 2015–2016|journal=Archives of Public Health|volume=76|issue=1|year=2018|issn=2049-3258|doi=10.1186/s13690-018-0307-z|pmc=6193290|pmid=30349691}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-018-0307-z|author(s)=Joshua S. Yang and Esther Lee}}</ref>
+=== In-store observations ===
+Vape shop employees were commonly former smokers who generally were presently e-cigarettes users, and employees shared their thoughts using e-cigarettes and moving away from cigarettes.<ref name=LeeOrlan2017/> Michelle LaBarbera, representing the Vapor Group Inc. located in Davie, Florida, said in 2014, "A very big part of employment at a vape shop is not just understanding how the product works and being able to explain it, but also being able to figure out what may be wrong with it."<ref name=Kress2014/> Vape shops occasionally provide inaccurate information.<ref name=LeeOrlan2017/> Of the 77 vape shops in the [[Los Angeles Basin]], 50% of the vape shops had let people test e-liquids consisting of nicotine.<ref name=GarciaAllem2017/> 83% of the vape shops had self-service testing areas for patrons.<ref name=GarciaAllem2017/> The majority of vape shops let patrons to test several kinds of e-liquids.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Other retailers do not provide sampling of e-liquids.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> 72% of vape shop workers stated that spills of e-liquids consisting of nicotine had happened.<ref name=GarciaAllem2017/> 64% of the vape shops had safety gear, whereas 34% had gear for appropriate nicotine handling.<ref name=GarciaAllem2017/> In addition, 62% of vape shop workers stated they picked up nicotine absent of gloves or other safety protection.<ref name=GarciaAllem2017>{{cite journal|last1=Garcia|first1=Robert|last2=Allem|first2=Jon|last3=Baezconde-Garbanati|first3=Lourdes|last4=Unger|first4=Jennifer|last5=Sussman|first5=Steve|title=Employee and customer handling of nicotine-containing e-liquids in vape shops|journal=Tobacco Prevention & Cessation|volume=2|issue=Supplement|year=2017|issn=2459-3087|doi=10.18332/tpc/67295|pmc=5484151|pmid=28660255}}</ref>
+A 2016 study analyzed 23 vape shops in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] offering e-cigarettes and e-liquid.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Every retailer sold e-liquid containing no nicotine.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> 91% had free e-liquid samples.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> 57% of those having free samples available merely had e-liquid without nicotine available.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Many vape shops began charging for samples, such as a $1 fee, that get around the FDA rules of giving away free samples, based on anecdotal evidence.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Every vape shop retailer sold second-generation and third-generation e-cigarettes, and just 17% of vape shops sold first-generation e-cigarettes.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Employees said about 72% of their shoppers purchased e-cigarettes for quitting smoking or as an alternative to tobacco use, and 10% for using recreationally for the first-time.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Six shops stated there were shoppers that were young adult enthusiasts such cloud-chasers.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=Steve|last2=Barker|first2=Diana|title=Vape Shops: The E-cigarette marketplace|journal=Tobacco Prevention & Cessation|volume=2|issue=Supplement|year=2017|issn=2459-3087|doi=10.18332/tpc/76484}}</ref> A 2014 study evaluated the amounts of nicotine in 70 e-liquid bottles from 16 unlicensed vape shops.<ref name=KaurPinkston2018/> 17% of the samples tested had greater concentrations of nicotine than stated on the labels.<ref name=KaurPinkston2018/> One sample had a 172% greater amount of nicotine than indicated on the label.<ref name=KaurPinkston2018>{{cite journal|last1=Kaur|first1=Gagandeep|last2=Pinkston|first2=Rakeysha|last3=Mclemore|first3=Benathel|last4=Dorsey|first4=Waneene C.|last5=Batra|first5=Sanjay|title=Immunological and toxicological risk assessment of e-cigarettes|journal=European Respiratory Review|volume=27|issue=147|year=2018|pages=170119|issn=0905-9180|doi=10.1183/16000617.0119-2017|pmid=29491036}}</ref>
+In January 2017 an e-cigarette blew up in a man's hands while trying it out in a vape shop.<ref name=Nelz2017>{{cite news|url=https://philnews.ph/2017/01/16/viral-vape-explodes-filipino-testing-product-shop/|title=Viral: Vape Explodes While Filipino Testing Out The Product At Shop|author=Jay Nelz|publisher=PhilNews|date=16 January 2017}}</ref> In April 2016 a minor lost the ability to see in one eye and was burned when a vape shop employee in a Brooklyn, New York mall inserted the incorrect [[battery (electricity)|battery]] into an e-cigarette and it blew up.<ref name=Stepansky2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/boy-14-partially-blinded-exploding-e-cigarette-battery-article-1.2601552|title=Boy, 14, partially blinded by exploding e-cigarette battery; furious family assails airhead Brooklyn vape shop clerk|last1=Stepansky|first1=Joseph|last2=Rayman|first2=Graham|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|date=15 April 2016}}</ref> Vape shop owners said [[safety of electronic cigarettes#Fires.2C explosions.2C and other battery-related malfunctions|e-cigarette battery blasts]] are avoidable if users are cautious and adhere to battery safety directions.<ref name=K2016>{{cite news|url=https://spinfuel.com/explosions-preventable/|title=Explosions Preventable|author=Jim K|publisher=Spinfuel eMagazine|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Local vape shop owners stated the risk from an e-cigarette blast is small.<ref name=Powell2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.whsv.com/content/news/Local-vape-shop-responds-to-demand-for-e-cigarette-recall-review-407626375.html|title=Local vape shop responds to demand for e-cigarette recall, review|author=Avery Powell|publisher=[[WHSV-TV]]|date=21 December 2016}}</ref> It is recommended that if the batteries wrapper is tarnished do not use it or go to a vape shop to check if it can be fixed.<ref name=VapeCentral2015>{{cite book|author=VapeCentral|title=Vaping 101: Everything You Need To Know|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc8LCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|date=30 June 2015|publisher=VaporHouse|pages=16–}}</ref>
+A 2017 [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] report stated, "We detected the presence of metals, such as chromium, lead, copper, and nickel on surfaces in the shop. This finding was not surprising given that these metals have also been measured by other researchers in e-liquids (chromium, lead, and nickel) and in vapor from e-cigarettes (chromium, nickel, and copper) Some of the other elements that we detected on surfaces are found in human sweat (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorous). It is unknown if their presence on surfaces was from e-cigarettes, people touching surfaces, or both."<ref name=HHS2017/>
+=== In-store air quality ===
+[[File:Department of Health and Human Services report Evaluation of Chemical Exposures at a Vape Shop (page 3 crop).jpg|right|thumb|Highlights of concerns from a 2017 [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] report regarding exposure to [[composition of electronic cigarette aerosol|vaping-related chemicals]] in a vape shop.<ref name=HHS2017/>|alt=Highlights of concerns from a 2017 United States Department of Health and Human Services report regarding exposure to vaping-related chemicals in a vape shop.]]
+A 2017 United States Department of Health and Human Services report evaluated concerns about exposure to vaping-related chemicals in a vape shop.<ref name=HHS2017/> Exposure to flavoring chemicals ([[diacetyl]], [[acetylpropionyl|2,3-pentanedione]], [[acetaldehyde]]), [[formaldehyde]], [[nicotine]], and [[propylene glycol]] were all below [[occupational exposure limit]]s (OELs).<ref name=HHS2017/> They found that not all employees wore chemical protective gloves when handling liquids containing nicotine.<ref name=HHS2017/> They saw chemicals being stored in a refrigerator used for food.<ref name=HHS2017/> The 2017 United States Department of Health and Human Services report concluded, "Employees were exposed to detectable levels of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in the air while working in the vape shop. Although the measured concentrations were below all applicable OELs, to better protect the health of employees we recommend that the employer implement a policy prohibiting vaping in the work place with e-liquids that contain diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. The concentration of other vaping-related chemicals that we measured were also below their relevant OELs. Employees should be trained on proper chemical handling procedures and the need for consistent use of chemical protective nitrile gloves when handling liquids containing nicotine."<ref name=HHS2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2015-0107-3279.pdf|title=Evaluation of Chemical Exposures at a Vape Shop|last1=M. Zwack|first1=Leonard|last2=B. Stefaniak|first2=Aleksandr|last3=F. LeBouf|first3=Ryan|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]; [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]]|agency=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|pages=1–24|date=July 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> "EC aerosols generated in a vape shop can travel into a nearby business where they deposit on surfaces forming [EC exhaled aerosol residue] ECEAR," according to a 2018 report.<ref name=KhachatoorianJacobIII2018>{{cite journal|last1=Khachatoorian|first1=Careen|last2=Jacob III|first2=Peyton|last3=Benowitz|first3=Neal L|last4=Talbot|first4=Prue|title=Electronic cigarette chemicals transfer from a vape shop to a nearby business in a multiple-tenant retail building|journal=Tobacco Control|year=2018|pages=tobaccocontrol-2018-054316|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054316|pmid=30158206}}</ref>
+=== Store owners ===
+Vape shops are mainly small, independent businesses.<ref name=Mincer2015>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/rise-u-vape-shops-owners-eye-marijuana-market-050555483--finance.html;_ylt=AwrTceJaLN1VcIQAN2knnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByNWU4cGh1BGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--|title=In rise of U.S. vape shops, owners eye new marijuana market|author=Jilian Mincer|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|agency=Reuters|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> They are started by owners of tobacco retailers and small bands of investors.<ref name=Klein2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/E-cigarettes-light-up-outlook-for-small-business-4866928.php|title=E-cigarettes light up outlook for small business|author=Karen E. Klein|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle#Web|San Francisco Chronicle]]|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|date= October 3, 2013}}</ref> There are also regional chains.<ref name=LeeD’Angelo2016>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Joseph|last2=D’Angelo|first2=Heather|last3=Kuteh|first3=Jaleel|last4=Martin|first4=Ryan|title=Identification of Vape Shops in Two North Carolina Counties: An Approach for States without Retailer Licensing|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=13|issue=12|year=2016|pages=1050|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph13111050|pmid=27801793}}</ref> The majority of vape shops are owned by individuals who vape.<ref name=Kress2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.csnews.com/product-categories/tobacco/what-vape-shops-have-c-stores-don%E2%80%99t|title=What Vape Shops Have That C-stores Don’t|author=Melissa Kress|work=Convenience Store News|date=29 September 2014}}</ref> Vape shop owners mainly use the internet to get information on e-cigarettes, rather than rely on science-based evidence.<ref name=LeeOrlan2017/> The main source of information on e-cigarette products for vape shops is social media channels.<ref name=YuEscobedo2018/> Information is also obtained from e-cigarette company sales representatives and vape product warehouses, which could play a key role in informing vape shops of new e-cigarette products and in guiding shops on which items to offer and sell.<ref name=YuEscobedo2018/> Vape shops owners believe e-cigarettes is a lot safer than traditional cigarettes.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Vape shop owners generally believe vaping is a habit.<ref name=CheneyGowin2016>{{cite journal|last1=Cheney|first1=Marshall K.|last2=Gowin|first2=Mary|last3=Wann|first3=Taylor Franklin|title=Vapor Store Owner Beliefs and Messages to Customers|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|volume=18|issue=5|year=2016|pages=694–699|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/ntv129|pmid=26113622}}</ref> Vape shop owners described e-cigarette use as a hobby.<ref name=NayakKemp2016/> Several vape shop owners stated that vaping provided an option to use nicotine in places where [[smoking ban|smoking was banned]].<ref name=NayakKemp2016/> Vape shop owners did not consider e-liquid nicotine addictive.<ref name=CheneyGowin2016/> Many vape shop owners thought that smokers have an addiction to the other chemicals in cigarettes, but not nicotine.<ref name=CheneyGowin2016/> Vape shop retailers demonstrated little interest in dealing with [[nicotine addiction]].<ref name=LeeOrlan2017/> It has been reported that many vape shop owners do not know all of the substances contained in e-liquids.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rocklandtimes.com/2016/07/07/vape-culture-grows-still-nobody-knows/|title=Vape Culture Grows, Still Nobody Knows|author=dskriloff|publisher=Rockland County Times|date=7 July 2016}}</ref> Some vape shop owners recognized that some e-liquids were made in unsanitary conditions.<ref name=NayakKemp2016/> Retailers said that e-cigarette vapors is made up of merely water vapors, however, the evidence does not support this assertion.<ref name=ZainolAbidinZainalAbidin2017>{{cite journal|last1=Zainol Abidin|first1=Najihah|last2=Zainal Abidin|first2=Emilia|last3=Zulkifli|first3=Aziemah|last4=Karuppiah|first4=Karmegam|last5=Syed Ismail|first5=Sharifah Norkhadijah|last6=Amer Nordin|first6=Amer Siddiq|title=Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers|journal=Reviews on Environmental Health|volume=0|issue=0|year=2017|issn=2191-0308|doi=10.1515/reveh-2016-0059|pmid=28107173}}</ref> According to the view of among vape shop owners, Big Tobacco's entrance in the vaping industry will remain unsettling, as they pay for influence in the marketability of these devices, particularly to a younger audience.<ref name=Casey2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.johnsoncitypress.com/Health-Care/2016/08/09/Area-vape-shop-owners-and-tobacco-experts-at-odds-over-FDA-e-cigarette-regulations|title=Area vape shop owners and tobacco experts at odds over FDA e-cig regulations|author=Tony Casey|publisher=[[Johnson City, Tennessee#Print|Johnson City Press]]|date=9 August 2016}}</ref> Some vape shop owners believed that it would be better if e-cigarettes were not regulated as tobacco products and thought that Big Tobacco was responsible for the proposed FDA rules.<ref name=NayakKemp2016>{{cite journal|last1=Nayak|first1=Pratibha|last2=Kemp|first2=Catherine B.|last3=Redmon|first3=Pamela|title=A Qualitative Study of Vape Shop Operators' Perceptions of Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarette Use and Attitude Toward Their Potential Regulation by the US Food and Drug Administration, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, or North Carolina, 2015|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=13|year=2016|issn=1545-1151|doi=10.5888/pcd13.160071|pmc=4877178|pmid=27197081}}</ref> A 2018 study found that local vape shops were often unaware of pending regulation in the US.<ref name=SumnerFarsalinos2018/> This may be because vape shops struggled just to stay open: 20% of the sample closed over the course of a year, a 2018 report stated.<ref name=SumnerFarsalinos2018/>
+== Prevalence ==
+Vape shops are becoming increasingly popular.<ref name=Carls2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.keyt.com/news/sb-county-considers-ecig-ban-in-public-places/34028248|title=SB County Considers E-Cig Ban in Public Places|author=Keith Carls|publisher=NPG of California|date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Over the few years leading up to 2018, vape shops have proliferated in a number of countries such as the US, at retail locations, as well as online.<ref name=GalstyanGalimov2018>{{cite journal|last1=Galstyan|first1=Ellen|last2=Galimov|first2=Artur|last3=Sussman|first3=Steve|title=Commentary: The Emergence of Pod Mods at Vape Shops|journal=Evaluation & the Health Professions|year=2018|pages=016327871881297|issn=0163-2787|doi=10.1177/0163278718812976|pmid=30477337}}</ref> Over the few years leading up to 2015, vape shops have increased in a number of countries.<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015/> {{Asof|2015}}, vape shops are commonly found in Nova Scotia.<ref name=Ross2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/vape-shops-becoming-a-more-common-sight-across-nova-scotia-1.2930411|title=Vape shops becoming a more common sight across Nova Scotia|author=Selena Ross|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=24 January 2015}}</ref> In 2013, online [[search engine]] searches on vape shops surpassed searches on e-cigarettes.<ref name=Haar-2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.cspdailynews.com/sites/default/files/magazine-files/F1_TOBSUP_2014.pdf|title=A Case of the Vapors|author=Melissa Vonder Haar|work=CSP magazine|year=2014}}</ref> The markup of e-cigarettes as high as 200–400% may play a role in the prevalence of vape shops.<ref name=SussmanBaezconde-Garbanati2015>{{cite journal|last1=Sussman|first1=S.|last2=Baezconde-Garbanati|first2=L.|last3=Garcia|first3=R.|last4=Barker|first4=D. C.|last5=Samet|first5=J. M.|last6=Leventhal|first6=A.|last7=Unger|first7=J. B.|title=Commentary: Forces That Drive the Vape Shop Industry and Implications for the Health Professions|journal=Evaluation & the Health Professions|year=2015|volume=39|pages=379–88|issn=0163-2787|doi=10.1177/0163278715586295|pmc=5021181|pmid=25967071}}</ref> Worldwide, retailers have sold millions of devices.<ref name=Caponnetto2012>{{cite journal|last1=Caponnetto|first1=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580}}</ref> Around a third of all sales of e-cigarette products take place in vape shops.<ref name=GiovencoDuncan2016/> In 2017, vape shops were believed to produce the highest sales for the e-cigarette market.<ref name=YF2018>{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/e-cigarette-market-reach-48-075619619.html|title=E-Cigarette Market to Reach $48 Billion by 2023: P&S Market Research|publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]]|agency=[[GlobeNewswire]]|date=2 January 2018}}</ref> For the UK in 2018, retailer vape shops were the most prevalence point of purchase, with above 40% of sales.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=39}}
+Vape shops in the US have emerged in large cities, and additionally in smaller metropolitan places.<ref name=LeeKim2015/> In 2014, the Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association estimated that there were 35,000 vape shops in the US, more than triple the number a year earlier.<ref name=EsterlAug2014>{{cite news|last1=Esterl|first1=Mike|title=Big Tobacco's E-Cigarette Push Gets a Reality Check|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/big-tobaccos-e-cig-push-gets-a-reality-check-1409078319|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 August 2014}}</ref> In 2016 data provided from [[Yelp]] showed that the western states are the hub of the e-cigarette business.<ref name=Groskopf2016>{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/608469/what-yelp-data-tells-us-about-vaping/|title=What Yelp data reveal about the sudden rise of vape shops in America|last1=Groskopf|first1=Christopher|work=[[Quartz (publication)]]|date=10 February 2016}}</ref> The availability of vaping products in US stores is increasing, especially in places with low taxes and smoking bans.<ref name=RoseBarker2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=S. W.|last2=Barker|first2=D. C.|last3=D'Angelo|first3=H.|last4=Khan|first4=T.|last5=Huang|first5=J.|last6=Chaloupka|first6=F. J.|last7=Ribisl|first7=K. M.|title=The availability of electronic cigarettes in US retail outlets, 2012: results of two national studies|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 3|year=2014|pages=iii10–iii16|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051461|pmid=24935892}}</ref> {{Asof|2017}}, new vape shops are opening, in some cases close to schools.<ref name=RinkooKaur2017>{{cite journal|last1=Rinkoo|first1=ArvindVashishta|last2=Kaur|first2=Jagdish|title=Getting real with the upcoming challenge of electronic nicotine delivery systems: The way forward for the South-East Asia region|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health|volume=61|issue=5|year=2017|pages=7|issn=0019-557X|doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_240_17|pmid=28928312}}</ref> Vape shops in the US are more frequently to be located close to private universities and colleges in cities rather than rural places.<ref name=DaiHao2016>{{cite journal|last1=Dai|first1=Hongying|last2=Hao|first2=Jianqiang|title=Geographic density and proximity of vape shops to colleges in the USA|journal=Tobacco Control|year=2016|pages=tobaccocontrol-2016-052957|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052957|pmid=27302700}}</ref> In the US, e-cigarettes sold at retailers are more likely available in places with a higher [[median family income]].<ref name=Bhatnagar2014/> Vape shops in southern California are found in places with a higher percentage of the Hispanic population, a 2018 report suggests.<ref name=BosteanSanchez2018>{{cite journal|last1=Bostean|first1=Georgiana|last2=Sanchez|first2=Luis|last3=Lippert|first3=Adam M.|title=Sociodemographic disparities in e-cigarette retail environment: Vape stores and census tract characteristics in Orange County, CA|journal=Health & Place|volume=50|year=2018|pages=65–72|issn=13538292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.12.004|pmid=29414423}}</ref> E-cigarettes sold at retailers is greater in US states with minimal clean indoor air polices and in areas with low [[cigarette taxes in the United States|cigarette taxes]].<ref name=Bhatnagar2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bhatnagar|first1=A.|last2=Whitsel|first2=L. P.|last3=Ribisl|first3=K. M.|last4=Bullen|first4=C.|last5=Chaloupka|first5=F.|last6=Piano|first6=M. R.|last7=Robertson|first7=R. M.|last8=McAuley|first8=T.|last9=Goff|first9=D.|last10=Benowitz|first10=N.|title=Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|date=24 August 2014|volume=130|issue=16|pages=1418–1436|url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/16/1418.full|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107|pmid=25156991}}</ref> Vape shops in the US are frequently located in [[census tract]]s where retailing of tobacco is strong, and where less racial minorities reside.<ref name=GiovencoDuncan2016>{{cite journal|last1=Giovenco|first1=Daniel P.|last2=Duncan|first2=Dustin T.|last3=Coups|first3=Elliot J.|last4=Lewis|first4=M. Jane|last5=Delnevo|first5=Cristine D.|title=Census tract correlates of vape shop locations in New Jersey|journal=Health & Place|volume=40|year=2016|pages=123–128|issn=13538292|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.05.008|pmid=27261635}}</ref> Vape shops were more frequent in places where more White people reside.<ref name=LeeOrlan2017>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Joseph G L|last2=Orlan|first2=Elizabeth N|last3=Sewell|first3=Kerry B|last4=Ribisl|first4=Kurt M|title=A new form of nicotine retailers: a systematic review of the sales and marketing practices of vape shops|journal=Tobacco Control|year=2017|pages=tobaccocontrol-2017-054015|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054015|pmid=29208738}}</ref> Vape shops in the US are more frequently located in places where people with a greater possibility for vaping and smoking reside.<ref name=DaiHao2017>{{cite journal|last1=Dai|first1=Hongying|last2=Hao|first2=Jianqiang|last3=Catley|first3=Delwyn|title=Vape Shop Density and Socio-demographic Disparities: A U.S. Census Tract Analysis|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|year=2017|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/ntx063|pmid=28371830}}</ref>
+There are numerous vape shops in Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard-freeholder.com/2016/06/10/vape-depot-opens-cornwall-location|title=Vape Depot opens Cornwall location|author=Todd Hambleton|work=Cornwall Standard Freeholder|date=10 June 2016}}</ref> In 2015, there were about 8,000 vape shops in the UK.<ref name=TheEconomicVoice2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.economicvoice.com/will-2016-be-the-year-that-the-high-street-vape-shop-runs-out-of-puff/|title=Will 2016 be the year that the high street vape shop runs out of puff?|publisher=The Economic Voice Ltd|date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Poorer areas in the UK have had an increase in the number of vape shops.<ref name=TE2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21695963-why-e-smoking-flourishing-big-smoke|title=The big smoke|publisher=[[Economist Group]]|date=2 April 2016}}</ref> In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year.<ref name=Lastennet2016/> Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.<ref name=Lastennet2016>{{cite news|last1=Lastennet|first1=Vincent|title=Cigarettes électroniques. Le marché de la vape en deux cartes|url=http://www.letelegramme.fr/bretagne/cigarettes-electroniques-le-marche-de-la-vape-en-deux-cartes-07-02-2016-10949003.php|work=Le Télégramme|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
+== Regulations ==
+=== United States ===
+[[File:FDA CTP PowerPoint Presentation Vape Shop Webinar-forweb-done (page 7 crop).jpg|right|thumb|400px|The FDA explains what a vape shop is, among other information.<ref name=DeemingRule2016/>|alt=The FDA explains what a vape shop is, among other information.]]
+Effective August 8, 2016, under the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) rules, a vape shop that mixes or prepares e-liquids, or makes or modifies any kind of e-cigarettes, is regulated as a tobacco product manufacturer.<ref name=FDA-2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ProductsIngredientsComponents/ucm456610.htm|title=Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|agency=United States Food and Drug Administration|date=7 August 2016}}</ref> The categorization of vape shops that make or modify e-cigarettes including e-liquids as manufacturers mandating abiding with the FDA manufacturing standards, have been extended to August 8, 2022.<ref name=SussmanBarker2017/> Vape shops cannot hand out free samples to patrons or sell to individuals under 18 years of age.<ref name=WackowskiDelnevo2016>{{cite journal|last1=Wackowski|first1=Olivia A.|last2=Delnevo|first2=Cristine D.|last3=Steinberg|first3=Michael B.|title=Perspectives for Clinicians on Regulation of Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|year=2016|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/M16-1345|pmid=27571380}}</ref> Individuals under the age of 18 are not allowed to handle e-cigarette devices.<ref name=Stepansky2016/> Retailers are required to ask for photo ID from patrons who look to be under 27 years of age.<ref name=Madhani2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/08/07/e-cigarette-regulations-set-go-into-effect/88362926/|title=It's about to get a lot harder for minors to vape|author=Aamer Madhani|work=[[USA Today]]|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> "One of the most important provisions to help reduce youth access to tobacco products is the prohibition on free samples of tobacco products," FDA [[Commissioner of Food and Drugs|Commissioner]] [[Scott Gottlieb]] stated in October 2017.<ref name=Wheeler2017/> "With more youth using e-cigarettes than any other tobacco product, it’s critical that manufacturers and retailers understand how we intend to enforce this provision," he added.<ref name=Wheeler2017>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/regulation/healthcare/355011-fda-bans-free-samples-of-e-cigarettes|title=FDA: Ban on free tobacco samples includes e-cigs|author=Lydia Wheeler|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=11 October 2017}}</ref> The FDA sends undercover minors into vape shops to attempt to buy e-cigarette products.<ref name=McDonald2016/> The purpose of this operation is to ensure retailers do not violate [[regulation of electronic cigarettes|federal regulations]].<ref name=McDonald2016>{{cite news|url=http://vaping360.com/fda-using-minors-in-sting-ops-of-vape-shops/|title=FDA Using Minors in Sting Ops of Vape Shops|author=Jim McDonald|publisher=Vaping360|date=23 August 2016}}</ref> Five individuals were arrested for selling e-cigarette products to patrons under 21 years of age at vape shops in [[Suffolk County, New York]] in December 2017, local police stated.<ref name=Korb2017>{{cite news|url=https://patch.com/new-york/kingspark/5-vape-shop-clerks-sold-products-minors-suffolk-police|title=5 Vape Shop Clerks Sold Products To Minors In Suffolk: Police|author1=Priscila Korb|author2=Patch Staff|publisher=[[Patch Media]]|date=19 December 2017}}</ref> There are no strict FDA rules in regard to the age of people who enter vape shops.<ref name=KhachatoorianJacob2019>{{cite journal|last1=Khachatoorian|first1=Careen|last2=Jacob|first2=Peyton|last3=Sen|first3=Amy|last4=Zhu|first4=Yifang|last5=Benowitz|first5=Neal L.|last6=Talbot|first6=Prue|title=Identification and quantification of electronic cigarette exhaled aerosol residue chemicals in field sites|journal=Environmental Research|volume=170|year=2019|pages=351–358|issn=00139351|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.027|pmid=30623881}}</ref>
+The significant increase in employees directly telling customers of free e-cigarette puff trial offers rather than posting displays of the offers in the shop suggest retailers are finding ways around the impending FDA regulations by not having displays but still engaging in the (soon-to-be illegal) behavior.<ref name=YuEscobedo2018/> This may signify that awareness of, but not necessarily compliance with, the impending rules is occurring in the vape marketplace.<ref name=YuEscobedo2018/> Effective May 10 2018, vape shop retailers were prohibited from selling or distributing e-cigarettes or other vape products without including a health warning statement on the product packaging and from displaying e-cigarette or other vape product advertisements without including a health warning statement on the ads.<ref name=YuEscobedo2018>{{cite journal|last1=Yu|first1=Sheila|last2=Escobedo|first2=Patricia|last3=Garcia|first3=Robert|last4=Cruz|first4=Tess|last5=Unger|first5=Jennifer|last6=Baezconde-Garbanati|first6=Lourdes|last7=Meza|first7=Leah|last8=Sussman|first8=Steve|title=A Descriptive Longitudinal Study of Changes in Vape Shop Characteristics and Store Policies in Anticipation of the 2016 FDA Regulations of Tobacco Products, Including E-Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=313|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph15020313|pmid=29439464}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/2/313/htm|authors=Sheila Yu, Patricia Escobedo, Robert Garcia, Tess Boley Cruz, Jennifer B. Unger, Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati, Leah Meza, and Steve Sussman}}</ref>
+In 2018 the FDA investigated [[Juul|JUUL]] to determine if they are marketing its e-cigarette that looks like a [[USB flash drive]] to youth.<ref name=Richtel2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/27/science/juul-vaping-teen-marketing.html|title=Did Juul Lure Teenagers and Get 'Customers for Life'?|work=The New York Times|last1=Richtel|first1=Matt|last2=Kaplan|first2=Sheila|date=27 August 2018}}</ref> Two vape shops in [[New Jersey]] were notified by the FDA in April 2018 to stop selling JUUL e-cigarettes to minors.<ref name=Kent2018>{{cite news|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/nj_vape_shops_sold_juul_e-cigarettes_to_minors_as.html|title=FDA warns 2 N.J. vape shops over sale of Juul e-cigarettes to minors|author=Spencer Kent|publisher=[[NJ.com]]|date=25 April 2018}}</ref> "The illegal sale of these JUUL products to minors is concerning. In fact, just since the beginning of March, FDA compliance checks have uncovered 40 violations for illegal sales of JUUL products to youth. The FDA has issued 40 warning letters for those violations, which we are also announcing today. This includes warning letters that are the result of the blitz. Others are a result of our sustained enforcement efforts to reduce tobacco product sales to minors. And we anticipate taking many more similar actions as a result of the ongoing blitz and our focus on enforcement related to youth access," FDA Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb stated on April 24, 2018.<ref name=Gottlieb2018/> The FDA announced several new actions and efforts aimed at doing just that as the first steps in a new Youth Tobacco Prevention Plan focused on stopping youth use of tobacco products, and in particular, e-cigarettes.<ref name=Gottlieb2018/> The FDA also sent an official request for information directly to JUUL Labs, requiring the company to submit important documents to better understand the reportedly high rates of youth use and the particular youth appeal of these products.<ref name=Gottlieb2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm605432.htm|title=Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on new enforcement actions and a Youth Tobacco Prevention Plan to stop youth use of, and access to, JUUL and other e-cigarettes|last=Gottlieb|first=Scott|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|agency=United States Food and Drug Administration|date=24 April 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> In response, JUUL Labs announced in April 2018 the programs they are initiating to prevent young people from using their products.<ref name=Delzo2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/juul-vape-fda-begins-nationwide-152047637.html|title=Juul Vape: FDA Begins Nationwide Crackdown on Product and Other E-Cigarette Brands|author=Janissa Delzo|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=26 April 2018}}</ref>
+[[File:FDA CTP PowerPoint Presentation Vape Shop Webinar-forweb-done (page 10 crop).jpg|left|thumb|400px|The revised FDA rules banned sales to minors, among other things.<ref name=DeemingRule2016>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM501234.pdf|title=The "Deeming Rule": Vape Shops|author=David Keith|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|agency=United States Food and Drug Administration|year=2016}}</ref>|alt=The revised FDA rules banned sales to minors, among other things.]]
+Effective June 9, 2016, under California's tobacco laws, the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was raised from [[Tobacco 21#California|18 to 21]] and e-cigarettes were added to the current definition of tobacco products.<ref name=Abram2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.com/health/20160609/california-snuffs-out-tobacco-sales-to-teens-but-some-call-new-law-unfair|title=California snuffs out tobacco sales to teens, but some call new law unfair|author=Susan Abram|publisher=Los Angeles Daily News|date=9 June 2016}}</ref> As part of the rules, e-cigarettes, e-liquids, in addition to vaping devices and accessories, are not permitted to be sold in self-service displays.<ref name=Bay2016/> "Today marks a significant moment in California history as new tobacco control laws go into effect statewide. This is the first time the Golden State has raised the age of sale for tobacco since the law first took effect 144 years ago," said Dr. Karen Smith, [[California Department of Public Health]] director and state health officer, on June 9, 2016.<ref name=Bay2016/> "Our focus is on reaching more than 34,000 retailers with tobacco licenses and vape shops to provide them the information and resources needed to comply with the new tobacco 21 law."<ref name=Bay2016/> The California Department of Public Health, Food and Drug Branch is charged with enforcing the Stop Tobacco Access to Kids Enforcement Act, and conducts ongoing illegal sales enforcement operations.<ref name=Bay2016/> California retailers caught selling tobacco products to minors during these enforcement operations are subject to fines up to $6,000.<ref name=Bay2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR16-035.aspx|title=New California Tobacco Laws Go Into Effect|author=Ali Bay|publisher=California Department of Public Health|date=9 June 2016}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
+In May 2016 the FDA used its authority under the [[Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act]] to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with FDA and comply with [[good manufacturing practice]] regulation.<ref name=FDA2016>{{cite journal|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/05/10/2016-10685/deeming-tobacco-products-to-be-subject-to-the-federal-food-drug-and-cosmetic-act-as-amended-by-the|title=Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products|journal=Federal Register|publisher=Food and Drug Administration|page=234|date=10 May 2016}}</ref> Small vape shop businesses are concerned about the FDA regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10130211234592774869404581088451777513530|title=FDA Cloud Hangs Over Vape Shops|author=Tripp Mickle|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Vape shop owners in the US are concerned about the costs of adhering to the proposed FDA regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsinferno.com/new-regulations-for-liquid-nicotine-expected-to-have-major-impact-on-vape-shops/|title=New Regulations for Liquid Nicotine Expected to Have Major Impact on Vape Shops|author=F A Kelley|work=NewsInferno|date=8 July 2015}}</ref> According to the FDA filing applications will take approximately 1,500 hours to complete with a price between $117,000 to $466,000.<ref name=BarrazaWeidenaar2017>{{cite journal|last1=Barraza|first1=Leila F.|last2=Weidenaar|first2=Kim E.|last3=Cook|first3=Livia T.|last4=Logue|first4=Andrea R.|last5=Halpern|first5=Michael T.|title=Regulations and policies regarding e-cigarettes|journal=Cancer|year=2017|issn=0008543X|doi=10.1002/cncr.30725|pmid=28440949}}</ref> E-cigarette advocates stated filing FDA applications is too expensive for small companies, which will give consumers less options because it is expected only large tobacco companies can afford the steep costs.<ref name=MW2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-government-crackdown-is-here-what-the-fda-regulations-mean-for-e-cigarettes-2016-05-05|title=The government crackdown is here: What the FDA regulations mean for e-cigarettes|publisher=[[MarketWatch]]|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> The concern in the vaping community is the FDA rules will favor large tobacco companies' one-time use e-cigarettes.<ref name=Neal2014>{{cite news|last1=Neal|first1=Meghan|title=The E-Cig Industry Will Choke on New FDA Regulations—Except Big Tobacco|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-e-cig-industry-will-choke-on-new-fda-regulations-but-not-big-tobacco|work=[[Vice (magazine)#Website|Motherboard]]|date=6 May 2014}}</ref> Vape shop owner Brent Ellis believes the FDA rules might shut down his business.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wyff4.com/news/fda-proposes-strict-regulations-for-vaping/34135730|title=FDA proposes strict regulations for vaping|author=Gabrielle Komorowski|publisher=[[WYFF]]|date=13 July 2015}}</ref>
+On May 5, 2016, the FDA announced that all tobacco products will be regulated, including e-cigarettes, which require vape shops to register as tobacco companies.<ref name=NewsChannel10-2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.newschannel10.com/story/32009771/new-fda-regulations-smoke-out-local-vape-shop-owners|title=New FDA regulations smoke out local vape shop owners|publisher=News Channel 10|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> The FDA acknowledged that many vape shops will go out of business, but they also state many will stay open, despite hefty costs.<ref name=NewsChannel4-2016>{{cite news|url=http://kfor.com/2016/05/05/fda-unveils-new-regulations-on-tobacco-vaping-industry/|title=FDA unveils new regulations on tobacco, vaping industry|authors=KFOR-TV & K. Querry, CNN Wire|publisher=News Channel 4|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Part of the new law requires products to state [[nicotine]] is addictive.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/05/08/indiana-vape-shop-owners-say-new-fda-rule-crush-industry/84036264/|title=Indiana vape shop owners say new FDA rule will crush industry|author=Shari Rudavsky|work=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=9 May 2016}}</ref> {{Asof|2017}} sellers of vaping products and other affiliated products in California are obligated to obtain a retailer's license from the [[California State Board of Equalization]].<ref name=BSReports2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.modbee.com/news/article124191099.html|title=E-cigarette sellers now need state license |author=Bee Staff Reports|work=[[The Modesto Bee]]|date=2 January 2017}}</ref> Vape shop owner Joe Baba in the US believes a [[list of vaping bans in the United States|ban on public vaping]] might put several vape shops out of business because taste-testing would be prohibited.<ref name=TSTC2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/snohomish-county-considers-ban-on-e-cigarettes-in-public/|title=Snohomish County considers ban on e-cigarettes in public|publisher=[[The Seattle Times Company]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=11 July 2015}}</ref> Cheryl Jones, a vape shop co-owner in DuBois, Pennsylvania said in June 2016 that she believes that the FDA rules will eliminate 90% of the items sold at vape shops.<ref name=Hrin2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.thecourierexpress.com/news/local-vape-shop-industry-hope-for-the-best/article_449ea511-cd34-52c8-8015-5720fd56cd7e.html|title=Local vape shop, industry hope for the best|author=Eric Hrin|work=[[DuBois, Pennsylvania#Print|The Courier Express]]|date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The American Vaping Association said it could cost upwards of a $1 million to get a new product approved by the FDA.<ref name=Tavernise2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/science/fda-rules-electronic-cigarettes.html?_r=0|title=F.D.A. Imposes Rules for E-Cigarettes in a Landmark Move|author=Sabrina Tavernise|work=The New York Times|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Most vaping products must adhere to the FDA rules in order to be legally sold.<ref name=Hinds2016>{{cite news|url=http://wjhl.com/2016/06/10/local-vapor-shops-concerned-new-fda-rules-will-shut-them-down/|title=Local vapor shops concerned new FDA rules will shut them down|author=Allie Hinds|publisher=WJHL|date=10 June 2016}}</ref> E-cigarette and tobacco companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning existing products already on the market.<ref name=Lipton2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/us/politics/e-cigarettes-vaping-cigars-fda-altria.html?module=Promotron&region=Body&action=click&pgtype=article|title=A Lobbyist Wrote the Bill. Will the Tobacco Industry Win Its E-Cigarette Fight?|author=Eric Lipton|work=The New York Times|date=2 September 2016}}</ref> In 2016, some big companies have taken legal action disputing the FDA regulations.<ref name=Thompson2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegram.com/news/20160623/vape-shop-owners-say-new-federal-regulations-could-close-them-down|title=Vape shop owners say new federal regulations could close them down|author=Elaine Thompson|work=[[Telegram & Gazette]]|date=24 June 2016}}</ref> In January 2018, vape shops in 5 US states have taken legal action disputing a rule established by the FDA that declares e-cigarettes and similar devices to be regulated as tobacco products.<ref name=Raymond2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-health-ecigarettes/vape-shops-sue-to-block-u-s-regulation-covering-e-cigarettes-idUSKBN1FJ2NV|title=Vape shops sue to block U.S. regulation covering e-cigarettes|author=Nate Raymond|publisher=Reuters|date=30 January 2018}}</ref> The FDA is planning on banning the sale of e-liquid flavors at convenience stores and gas stations.<ref name=Duprey2018/> Tobacco, mint, and menthol flavors will still be allowed at convenience stores, gas stations, and other places where they are sold.<ref name=Duprey2018/> Fruity-type flavors can only be sold at places where adults shop, such as vape shops.<ref name=Duprey2018>{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/winners-losers-fda-apos-e-151400716.html|title=Winners and Losers From FDA's New E-Cig Rules|last=Duprey|first=Rich|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|agency=[[The Motley Fool]]|date=17 November 2018}}</ref>
+=== Europe ===
+The revised EU [[Tobacco Products Directive]] came into effect May 2016 which regulates the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes.<ref name=Washtell2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/240410/eu-tobacco-products-directive-chokes-off-the-uks-e-cigarette-and-vaping-market-|title=EU Tobacco Products Directive chokes off the UK's e-cigarette and vaping market|author=Francesca Washtell|work=[[City A.M.]]|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Small business owners are concerned that the regulations will make e-cigarettes less interesting to consumers and that this means a downturn of their business.<ref name=TheEconomicVoice2015/> Tank devices can be up to 2&nbsp;ml in capacity.<ref name=White2017/> E-liquid packages can be sold for up to 10&nbsp;ml.<ref name=White2017>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/04/10/how-strict-new-e-cig-laws-coming-into-force-next-month-will-affect-you-6564888/|title=How strict new e-cig laws coming into force next month will affect you|author=Charles White|work=Metro (British newspaper)|date=10 April 2017}}</ref> Vape shops in the UK are not permitted to sell vaping products to minors.<ref name=Chilver2017>{{cite news|title=Nuneaton market trader claimed she was ill and busy when she sold nicotine products to children|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/nuneaton-market-trader-claimed-ill-12754712|author=Katrina Chilver|work=[[Coventry Telegraph]]|agency=[[Trinity Mirror]]|date=17 March 2017}}</ref> The law is intended to prevent children from having access to all types of tobacco and nicotine.<ref name=Jefferson-Brown2017>{{cite news|title=Vape shop worker fined £440|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15180547.Vape_shop_worker_fined___440/|author=Nadia Jefferson-Brown|work=[[The Press (York)]]|agency=[[Newsquest]]|date=25 March 2017}}</ref> The Independent British Vape Trade Association has a 15-point voluntary [[code of conduct]].<ref name=BBC2017/> Along with asking shops to not deliberately sell their products to minors, to refrain from asserting health benefits from using e-cigarettes and comply with the law, it states the following: "Vape products are for current or former smokers and existing users of vaping devices, therefore [you should] never knowingly sell to anyone who is not a current or former smoker, or a current vaper."<ref name=BBC2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39523857|title=Vaping shops selling to non-smokers|publisher=BBC News|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Close to 9 out of 10 vape shops in the UK are breaching the Independent British Vape Trade Association's code of conduct by offering e-cigarettes to never-smokers,<ref name=Forster2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/vape-shops-nine-ten-sell-non-smokers-break-industry-codes-undercover-investigation-e-cigarettes-a7670601.html|title=Nine out of 10 vape shops 'break industry code by selling to non-smokers', reveals undercover investigation|author=Katie Forster|work=[[The Independent]]|date=6 April 2017}}</ref> according to an undercover investigation by the [[Royal Society for Public Health]].<ref name=RSPH2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.rsph.org.uk/about-us/news/undercover-investigation-finds-9-in-10-vape-shops-prepared-to-sell-to-non-smokers.html|title=Undercover investigation finds 9 in 10 vape shops prepared to sell to non-smokers|publisher=[[Royal Society for Public Health]]|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> The Royal Society for Public Health is insisting vape shops to abide by the industry's code of conduct.<ref name=Rodger2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/how-vaping-shops-selling-e-12859522|title=How vaping shops are selling e-cigarettes to non-smokers|author=James Rodger|work=[[Birmingham Mail]]|date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
+=== Canada ===
+In late November 2015, Bill 44 was passed by the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]], which regulates e-cigarettes as tobacco products in Quebec, Canada.<ref name=CBCNews2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/ecigarette-vaping-bill-44-charter-of-rights-1.3465564|title=Vape store owners argue new Quebec law infringes on freedom of speech|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=26 February 2016}}</ref> It bans using e-cigarettes in vape shops, bans indoor displays and advertising, and bans sales on their websites.<ref name=CTVN2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/canadian-vaping-industry-challenging-quebec-law-1.2857655|title=Canadian vaping industry challenging Quebec law|publisher=[[CTV News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=13 April 2016}}</ref> Vaping is prohibited in the same places as smoking.<ref name=CBCNews2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/map-smoking-laws-across-canada-1.3340187|title=Map: Smoking laws across Canada|publisher=CBC News|date=27 November 2015}}</ref> E-cigarettes are banned in restaurants and bar patios.<ref name=CBC-News2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-new-law-tobacco-e-cigarettes-patio-1.3339479|title=Quebec cracks down on e-cigarettes, bans patio smoking|publisher=CBC News|date=27 November 2015}}</ref> E-cigarette use in enclosed public spaces is no longer legal.<ref name=CBCNews-2015/> Patrons are no longer permitted to try out products inside a vape shop.<ref name=CBCNews-2015/> Vape shops owners in Quebec state the revised law is harming their business.<ref name=CBCNews-2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-e-cigarette-vendors-frustrated-by-reality-of-new-anti-tobacco-law-1.3360905|title=Quebec e-cigarette vendors frustrated by reality of new anti-tobacco law|publisher=CBC News|date=11 December 2015}}</ref> In November 2015 the Council of Saskatchewan voted to ban vaping wherever smoking is banned, except for vape shops.<ref name=Blackwell2015/> Jennifer Miller, representing the Lung Association of Saskatchewan, said they are primarily concerned for employees of vape shops who will inhale exhaled e-cigarette vapor.<ref name=Blackwell2015/> She said, "It’s a lot of exposure for the lungs in a 40-hour work-week."<ref name=Blackwell2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.ckom.com/2015/11/23/council-bans-e-cigarettes-exempts-vape-shops/|title=Council bans e-cigarettes, exempts vape shops|author=Justin Blackwell|publisher=[[Rawlco Communications]]|date=23 November 2015}}</ref>
+== Trade show ==
+[[File:Electronic Cigarette Convention Anaheim CA 2013 (10452741094).jpg|right|thumb|A bird's-eye view of the Electronic Cigarette Convention in [[Anaheim, California]], United States in 2013.|alt=A bird's-eye view of the Electronic Cigarette Convention in Anaheim, California, United States in 2013.]]
+Vape trade shows have an array of product vendors, seminars, social interactions with other vapers, parties, gifts, vaping contests, and other activities.<ref name=Williams2015/> By 2015, the number of vaping trade show organizations arranging vape trade shows had grown to 41.<ref name=Williams2015/> This includes 90 trade shows, with 6 set for 2016 in 8 countries.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape shows were organized in 26 US states.<ref name=Williams2015/> They ranged from smaller local shows to large shows jumping around among cities.<ref name=Williams2015/> Most vape show organizations are in the US.<ref name=Williams2015/> Others are in Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape shows are free to attend or have an entrance fee that cost from [[United States dollar|$]]10 to $25.<ref name=Williams2015/> In 2014, vaping contests at vape trade shows such as cloud-chasing were rare.<ref name=Williams2015/> By 2015, close to 50% of vaping trade show organizations promoted contests such as cloud-chasing.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vaping at the shows is permitted and encouraged, which lead to photo and video footage displayed on show Websites.<ref name=Williams2015/> Every show provided sponsors or vendors that offered for sale their products at the shows, which support people to observe and use vaping products.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vaping is permitted in places for vaping shows while vaping is prohibited in those places for other events.{{sfn|Stratton|2018|p=Secondhand Exposure to E-Cigarette Aerosol, 77}} In July 2015, a New Jersey vape trade show was fined for breaching the state’s 2010 indoor [[smoke-free law]], which bans vaping indoors.<ref name=Williams2015/> Vape trade shows are increasing in popularity and regularity.<ref name=Williams2015>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Rebecca S|title=VapeCons: E-cigarette user conventions|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=36|issue=4|year=2015|pages=440–451|issn=0197-5897|doi=10.1057/jphp.2015.31|pmc=4641520|pmid=26424201}}</ref>
+Vape shows include VapeBash, VapeCon, VapeXpo<ref name=Oser2016>{{cite news|url=http://vapenewsmagazine.com/august-2016/vaping-from-the-outside-is-trade-showconventiion-admission-worth-the-money|title=Vaping from the Outside: Is Trade Show/Conventiion Admission Worth the Money|author=Susan Oser|work=Vaping News Magazine|date=18 August 2016}}</ref> Vapestock, Vape-a-Palooza, Vapetoberfest, Vapor Gras,<ref name=Joyce2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2014/07/01/is-the-e-cigarette-bubble-about-to-burst/|title=Is the E-Cigarette Bubble About to Burst?|author=Jaime Joyce|work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> and Canada Vape Expo.<ref name=Mclaren2015>{{cite news|url=http://torontoist.com/2016/08/toronto-vaping-darryl-mccoy/|title=We Went to Toronto’s Vape Olympics, Which Might Be the Last of its Kind in Ontario|author=Erik Mclaren|work=[[Torontoist]]|date=25 August 2016}}</ref> Vape Fest, which started in 2010, is an annual vape show hosted by different cities across the US.<ref name=Larson2014>{{cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/01/25/vaping-subculture/|title=Pimp My Vape: The Rise of E-Cigarette Hackers|author=Eric Larson|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=25 January 2014}}</ref> The first annual Electronic Cigarette Convention began in September 2013 at the [[Anaheim Convention Center]], in [[Anaheim, California]].<ref name=Madden2013>{{cite web|url=https://ecigarettereviewed.com/electronic-cigarette-convention-anaheim-recap|title=ECC Day 1 Recap: Global Vapers Unite in Anaheim!|publisher=EcigaretteReviewed.com|author=John Madden|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Vape Summit started in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cw39.com/2014/11/08/thousands-cloud-up-nrg-center-for-vape-summit-ii/|title=Thousands cloud up NRG Center for Vape Summit II|author=G Trudeau|publisher=[[KIAH-TV]]|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> World Vapor Expo began in 2014 at Rosemont, Illinois, US.<ref name=CSD2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.cstoredecisions.com/2014/01/08/vapor-world-expo-debut-near-chicago/|title=Vapor World Expo To Debut Near Chicago|author=CSD Staff|work=Convenience Store Decisions|agency=Harbor Communications|date=8 January 2014}}</ref> World Vapor Expo was held in Miami, Florida, US in 2017.<ref name=BenTalebEbrahimiKalan2018/> E-cigarette marketing approaches at the 2017 World Vapor Expo included providing samples of candy flavored e-liquids along with actual matching candy samples.<ref name=BenTalebEbrahimiKalan2018/> A 2018 report stated, "E-cigarette marketing strategies such as those observed at the 2017 World Vapor Expo echo earlier cigarette promotions infamously used by the tobacco industry to attract consumers, most notably teenagers."<ref name=BenTalebEbrahimiKalan2018>{{cite journal|last1=Ben Taleb|first1=Ziyad|last2=Ebrahimi Kalan|first2=Mohammad|title=World Vapor Expo 2017: e-cigarette marketing tactics|journal=Tobacco Control|year=2018|pages=tobaccocontrol-2017-054128|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054128|pmid=29540557}}</ref> Oregon Vape Festival began in January 2015.<ref name=James2015>{{cite news|url=http://thatoregonlife.com/2015/06/vape-cloud-competitions-are-a-thing-and-they-even-have-an-event-in-oregon/|title=Vape cloud competitions are a thing, and they even have an event in Oregon|author=Tyler James|publisher=That Oregon Life|date=13 June 2015}}</ref> In May 2015 at Vape Summit 3 in Las Vegas, there was a cloud-chasing competition.<ref name=Burn-Callander2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11583974/Are-you-a-vanilla-custard-cloud-chaser.html|title=Are you a vanilla custard cloud chaser?|author=Rebecca Burn-Callander|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> Vaper Expo UK began in 2016 at Birmingham, UK.<ref name=Bish2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/vaper-expo-2016-vaping-is-it-cool-prob-not|title=I Went to the UK's Biggest Vaping Event and All I Got Was This Lousy Empathy|author=Joe Bish|work=[[Vice (magazine)#Website|Vice]]|date=9 May 2016}}</ref> In May 2016 Vape Summit was held in Paris, France.<ref name=Dunand2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.vapingpost.com/2016/04/01/paris-vape-summit-a-meeting-from-vapers-to-vapers/|title=Paris Vape Summit, a meeting from vapers to vapers|author=Nathalie Dunand|publisher=VapingPost|date=1 April 2016}}</ref> VapeShow Prague in the Czech Republic began in 2016.<ref name=Rosselat2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.vapingpost.com/2016/07/18/vapeshow-prague-2016-the-main-event-in-czech-republic-devoted-to-vape-business/|title=VAPESHOW Prague 2016 – the main event in Czech Republic devoted to vape business|author=Simon Rosselat|publisher=VapingPost|date=18 July 2016}}</ref> The Hall of Vape in [[Stuttgart Trade Fair|Messe Stuttgart]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]] is an annual event held in May.<ref name=VP2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.vapingpost.com/event/the-hall-of-vape/|title=The Hall of Vape|publisher=VapingPost|year=2017}}</ref> Vape Expo China, which started in 2015, is an annual vape show held in different cities in China.<ref name=PR2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reed-huabo-to-organize-the-2nd-vape-expo-china-shenzhen-300299809.html|title=Reed Huabo to Organize The 2nd Vape Expo China (Shenzhen)|agency=[[PR Newswire]]|date=18 July 2016}}</ref> Vape shop owners, agents, distributors, and vapers attended the trade show.<ref name=PR2016/> Vape Expo Japan was held from March 29 to March, 31 2018 in Osaka, Japan.<ref name=YN2017/> Approximately 180 exhibitors from at least 25 countries attended the show.<ref name=YN2017>{{cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/vape-expo-japan-brings-boom-092800036.html|title=Brings A Boom To Vaping Industry In Eastern-Asia Next Spring|publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=PR Newswire|date=27 November 2017}}</ref> The VapEvent 2018 is mainly a trade show for businesses.<ref name=Tonelli2018>{{cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/great-news-innovation-is-alive-and-well-in-the-vape-in-1825415483|title=My Journey to the Vape Industry's Bleeding Edge|author=Joe Tonelli|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
+== Gallery ==
+<gallery caption="Various vape shops" widths=165 heights=175 class=center>
+File:Altrincham E Cigs shop.JPG|Vape shop in [[Altrincham|Altrincham, Greater Manchester]], England.|alt=Vape shop in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, England.
+File:Electronic cigarette shop, Northwich (1).JPG|Vape shop in [[Northwich|Northwich, Cheshire]], England.|alt=Vape shop in Northwich, Cheshire, England.
+File:7 rue du Général Leclerc à Bures-sur-Yvette le 27 mars 2015 - 4.jpg|Vape shop in [[Bures-sur-Yvette]], France.|alt=Vape shop in France.
+File:Vapor Shack.jpg|Vape shop in [[Hope Mills, North Carolina]], United States.|alt=Vape shop in Hope Mills, North Carolina, United States.
+File:Vape Store - Vape Shop - Vaping Lounge (25086135889).jpg|Interior view of a vape shop in [[Orange, California]], United States.|alt=Interior view of a vape shop in Orange, California, United States.
+</gallery>
+== Notes ==
+{{reflist|group=notes}}
+== Bibliography ==
+*{{cite web|last1=McNeill|first1=A|last2=Brose|first2=LS|last3=Calder|first3=R|last4=Bauld|first4=L|last5=Robson|first5=D|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf|title=Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018|location=UK|publisher=Public Health England|pages=1–243|date=February 2018|ref={{harvid|McNeill|2018}}}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Stratton|first1=Kathleen|last2=Kwan|first2=Leslie Y.|last3=Eaton|first3=David L.|url=https://www.nap.edu/resource/24952/012318ecigaretteHighlights.pdf|title=Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes|publisher=[[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]]|agency=[[National Academies Press]]|pages=1–774|date=January 2018|doi=10.17226/24952|pmid=29894118|ref={{harvid|Stratton|2018}}}}
+*{{cite web|url=https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf|title=E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|agency=[[Surgeon General of the United States]]|pages=1–298|year=2016|ref={{harvid|SGUS|2016}}}}{{PD-notice}}
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
 {{Cigarettes}}