Bengal fox: Difference between revisions
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The '''Bengal fox''' (''Vulpes bengalensis''), also known as the '''Indian fox''', is a [[fox]] [[endemic]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Himalaya]]n foothills and [[Terai]] of [[Nepal]] through southern [[India]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vanak, A.T. |year=2005 |title=Distribution and status of the Indian fox ''Vulpes bengalensis'' in southern India |journal=Canid News |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages= |url=http://www.canids.org/canidnews/8/Indian_fox_in_southern_India.pdf}}</ref> and from southern and eastern [[Pakistan]] to eastern [[India]] and southeastern [[Bangladesh]].<ref name= |
The '''Bengal fox''' (''Vulpes bengalensis''), also known as the '''Indian fox''', is a [[fox]] [[endemic]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Himalaya]]n foothills and [[Terai]] of [[Nepal]] through southern [[India]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vanak, A.T. |year=2005 |title=Distribution and status of the Indian fox ''Vulpes bengalensis'' in southern India |journal=Canid News |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages= |url=http://www.canids.org/canidnews/8/Indian_fox_in_southern_India.pdf}}</ref> and from southern and eastern [[Pakistan]] to eastern [[India]] and southeastern [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Gompper2006">{{cite journal |author1=Gompper, M.E. |author2=Vanak, A.T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=''Vulpes bengalensis'' |journal= Mammalian Species |volume=795 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1644/795.1 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article-pdf/doi/10.1644/795.1/24460822/795.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000866 |heading=Species ''Vulpes bengalensis''}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pages=126–131|title=Dogs, jackals, wolves and foxes: A monograph of the Canidae |author=Mivart, St George |year=1890|publisher=R H Porter |location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/dogsjackalswolve00mivarich#page/128/mode/2up}}</ref> |
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==Appearance== |
==Appearance== |
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[[File:VulpesBengalensisFBI.jpg|thumb|left|Skull]] |
[[File:VulpesBengalensisFBI.jpg|thumb|left|Skull]] |
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''Vulpes bengalensis'' is a relatively small fox with an elongated muzzle, long, pointed ears, and a bushy tail about 50 to 60% of the length of the head and body. Its dorsal [[pelage]] is very variable, but mostly grayish and paler ventrally; its legs tend to be brownish or [[rufous]]. It is more daintily built than ''[[Vulpes vulpes]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon |first=Vivek |title=Mammals of India |series=Princeton Field Guides |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-14067-4}}</ref> The tail is bushy with a prominent black tip which distinguishes it from ''V. vulpes''. Back of ears are dark brown with black margin. Its [[rhinarium]] is naked and the lips are black, with small black hair patches on upper part of nuzzle (shaft) in front of eyes. The ears have the same colour as the nape or maybe darker, but not having a dark patch as in ''V. vulpes''. Extensive variation in coat colour exists across populations and seasonally within populations, but generally varies from grey to pale brown. The head and body length is {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with a {{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} long tail. Typical weight is {{convert|5|to|9|lb|kg}}.<ref name= |
''Vulpes bengalensis'' is a relatively small fox with an elongated muzzle, long, pointed ears, and a bushy tail about 50 to 60% of the length of the head and body. Its dorsal [[pelage]] is very variable, but mostly grayish and paler ventrally; its legs tend to be brownish or [[rufous]]. It is more daintily built than ''[[Vulpes vulpes]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon |first=Vivek |title=Mammals of India |series=Princeton Field Guides |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-14067-4}}</ref> The tail is bushy with a prominent black tip which distinguishes it from ''V. vulpes''. Back of ears are dark brown with black margin. Its [[rhinarium]] is naked and the lips are black, with small black hair patches on upper part of nuzzle (shaft) in front of eyes. The ears have the same colour as the nape or maybe darker, but not having a dark patch as in ''V. vulpes''. Extensive variation in coat colour exists across populations and seasonally within populations, but generally varies from grey to pale brown. The head and body length is {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with a {{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} long tail. Typical weight is {{convert|5|to|9|lb|kg}}.<ref name="Gompper2006"/> |
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The genus ''Vulpes'' can be separated from ''Canis'' and ''Cuon'' in the Indian region by the flat forehead between the postorbital processes and not inflated by air cells. The processes themselves are slightly concave with a raised anterior edge (convexly round in other canids). The canine teeth are longer.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pocock RI |year=1937|title= The foxes of British India |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=39|issue=1|pages=36–57}}</ref> |
The genus ''Vulpes'' can be separated from ''Canis'' and ''Cuon'' in the Indian region by the flat forehead between the postorbital processes and not inflated by air cells. The processes themselves are slightly concave with a raised anterior edge (convexly round in other canids). The canine teeth are longer.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pocock RI |year=1937|title= The foxes of British India |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=39|issue=1|pages=36–57}}</ref> |
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[[File:Indian Fox at Little Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|Female Bengal fox at den site in the [[Little Rann of Kutch]]]] |
[[File:Indian Fox at Little Rann of Kutch.jpg|thumb|Female Bengal fox at den site in the [[Little Rann of Kutch]]]] |
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[[File:Indian Fox in a Grassland.jpg|thumb|Male Bengal fox]] |
[[File:Indian Fox in a Grassland.jpg|thumb|Male Bengal fox]] |
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The Bengal fox is distributed throughout much of the Indian subcontinent with the exception of the wet forests and the extreme arid zone. Its range is bounded by the [[Himalaya]]s and the [[Indus River]] valley. Its preferred habitat is short open grassland, scrub or thorn forest. It appears to avoid steep terrain and tall grassland.<ref name= |
The Bengal fox is distributed throughout much of the Indian subcontinent with the exception of the wet forests and the extreme arid zone. Its range is bounded by the [[Himalaya]]s and the [[Indus River]] valley. Its preferred habitat is short open grassland, scrub or thorn forest. It appears to avoid steep terrain and tall grassland.<ref name="Gompper2006"/> It was considered to be a habitat [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist]], but it shows a strong preference for semiarid, short grassland habitats at multiple scales.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Vanak, A.T. |author2=Gompper, M. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010| title=Multiscale resource selection and spatial ecology of the Indian fox in a human-dominated dry grassland ecosystem| journal= Journal of Zoology|volume=281|issue=2|pages=140–148|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00690.x}}</ref> |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
==Behaviour and ecology== |
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[[File:Vulpes bengalensis fur skin.jpg|thumb|Bengal fox pelt]] |
[[File:Vulpes bengalensis fur skin.jpg|thumb|Bengal fox pelt]] |
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Bengal foxes are predominantly [[crepuscular]] and [[nocturnal]]; while individuals may sometimes become active during cool periods of daytime, they typically spend warmer daylight hours under vegetation or in subterranean dens. They use three distinct types of den: basic, compact dens with two openings used for short rest periods, complex dens with multiple openings, and dens under rocks or rock crevices.<ref name="Gompper2006"/> The basic social unit of the Bengal Fox is the breeding pair, formed by a pair of bonds that can last for many years. Larger aggregations may occur while grown pups linger longer than average in the natal community.<ref name="Johnsingh2004">{{Cite book |author=Johnsingh, A.J.T. |author2=Jhala, Y.V. |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |isbn=978-2-8317-0786-0 |editor-last1=Sillero-Zubiri |editor-first1=Claudio |editor-last2=Hoffmann |editor-first2=Michael |editor-last3=Macdonald |editor-first3=David W. |title=Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs |location=Gland |date=2004 |chapter=Indian fox |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708071516/http://canids.org/species/Indian_fox.pdf}}</ref> Other findings indicate that Bengal foxes can sometimes be more social. Female Bengal foxes were reported to share dens during lactation and four adult foxes were seen emerging from the same den.<ref name="Johnsingh1978"/> |
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Bengal foxes are mainly [[crepuscular]] in their habits. During the heat of the day, they hide under vegetation or in subterranean dens that they dig. The dens are large and complex with multiple chambers and escape routes. They are sometimes seen basking at a vantage point around sunrise or sunset.<ref name=ajtj/> In captivity, the lifespan is about 6 to 8 years.<ref name=mamspec/> |
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Bengal foxes are not especially suspicious of humans and can be found near human habitation. They're easy to tame. |
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=== Diet === |
=== Diet === |
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Bengal foxes are [[omnivorous]] and opportunistic feeders, feeding primarily on [[insect]]s, small [[mammal]]s, [[reptile]]s, small [[bird]]s, and fruits.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vanak AT, Gompper ME|name-list-style=amp |year=2009|title= Dietary niche separation between sympatric free-ranging dogs and Indian foxes in central India|journal= J. Mammal.|volume= 90|issue=5|pages=1058–1065|doi=10.1644/09-mamm-a-107.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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Their diet consists mainly of [[orthopteran]]s, [[termite]]s, [[ant]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[spider]]s, soft-furred rats (''Millardia meltada''), little Indian field mice (''Mus booduga''), Indian gerbils (''Tatera indica''), Indian mynahs (''Acridotheres tristis''), grey partridge (''Francolinus ponticerianus''), and ashy-crowned finch larks (''Eremopterix griseus''). Less common prey items include ground lizards, rat snakes (''Ptyas mucuosus''), hedgehogs (''Parantechinus nudiventris''), and Indian hares (''Lepus nigricollis''). They feed on fruits of ber (''Ziziphus''), neem (''Azadirachta indica''), mango (''Mangifera indica''), jambu (''Syizigium cumini''), and banyan (''Ficus bengalensis'').<ref name="Meadors2007">{{cite web |last1=Meadors |first1=Pamela |title=Vulpes bengalensis (Bengal fox) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vulpes_bengalensis |website=Animal Diversity Web |accessdate=10 November 2020 |language=en |date=2007}}</ref> Scats of young pups appeared to show that they fed mainly on rodents<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Manakadan, R |author2=A R Rahmani |name-list-style=amp |year=2000|title=Population and ecology of the Indian fox ''Vulpes bengalensis'' at Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=97|issue=1|pages=3–14}}</ref> but are opportunistic feeders.<ref name="Johnsingh1978">{{cite journal|author=Johnsingh, A.J.T. |year=1978|title= Some aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the Indian fox ''Vulpes bengalensis'' Shaw.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=75|pages=397–405}}</ref> |
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===Communication=== |
===Communication=== |
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Bengal foxes make a wide range of vocalizations. A common vocalization is a "chattering cry" that seems to have a significant role in establishing territoriality and may also be used as a warning call.<ref name="Johnsingh2004"/> They also growl, whimper, whine and make a sound which could be called a growl-bark. In reaction to humans, yapping or baying has also been observed.<ref name="Sheldon1992">{{Cite book |publisher=Academic Press, Inc. |isbn=0-12-639375-3 |last=Sheldon |first=Jennifer W. |title=Wild Dogs: the Natural History of the Nondomestic Canidae |location=San Diego |date=1992}}</ref> The Bengal fox does not appear to have [[latrine behaviour]], a feature seen in some social canids, in which all members defecate at specific spots.<ref name="Johnsingh1978"/> They can be heard howling in the night in groups. |
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===Reproduction=== |
===Reproduction=== |
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Bengal foxes are thought form long-term monogamous pairs, but this supposition is based on scarce evidence<ref name="Meadors2007"/> and [[extra-pair copulation]]s are known to occur.{{cn}} During the breeding season, males vocalize intensely during the night and at dusk and dawn.<ref name="Meadors2007"/> Throughout most of its range, the mating season occurs in December to January and after a [[gestation period]] of around 50–53 days, two to four pups are born in a den. Both parents participate in pup-rearing and protection. Aggregations of grown foxes at den sites have been recorded when the dispersal has been delayed, although the presence of helpers has not been observed.<ref name="Johnsingh1978"/> Pups may sometimes be nursed by multiple females, but the relationship between them is uncertain.<ref name="Johnsingh1978"/> |
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During the day, they tend to rest under shrubs and bushes, except in summer when they rest in dens. Play between pups is typical during the first 3 months and consists of vertical jumps, back arching, foreleg stabs, submissive displays, and play solicitation; the adult male sometimes plays with the young. In northwestern India, young people are scattered during the monsoon season, when the opportunities are plentiful.<ref name="Gompper2006"/> The pups are fully weaned about 3–4 months after emerging from the den. Pup mortality is high during the first few months.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Vanak, A.T. |author2=Gompper, M.E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title= Effectiveness of non-invasive techniques for surveying activity and habitat use of the Bengal fox ''Vulpes bengalensis'' in southern India|journal=Wildlife Biology |volume=13|pages=219–224|doi=10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[219:eontfs]2.0.co;2}}</ref> |
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==Threats== |
==Threats== |
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While the Bengal fox is common, it usually occurs at low densities across its range, and populations may experience significant fluctuations due to prey abundance and disease ([[canine distemper]] virus and [[rabies]],<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/tbed.12265| issn = 18651674| volume = 61| pages = 78–86| last1 = Belsare| first1 = A. V.| last2 = Vanak| first2 = A. T.| last3 = Gompper| first3 = M. E.| title = Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens of Free-Ranging Dogs and Indian Foxes in a Human-Dominated Landscape in Central India| journal = Transboundary and Emerging Diseases| accessdate=10 November 2020| date = August 2014| url = http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tbed.12265}}</ref> which have been confirmed to cause local population declines in western India). Any human disruptions can be tolerated, but with the increase of human populations and the increased growth of grasslands for agricultural and industrial use, the habitat of the Bengal fox is continually being reduced. The combination of the above causes, combined with disease and/or natural mortality, could potentially cause localized extirpation.<ref name="IUCN"/> |
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| ⚫ | Lack of habitat protection is perhaps the greatest threat to the |
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| ⚫ | Lack of habitat protection is perhaps the greatest threat to the Bengal fox. For example, in southern India, less than 2% of potential Indian fox habitat is covered under the existing protected area network of the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] .<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vanak, A.T.|author2=Irfan-Ullah, M.|author3=Peterson, T.|name-list-style=amp |year=2008|title=Gap analysis of Indian fox conservation using ecological niche modeling|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=105|issue=1|pages=49–54 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48368018#page/53/mode/1up}}</ref> [[Hunting]] for its skin and flesh, as well as conversion of its grassland habitat to agriculture, industry, and increasingly bio-fuel plantations, have affected its population density. In addition, its body parts are used in [[traditional medicine]], and in some areas it is eaten. They are hunted by the ''narikuruva'' tribes of southern India.<ref name="Johnsingh1978"/> In Karnataka, they are captured in rituals conducted during [[Sankranthi]].<ref name="Gompper2006"/> |
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The populations of India are listed in the CITES Appendix III. The Indian Wildlife Conservation Act (1972 as amended to 2005) forbids the hunting of all wildlife and lists the Indian Fox in Schedule II. It does not apply to any particular category in the wildlife protection legislation of Nepal. It is listed as [[Least Concern]] in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.<ref name="IUCN"/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 16:49, 10 November 2020
| Bengal fox | |
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| Bengal fox in Thar Desert, Rajasthan | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Vulpes |
| Species: | V. bengalensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw, 1800)
| |
| |
| Range map | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Canis kokree,Canis rufescens, Canis indicus, Vulpes xanthura | |
The Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), also known as the Indian fox, is a fox endemic to the Indian subcontinent from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India,[2] and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.[3][4][5]
Appearance
Vulpes bengalensis is a relatively small fox with an elongated muzzle, long, pointed ears, and a bushy tail about 50 to 60% of the length of the head and body. Its dorsal pelage is very variable, but mostly grayish and paler ventrally; its legs tend to be brownish or rufous. It is more daintily built than Vulpes vulpes.[6] The tail is bushy with a prominent black tip which distinguishes it from V. vulpes. Back of ears are dark brown with black margin. Its rhinarium is naked and the lips are black, with small black hair patches on upper part of nuzzle (shaft) in front of eyes. The ears have the same colour as the nape or maybe darker, but not having a dark patch as in V. vulpes. Extensive variation in coat colour exists across populations and seasonally within populations, but generally varies from grey to pale brown. The head and body length is 18 in (46 cm), with a 10 in (25 cm) long tail. Typical weight is 5 to 9 pounds (2.3 to 4.1 kg).[3]
The genus Vulpes can be separated from Canis and Cuon in the Indian region by the flat forehead between the postorbital processes and not inflated by air cells. The processes themselves are slightly concave with a raised anterior edge (convexly round in other canids). The canine teeth are longer.[7]
Distribution and habitat
The Bengal fox is distributed throughout much of the Indian subcontinent with the exception of the wet forests and the extreme arid zone. Its range is bounded by the Himalayas and the Indus River valley. Its preferred habitat is short open grassland, scrub or thorn forest. It appears to avoid steep terrain and tall grassland.[3] It was considered to be a habitat generalist, but it shows a strong preference for semiarid, short grassland habitats at multiple scales.[8]
Behaviour and ecology
Bengal foxes are predominantly crepuscular and nocturnal; while individuals may sometimes become active during cool periods of daytime, they typically spend warmer daylight hours under vegetation or in subterranean dens. They use three distinct types of den: basic, compact dens with two openings used for short rest periods, complex dens with multiple openings, and dens under rocks or rock crevices.[3] The basic social unit of the Bengal Fox is the breeding pair, formed by a pair of bonds that can last for many years. Larger aggregations may occur while grown pups linger longer than average in the natal community.[9] Other findings indicate that Bengal foxes can sometimes be more social. Female Bengal foxes were reported to share dens during lactation and four adult foxes were seen emerging from the same den.[10]
Bengal foxes are not especially suspicious of humans and can be found near human habitation. They're easy to tame.
Diet
Bengal foxes are omnivorous and opportunistic feeders, feeding primarily on insects, small mammals, reptiles, small birds, and fruits.[11]
Their diet consists mainly of orthopterans, termites, ants, beetles, spiders, soft-furred rats (Millardia meltada), little Indian field mice (Mus booduga), Indian gerbils (Tatera indica), Indian mynahs (Acridotheres tristis), grey partridge (Francolinus ponticerianus), and ashy-crowned finch larks (Eremopterix griseus). Less common prey items include ground lizards, rat snakes (Ptyas mucuosus), hedgehogs (Parantechinus nudiventris), and Indian hares (Lepus nigricollis). They feed on fruits of ber (Ziziphus), neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), jambu (Syizigium cumini), and banyan (Ficus bengalensis).[12] Scats of young pups appeared to show that they fed mainly on rodents[13] but are opportunistic feeders.[10]
Communication
Bengal foxes make a wide range of vocalizations. A common vocalization is a "chattering cry" that seems to have a significant role in establishing territoriality and may also be used as a warning call.[9] They also growl, whimper, whine and make a sound which could be called a growl-bark. In reaction to humans, yapping or baying has also been observed.[14] The Bengal fox does not appear to have latrine behaviour, a feature seen in some social canids, in which all members defecate at specific spots.[10] They can be heard howling in the night in groups.
Reproduction
Bengal foxes are thought form long-term monogamous pairs, but this supposition is based on scarce evidence[12] and extra-pair copulations are known to occur.[citation needed] During the breeding season, males vocalize intensely during the night and at dusk and dawn.[12] Throughout most of its range, the mating season occurs in December to January and after a gestation period of around 50–53 days, two to four pups are born in a den. Both parents participate in pup-rearing and protection. Aggregations of grown foxes at den sites have been recorded when the dispersal has been delayed, although the presence of helpers has not been observed.[10] Pups may sometimes be nursed by multiple females, but the relationship between them is uncertain.[10]
During the day, they tend to rest under shrubs and bushes, except in summer when they rest in dens. Play between pups is typical during the first 3 months and consists of vertical jumps, back arching, foreleg stabs, submissive displays, and play solicitation; the adult male sometimes plays with the young. In northwestern India, young people are scattered during the monsoon season, when the opportunities are plentiful.[3] The pups are fully weaned about 3–4 months after emerging from the den. Pup mortality is high during the first few months.[15]
Threats
While the Bengal fox is common, it usually occurs at low densities across its range, and populations may experience significant fluctuations due to prey abundance and disease (canine distemper virus and rabies,[16] which have been confirmed to cause local population declines in western India). Any human disruptions can be tolerated, but with the increase of human populations and the increased growth of grasslands for agricultural and industrial use, the habitat of the Bengal fox is continually being reduced. The combination of the above causes, combined with disease and/or natural mortality, could potentially cause localized extirpation.[1]
Lack of habitat protection is perhaps the greatest threat to the Bengal fox. For example, in southern India, less than 2% of potential Indian fox habitat is covered under the existing protected area network of the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh .[17] Hunting for its skin and flesh, as well as conversion of its grassland habitat to agriculture, industry, and increasingly bio-fuel plantations, have affected its population density. In addition, its body parts are used in traditional medicine, and in some areas it is eaten. They are hunted by the narikuruva tribes of southern India.[10] In Karnataka, they are captured in rituals conducted during Sankranthi.[3]
The populations of India are listed in the CITES Appendix III. The Indian Wildlife Conservation Act (1972 as amended to 2005) forbids the hunting of all wildlife and lists the Indian Fox in Schedule II. It does not apply to any particular category in the wildlife protection legislation of Nepal. It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Jhala, Y.V. (2016). "Vulpes bengalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23049A81069636.
- ^ Vanak, A.T. (2005). "Distribution and status of the Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis in southern India" (PDF). Canid News. 8 (1).
- ^ a b c d e f Gompper, M.E. & Vanak, A.T. (2006). "Vulpes bengalensis" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 795: 1–5. doi:10.1644/795.1.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Vulpes bengalensis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Mivart, St George (1890). "Dogs, jackals, wolves and foxes: A monograph of the Canidae". London: R H Porter: 126–131.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Menon, Vivek (2009). Mammals of India. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14067-4.
- ^ Pocock RI (1937). "The foxes of British India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 39 (1): 36–57.
- ^ Vanak, A.T. & Gompper, M. E. (2010). "Multiscale resource selection and spatial ecology of the Indian fox in a human-dominated dry grassland ecosystem". Journal of Zoology. 281 (2): 140–148. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00690.x.
- ^ a b Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Jhala, Y.V. (2004). "Indian fox" (PDF). In Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffmann, Michael; Macdonald, David W. (eds.). Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. Gland: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0786-0.
- ^ a b c d e f Johnsingh, A.J.T. (1978). "Some aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis Shaw". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 397–405.
- ^ Vanak AT, Gompper ME (2009). "Dietary niche separation between sympatric free-ranging dogs and Indian foxes in central India". J. Mammal. 90 (5): 1058–1065. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-107.1.
- ^ a b c Meadors, Pamela (2007). "Vulpes bengalensis (Bengal fox)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Manakadan, R & A R Rahmani (2000). "Population and ecology of the Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis at Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 97 (1): 3–14.
- ^ Sheldon, Jennifer W. (1992). Wild Dogs: the Natural History of the Nondomestic Canidae. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-639375-3.
- ^ Vanak, A.T. & Gompper, M.E. (2007). "Effectiveness of non-invasive techniques for surveying activity and habitat use of the Bengal fox Vulpes bengalensis in southern India". Wildlife Biology. 13: 219–224. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[219:eontfs]2.0.co;2.
- ^ Belsare, A. V.; Vanak, A. T.; Gompper, M. E. (August 2014). "Epidemiology of Viral Pathogens of Free-Ranging Dogs and Indian Foxes in a Human-Dominated Landscape in Central India". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 61: 78–86. doi:10.1111/tbed.12265. ISSN 1865-1674. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Vanak, A.T.; Irfan-Ullah, M. & Peterson, T. (2008). "Gap analysis of Indian fox conservation using ecological niche modeling". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 105 (1): 49–54.