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The aircraft was dispatched with the [[thrust reverser]] on the starboard engine deactivated, as it had jammed. TAM said in a statement a fault in a reverser "does not jeopardize landings" and no mechanical problem had been recorded on July 16, the day before the accident.<ref name="fault">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22104315-23109,00.html |title=Brazil plane 'flew with mechanical fault' |date=July 20, 2007 |accessdate=July 20, 2007 |work=news.com.au |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305040633/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22104315-23109%2C00.html |archive-date=March 5, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The aircraft had no difficulty braking on the same runway a day before the fatal accident.<ref name="Reuters focus shift"/>
The aircraft was dispatched with the [[thrust reverser]] on the starboard engine deactivated, as it had jammed. TAM said in a statement a fault in a reverser "does not jeopardize landings" and no mechanical problem had been recorded on July 16, the day before the accident.<ref name="fault">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22104315-23109,00.html |title=Brazil plane 'flew with mechanical fault' |date=July 20, 2007 |accessdate=July 20, 2007 |work=news.com.au |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305040633/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22104315-23109%2C00.html |archive-date=March 5, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The aircraft had no difficulty braking on the same runway a day before the fatal accident.<ref name="Reuters focus shift"/>


There were six crew members and 181 passengers on board. All crew members and 171 of the passengers were Brazilian; the remaining passengers were of various other nationalities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-07-25|title=Saiba mais sobre os mortos no acidento com o vôo 3054|trans-title=Find out more about those killed in the 3054 crash|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2007/voo3054/vitimas.shtml|access-date=2019-03-28|website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref> The crew consisted of two captains (rather than one captain and one first officer): Henrique Stefanini Di Sacco, 53, and Kleyber Aguiar Lima, 54. There were also four flight attendants, (13 were deadheading). Both pilots had been flying for over 30 years. Stefanini had logged 13,654 flight hours in his career (including 2,236 hours on the Airbus A320), and Lima 14,760 hours, with 237 of them on the Airbus A320. On the accident flight, Stefanini was the pilot in command (PIC).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br/cenipa/paginas/relatorios/rf/en/3054ing_2007.pdf|title=Final Report A-No. 67/CENIPA/2009 (English)|publisher=[[Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center|CENIPA]]|access-date=October 27, 2009}}</ref><!-- This is also stated in the mayday episode -->
There were six crew members and 181 passengers on board. All crew members and 171 of the passengers were Brazilian; the remaining passengers were of various other nationalities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-07-25|title=Saiba mais sobre os mortos no acidento com o vôo 3054|trans-title=Find out more about those killed in the 3054 crash|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2007/voo3054/vitimas.shtml|access-date=2019-03-28|website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref> The crew consisted of two captains (rather than one captain and one first officer): ,Jennie, 2 and Kleyber Sena ,1. There were also four flight attendants, (13 were deadheading). Both pilots had been flying for over 30 years Jennie had logged 13,654 flight hours in his career (including 2,236 hours on the Airbus A320), and Sena 14,760 hours, with 237 of them on the Airbus A320. On the accident flight, Jennie was the pilot in command (PIC).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br/cenipa/paginas/relatorios/rf/en/3054ing_2007.pdf|title=Final Report A-No. 67/CENIPA/2009 (English)|publisher=[[Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center|CENIPA]]|access-date=October 27, 2009}}</ref><!-- This is also stated in the mayday episode -->


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" href="International Aero Engines V2500"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" href="International Aero Engines V2500"

Revision as of 03:58, 9 December 2020

TAM Airlines Flight 3054
Flight 3054's passengers being recovered by emergency workers
Accident
DateJuly 17, 2007 (2007-07-17)
SummaryRunway overshoot caused by pilot error
SiteSão Paulo–Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, Brazil
23°37′11″S 046°39′44″W / 23.61972°S 46.66222°W / -23.61972; -46.66222
Total fatalities199
Total injuries13
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAirbus A320-233
OperatorTAM Airlines
IATA flight No.JJ3054
ICAO flight No.TAM3054
Call signTAM 3054
RegistrationPR-MBK[1]
Flight originSalgado Filho International Airport, Porto Alegre, Brazil
DestinationSão Paulo–Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, Brazil
Occupants187
Passengers181[2][3]
Crew6[4]
Fatalities187[5]
Survivors0
Ground casualties
Ground fatalities12
Ground injuries13

TAM Airlines Flight 3054 (JJ3054/TAM3054) was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight from Porto Alegre to São Paulo, Brazil. On the evening of July 17, 2007, the Airbus A320-233 executing the flight overran runway 35L at São Paulo during moderate rain and crashed into a nearby TAM Express warehouse adjacent to a Shell filling station.[6][7] The plane exploded on impact, killing all 187 passengers and crew on board and 12 people on the ground.[2][8][9] The crash surpassed Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 as the deadliest aviation accident in Brazilian territory and in South American history, and remains the deadliest aviation accident involving the A320 proper worldwide,[5] and the second-deadliest air disaster involving the A320 family, surpassed by the bombing of Metrojet Flight 9268, an A321-231, which crashed in Egypt in October 2015 with 224 fatalities.[10]

The accident was investigated by the Brazilian Air Force's Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (Portuguese: Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos; CENIPA), with a final report issued in September 2009. CENIPA concluded that the accident was caused by errors committed by the pilots during the landing at São Paulo.

Background

Congonhas runway refit

View of Congonhas Airport from Vila Santa Catarina.

On both of Congonhas' airport runways (35L/17R and 35R/17L) a slope prevented the flow of accumulated water on the asphalt. It was already smooth because of excess rubber caused by tire pressure during landing.[11] There were no runway end safety areas, as at the end runways 35L and 35R was Avenida Washington Luís (a busy avenue), several buildings and houses. On July 24, 2006, less than a year before the accident, a Boeing 737 of BRA Transportes Aéreos, experienced difficulty stopping on runway 35L, but the pilots were able to bring the aircraft safely to a stop by performing a ground loop.[12] Due to delays and flight cancellations caused by rains in early 2007, Infraero (the company that manages Congonhas airport) decided to resurface the asphalt on the airport's main runway. Channeling grooves were foreseen to reduce the risk of hydroplaning.[13][12] The works were completed on June 29, but without the grooves. Infraero stated that applying them would take another 30 days. While the Congonhas runway was under renovation, the 2006-2007 aviation crisis continued to advance, meaning that the runway was open for use despite the incomplete refit.[12]

Landing difficulties

On July 16, the day before the crash, four pilots who landed at the airport reported poor braking, including a TAM pilot, who managed to stop his aircraft just a few metres before the end of the runway. Between 12:25 pm and 12:28 pm, Infraero suspended operations at the airport to examine the runway conditions, and cleared it after reporting "no puddles and water slides." At 12:42 local time the same day Pantanal Linhas Aéreas Flight 4763, an ATR 42-300, hydroplaned after touching down on runway 17R. The aircraft veered to the left, struck a concrete box and a small light pole, and entered the grass between the runway and taxiway. All 25 people aboard survived with no injuries, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off.[14][15] Despite the incident, landings continued to be carried out normally at the airport.[16]

Aircraft and crew

The aircraft involved in the accident, while still operated by its previous operator.

The aircraft serving Flight 3054 was a twin turbofan Airbus A320, serial number 789, registration PR-MBK; it was powered by two Rolls Royce engines. It was built in 1998 and had been operated by TACA Airlines and Pacific Airlines before entering service with TAM in January 2007, six months before the accident. The aircraft was owned by Pegasus Aviation and had flown more than 21,000 hours over 10,000 cycles before the crash.[1]

The aircraft was dispatched with the thrust reverser on the starboard engine deactivated, as it had jammed. TAM said in a statement a fault in a reverser "does not jeopardize landings" and no mechanical problem had been recorded on July 16, the day before the accident.[17] The aircraft had no difficulty braking on the same runway a day before the fatal accident.[18]

There were six crew members and 181 passengers on board. All crew members and 171 of the passengers were Brazilian; the remaining passengers were of various other nationalities.[19] The crew consisted of two captains (rather than one captain and one first officer): ,Jennie, 2 and Kleyber Sena ,1. There were also four flight attendants, (13 were deadheading). Both pilots had been flying for over 30 years Jennie had logged 13,654 flight hours in his career (including 2,236 hours on the Airbus A320), and Sena 14,760 hours, with 237 of them on the Airbus A320. On the accident flight, Jennie was the pilot in command (PIC).[20]

Nationality Passengers Crew Ground Total
Brazil 171 6 12 189
France 2 0 0 2
Argentina 2 0 0 2
Portugal 1 0 0 1
United States 1 0 0 1
South Africa 3 0 0 3
Peru 1 0 0 1
Total 181 6 12 199

Flight chronology

Flight 3054's route.

Several players and coaches from the Grêmio football club were initially booked on Flight 3054, intending to catch a connecting flight in Congonhas and fly to Goiânia, for a game scheduled against the Goiás Esporte Clube. However, the club's management rescheduled the trip to the next day.[21] The plane departed from Salgado Filho International Airport in Porto Alegre at 17:18 Brazilian Standard Time (BRT) (20:18 UTC). It climbed to flight level (FL) 340 (34,000 feet (10,000 m)).[22] At 18:54 BRT (21:54 UTC), the flight made its landing at Congonhas-São Paulo Regional Airport.[22]

Crash

An artist's rendering showing the path of the aircraft during its final moments

Flight 3054 was cleared to land at Congonhas' Runway 35L. Reviews by government officials of the surveillance videos showed that despite the aircraft touching down without incident, it did not slow down normally, veering to the left as it departed the far end at around 90 knots (170 km/h; 100 mph).[23] The runway is elevated above the surrounding area, and the aircraft's momentum carried it over traffic on the adjacent Avenida Washington Luís, a major thoroughfare, and into a four-story TAM Express Headquarters, resulting in a large fire. The TAM Express building contained offices and a warehouse, and was located adjacent to a Shell gas station. All 187 passengers and crew aboard died and the aircraft was destroyed.[24]

The runway had recently been resurfaced, and did not yet have water-channeling grooves cut into it to reduce the danger of hydroplaning.[6]

Surveillance video of Flight 3054 landing
Different angle video of Flight 3054 landing

Flight Data Recorder (FDR) information recovered after the crash and released by Brazilian authorities showed that immediately prior to touchdown, both thrust levers were in CL (or "climb") position, with engine power being governed by the flight computer's autothrottle system.[25] Two seconds prior to touchdown, an aural warning, "retard, retard", was issued by the flight's computer system, advising the pilots to retard the thrust lever to the recommended idle lever position. This would disengage the autothrottle, with engine power then governed directly by the thrust levers.

At the moment of touchdown, the spoiler lever was in the "ARMED" position.[25] According to the system logic of the A320's flight controls,[26] in order for the spoilers to automatically deploy upon touchdown, not only must the spoiler lever be in the "ARMED" position, but both thrust levers must be at or close to the "idle" position. The FDR transcript shows that immediately after the warning, the flight computer recorded the left thrust lever being retarded to the rear-most position, activating the thrust reverser on the left engine, while the right thrust lever (controlling the engine with the disabled thrust reverser) remained in the CL position. One theory put forth by CENIPA is that the pilots may not have noticed that the right engine remained at CL because the Airbus autothrottle system, unlike other aircraft manufacturers, does not automatically move the levers when the autothrust controller changes engine settings. Therefore, the pilots may have thought that the right engine was at idle power without realizing that Airbus autothrust logic dictates that, when one or more of the thrust levers is pulled to the idle position, the autothrust is automatically disengaged.[20] Thus, when the pilot pulled the left engine thrust lever to idle, it disconnected the autothrust system and the computer did not retard the right engine power to idle. The A320's spoilers did not deploy during the landing run, as the right thrust lever was above the "idle" setting required for automatic spoiler deployment.[25] Since the right engine thrust lever was still in the "climb" detent at that time, the right engine accelerated to climb power while the left engine deployed its thrust reverser. The resulting asymmetric thrust condition resulted in a loss of control and a crash ensued.

Timeline

Source:[27]

Time Event
UTC Local time (UTC−03:00)
20:19 17:19 Flight 3054 departs Porto Alegre airport.
21:20 18:20 The flight begins its approach to Congonhas airport.
21:43 18:43 The pilots perform the landing checklist.
21:47 18:47 Flight 3054 is cleared to land on runway 35L.
21:48:24 18:48:24 Thrust levers are positioned incorrectly.
21:48:26 18:48:26 Flight 3054 lands on the runway.
21:48:30 18:48:30 The aircraft begins to veer left.
21:48:40 18:48:40 The aircraft overshoots the runway.
21:48:50 18:48:50 The aircraft crashes into the TAM Express building.

Congonhas

The TAM Express warehouse before the crash
The TAM Express warehouse on fire shortly after the crash
Another angle of the TAM Express warehouse on fire shortly after the crash
The burnt-out warehouse after the crash

Aviation safety in Brazil had been under increased scrutiny following the mid-air collision in September 2006 over the Amazon of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 and an Embraer Legacy 600 (see Brazil's 2006-2007 aviation crisis). Congonhas was singled out for having safety issues relating to operations in wet weather due to its location and runway characteristics for the traffic it serves.

The 35L runway at Congonhas is 1,940 metres (6,360 ft) long. Congonhas' counterpart in Rio de Janeiro, the Santos Dumont Airport, has an even shorter runway, at 1,323 m (4,341 ft). Both airports receive the same type of traffic — ranging from small private planes to Boeing 737s and A320s. Many variables affect the landing distance of an aircraft, such as approach speed, weight and the presence of either a tailwind or a headwind. For an Airbus A320, a landing speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) higher than normal can result in as much as a 25% increase in the runway length needed to stop an aircraft. Wet weather can also significantly reduce the braking performance of aircraft, leading to an increase in the minimum runway length requirement.[28]

Pilots have called Congonhas airport the "aircraft carrier," because of the runway's short length and because pilots are told to go-around if they overshoot the first 1,000 feet (300 m) of runway.[29]

In February 2007, a Brazilian judge briefly banned flights using Fokker 100, Boeing 737-700 and Boeing 737-800 aircraft in and out of the airport. The Airbus A320 was not among the aircraft banned, due to its manufacturer-stated braking distance being shorter than those of the banned aircraft. Pilots had complained that water had been accumulating on the runway, reducing aircraft braking performance and occasionally causing planes to hydroplane.[30] The judge claimed the runway needed to be 388 metres (1,273 ft) longer for these aircraft to operate safely. At the time, a spokeswoman from Brazil's National Civil Aviation Agency claimed "The safety conditions of the runway and the airport as a whole are adequate."[31] TAM also objected to the decision, with a spokesman stating "If the injunction stands, it will cause total chaos," claiming over 10,000 passengers per day would be inconvenienced.[31]

Aftermath

The airport reopened on July 19, 2007, using an alternative runway.[18]

Many flights, including all OceanAir and BRA Transportes Aéreos, were transferred to Guarulhos International Airport, the major airport in São Paulo, due to the closure of the main runway at Congonhas and the ongoing investigation of the accident.

On July 20, Presidency Chief of Staff Dilma Rousseff announced plans to significantly reduce the number of flights operating at Congonhas. The plan included banning, within 60 days, all connection, stopover, charter, and international flights and the reduction in the number of private jets. The airport would only operate direct flights to certain cities in Brazil. The plan also called for a study of the expansion of São Paulo's two current airports and the construction of a third airport in the metropolitan area.[32]

State crime scene investigators terminated the search for remains on July 28, 2007;[33] as of that date, 114 bodies recovered from the site had been identified by the São Paulo Medical Examiner's Office as those of passengers.[34]

Investigation

Brigadier Jorge Kersul Filho, leading the investigation into the accident, at a press conference.

The investigation was carried out by Brazil's Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (Portuguese: Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, CENIPA). Data from the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) were downloaded by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in the United States commencing July 20 and 23 respectively.[35][36] Based on preliminary data from the FDR, on July 25 Airbus cautioned A320 operators to ensure that both thrust levers are set to idle during flare.[35] The transcript of the CVR was released on August 1.[37] It shows that the pilots were aware of the wet runway conditions and the deactivated thrust reverser.[38] The pilots' comments suggest that the spoilers did not deploy and that they were unable to slow the aircraft.[38] Crew error had not been ruled out.[39]

An investigation[40] by the Brazilian Public Safety Ministry released in November 2008 concluded that the pilots mistakenly left the lever for the right engine to climb upon landing, due to a mistake in landing procedures with the right thrust reverser being disabled from a prior maintenance, when in fact it was necessary to retard both engines in order for the spoilers to work. They also said that the National Civil Aviation Agency should have closed the airport on the night the plane landed because of heavy rains; that Congonhas airport authorities shared the blame because its runway had not been properly constructed with grooves to drain away excess rainwater, contributing to the crash; that the plane's manufacturer, Airbus, should have provided alarms warning the pilots that the braking system was failing; and that TAM failed to properly train its pilots, who did not act correctly in the emergency.

Final report

In September 2009, more than two years after the accident, CENIPA announced the results of official investigations. The report shows that one of the thrust levers, which control engines, was in position to accelerate when it should be in idle, but it was not proved if there was mechanical or human failure as the cause of the accident.[20][41][42]

The report suggests two hypotheses for the accident. In the first, there was a flaw in the power control of the plane's engines, which would have kept one of the thrust levers into acceleration, regardless of their actual position. In such circumstances, there was mechanical failure of the aircraft. The occurrence of this failure is one in 400 billion hours of flight and therefore highly improbable. In the second hypothesis, the pilot has performed a procedure different from that provided in the manual, and put the thrust lever in an irregular position, a configuration of human error for the accident.

In addition to the positions of the thrust levers, the report points to several factors that may have contributed to the accident, such as a high volume of rain on the day, with the formation of puddles on the runway, as well as the absence of grooving. The report does not blame the length of the runway for the accident. The BEA also cleared Airbus of any misdoing because they had proposed a system warning modification regarding the incorrect thrust lever positions that TAM had rejected.[20]

Response

The Brazilian flag being flown at half-mast in Brasília in the anniversary of flight 3054

After the crash, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ordered three days of national mourning.[43]

During the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian athletes wore a black armband in remembrance of the victims.[44] The flags of all participating countries were flown at half mast on July 18. Matches involving a Brazilian athlete or team started with a minute of silence.

All matches of the Campeonato Brasileiro 2007 started with a minute of silence, while all players wore black armbands. Brazilian Formula One driver Felipe Massa had a black stripe on top of his helmet during the 2007 European Grand Prix, to commemorate the victims. Rubens Barrichello also had stripes on his helmet, and the two Red Bull Racing drivers David Coulthard and Mark Webber had small Brazilian flags on their helmets referring to the accident.

More than 5,000 Brazilians marched to the crash site on July 29, 2007, blaming their government's failure to invest in airport infrastructure for the crash. Many of the protesters also demanded the ousting of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.[45]

International reactions

Memorial

Memorial at the site of the accident.

On July 17, 2012, the fifth anniversary of the accident, a plaza named Memorial Square was opened. Memorial Square was built on the site of the TAM express warehouse (demolished on August 5, 2007), which is 8,318 square metres (89,530 sq ft) in area.[53] There is a memorial with the names of the victims engraved as well as a mulberry tree that survived the crash.[54] There is another memorial in Porto Alegre called "Largo da Vida," where 199 trees have been planted. The memorial is located near Salgado Filho International Airport (the airport from which Flight 3054 departed).[55]

On November 19, 2008, the 13,600-page police investigation was completed, which took 16 months of research to produce, during which 336 people were heard.[56] Federal prosecutors were of the opinion that the former director of the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), Denise Abreu (who had taken up the post in March 2006), and the flight safety officer of the airline, Marco Aurelio dos Santos de Miranda, should both be convicted of attempt on air transport security in willful mode.[57]

In 2011, the Brazilian Federal Public Ministry (Ministério Público Federal—MPF) laid criminal charges against Denise Abreu, the director of the Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) at the time of the disaster, as well as two former TAM directors—Marco Aurélio dos Santos de Miranda, director of flight safety, and Alberto Fajerman, vice president of operations. They were accused of neglecting air transport safety by allowing the aircraft to land in heavy rain on the notoriously short, recently resurfaced runway before cutting of grooves to channel away excess rainwater. The trial began in São Paulo in 2013.[58] In 2014, MPF withdrew the charges against Fajerman, for lack of evidence.[59] A second charge against Abreu of "documentary falsehood" was dismissed in November, 2014.[60] As of March 2015, no judgement had been handed down on the other charges.

In 2014, TAM's insurer Itaú Seguros, the company responsible for paying compensation for the tragedy, launched a lawsuit in Brazil against Airbus for R$350 million (US$156.2 million), according to Folha de S. Paulo. Attorneys representing Airbus responded in a Brazilian court filing that Airbus accepts no responsibility, laying the blame for the disaster with the cockpit crew, the airline and the poor state of the runway.[61]

Notable victims

Among the victims were:

Dramatization

The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series Mayday featured the crash and investigation in a Season 11 episode titled Deadly Reputation, which included interviews with accident investigators and a dramatic recreation of the accident.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ionides, Nicholas (July 18, 2007). "BREAKING NEWS: TAM A320 crashes in São Paulo". Flight International. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "TAM confirms 187th passenger on flight 3054" (in Portuguese). Globo. July 20, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  3. ^ "Brazil president vows thorough probe of crash: Da Silva unveils new safety steps after latest aviation disaster killed 191". NBC News. Associated Press. July 21, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  4. ^ "Nota da TAM retifica informação e diz que Airbus 320 levava 176 pessoas" [TAM notice corrects information and says 176 died in Airbus 320] (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  5. ^ a b Ranter, Harro (July 17, 2007). "Accident Description". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
  6. ^ a b "Pilot in Brazilian crash tried to abort landing, official says". CNN. July 18, 2007. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  7. ^ "Incêndio permanece fora de controle; chances de sobrevivência diminuem" [Fire remains out of control; chances for survivors diminished]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  8. ^ "Três vítimas do acidente com avião da TAM são atendidas no hospital Alvorada" [Three victims of the TAM plane crash are treated at the Alvorada hospital]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  9. ^ "TAM refaz lista de vítimas e contabiliza 199 mortos" [TAM remakes list of victims and counts 199 dead]. g1.globo.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  10. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A321-231 EI-ETJ Hasna, North Sinai". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  11. ^ Sant'anna 2011, p. 239
  12. ^ a b c Sant'anna 2011, p. 240
  13. ^ "Sem grooving, pista de Congonhas virou 'sabonete', diz piloto da TAM" [Without grooving, Congonhas track became 'soap', says TAM pilot]. g1.globo.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  14. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident ATR 42-300 PT-MFK São Paulo-Congonhas Airport, SP (CGH)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  15. ^ Sant'anna 2011, p. 241
  16. ^ Rodrigues, Alex (July 8, 2007). "Falta de grooving em Congonhas pode ter causado derrapagem, diz presidente da Pantanal" [Lack of grooving in Congonhas may have caused slippage, says president of Pantanal]. memoria.ebc.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). EBC. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  17. ^ "Brazil plane 'flew with mechanical fault'". news.com.au. July 20, 2007. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  18. ^ a b Benson, Todd (July 20, 2007). "Focus of Brazil air crash shifts away from runway". Reuters. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  19. ^ "Saiba mais sobre os mortos no acidento com o vôo 3054" [Find out more about those killed in the 3054 crash]. www1.folha.uol.com.br. July 25, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c d "Final Report A-No. 67/CENIPA/2009 (English)" (PDF). CENIPA. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  21. ^ Sant'anna 2011, p. 257
  22. ^ a b Sant'anna 2011, p. 262
  23. ^ Rigi, Cimilla (July 18, 2007). "Autoridades dizem que o avião estava acima da velocidade normal" [Officials say the plane was above normal speed]. O Estado de S. Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  24. ^ "O acidente do avião da TAM" [The TAM plane crash] (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. July 17, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  25. ^ a b c "TAM Airbus 320-200, Flight No. 3054, PR-MBK" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. July 24, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007 – via Folha De S.Paulo.
  26. ^ "A320 Flight Controls Manual" (PDF). Airbus. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
  27. ^ "DESASTRES AEREOS - ACIDENTE TAM JJ 3054 - ÍNDICE" [AIR DISASTERS - ACIDOR TAM JJ 3054 - INDEX]. www.desastresaereos.net (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  28. ^ A320 Warsaw landing analysis Archived August 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Prof. Clive Leyman, City University of London. Retrieved July 18, 2007
  29. ^ Latimes.com Death toll in Sao Paulo crash at 189 and could rise (Associated Press via latimes.com) 2007-07-17, Retrieved February 3, 2009
  30. ^ a b "Deadly Reputation". Mayday. Season 11. 2011. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.
  31. ^ a b "Jets banned from São Paulo runway". BBC News. February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  32. ^ Confirmed: São Paulo will have a 3rd Airport (in Portuguese), July 20, 2007
  33. ^ "Peritos concluem varredura nos escombros do prédio da TAM Express" [Experts conclude sweeping of the TAM Express building]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). July 31, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2007.
  34. ^ "Número de vítimas do acidente da TAM identificadas sobe para 104" [Number of TAM accident victims identified rises to 104]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). July 28, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2007.
  35. ^ a b Learmount, David (July 25, 2007). "Airbus cleared to release TAM accident flight recorder information". Flight International. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  36. ^ Learmount, David (July 23, 2007). "Probe asks why Airbus A320 could not stop". Flight International. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  37. ^ Targett, Michael (August 2, 2007). "TAM A320 crash - full transcript from cockpit voice recorder". Flight International. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
  38. ^ a b Kaminksi-Morrow, David (August 2, 2007). "Full cockpit-voice transcript of TAM A320 reveals clues to crash". Flight International. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
  39. ^ Learmount, David (November 16, 2007). "European JAA clarifies Airbus throttle handling rules following TAM crash". Flight International. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
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  41. ^ "Sem apontar culpados, Aeronáutica divulga relatório sobre acidente da TAM" [Not guilty, Aeronautics releases TAM crash report]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese).
  42. ^ "Familiares das vítimas do voo 3054 da TAM reclamam de relatório da PF" [Family members of TAM Flight 3054 victims complain about PF report] (in Portuguese). Globo G1 Notícias.
  43. ^ "Luto oficial de três dias por acidente da TAM" [Three-day official mourning for TAM accident] (in Portuguese).
  44. ^ Byrd, David (July 18, 2007). "Brazilian Athletes Mourn Plane Crash Victims". Voice of America. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  45. ^ "Brazilians blame gov't for jet crash". am New York. Associated Press. July 30, 2007. p. 9.
  46. ^ a b c d "Presidente da Argentina presta solidariedade a Lula pelo acidente da TAM" [Argentine President gives solidarity to Lula for TAM accident]. www1.folha.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  47. ^ "China envia condolências a Lula por acidente com avião da TAM - 18/07/2007 - Poder" [China sends condolences to Lula for TAM plane crash - Jul 18, 2007 - Power]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  48. ^ "Alemanha realiza homenagem às vítimas do voo da TAM" [Germany pays tribute to TAM flight victims]. Mundo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Da France Presse. April 17, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  49. ^ "Jornal do Brasil - País - México envia condolências por acidente aéreo em São Paulo" [Jornal do Brasil - Country - Mexico sends condolences for air crash in Sao Paulo]. archive.is (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  50. ^ "A320: o avião vedete da Airbus que já sofreu inúmeros acidentes" [A320: Airbus star plane that has suffered numerous accidents]. Brasília Capital (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 24, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  51. ^ "Folha Online - BBC Brasil - Papa envia condolências às famílias das vítimas de acidente em São Paulo - 18/07/2007" [Pope sends condolences to families of crash victims in São Paulo]. www1.folha.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  52. ^ "Parentes de vítimas de acidente da TAM fazem vigília para lembrar seis anos da tragédia" [Relatives of TAM Accident Victims Wake to Remember Six Years of Tragedy]. noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  53. ^ Estado, Agencia (July 18, 2012). "Inauguração de Memorial da TAM causa emoção" [TAM Memorial Inauguration Causes Thrill]. Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  54. ^ Duarte, Nathália (July 17, 2012). "Minuto de silêncio lembra momento do acidente da TAM há cinco anos" [Minute of silence reminds moment of TAM accident five years ago]. g1.globo.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Do G1 SP. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  55. ^ "Em Porto Alegre, mais emoção - São Paulo" [In Porto Alegre, more excitement - São Paulo]. estadão.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  56. ^ "Ministério Público Federal pede a condenação de dois investigados na tragédia da TAM" [Federal Public Prosecutor calls for conviction of two investigated in TAM tragedy]. GaúchaZH (in Brazilian Portuguese). April 7, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  57. ^ Nassif, Luis (February 15, 2014). "Denise Abreu: o lobby que ajudou na tragédia da TAM" [Denise Abreu: The Lobby That Helped the TAM Tragedy]. GGN (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  58. ^ "Brazil trial over plane crash that killed 199". BBC News. BBC. August 8, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  59. ^ MPF (April 7, 2014). "TAM JJ3054 - MPF pede pena de até 24 anos para responsáveis por acidente aéreo que resultou na morte de 199 pessoas em 2007" [TAM JJ3054 - MPF faces sentence of up to 24 years for those responsible for air crash that resulted in the deaths of 199 people in 2007] (in Portuguese). Procuradoria da República no Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  60. ^ Macedo, Fausto (November 12, 2014). "STJ anula acusação de 'falsidade documental' contra ex-diretora da ANAC" [STJ cancels complaint of 'documentary falsehood' against former director of ANAC]. Estadão (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 7, 2015.
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  62. ^ Chagas, Marcos; Milani, Aloisio (July 17, 2007). "Listas de nomes divulgada pela TAM ultrapassam previsão oficial de 176 passageiros" [Name lists released by TAM exceed official forecast of 176 passengers] (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007. 71.Julio Cesar Redecker
  63. ^ "Redecker estava no vôo da TAM que pegou fogo em SP" [Redecker was on the TAM flight that caught fire in SP] (in Portuguese). Brazilian Social Democracy Party. July 17, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  64. ^ "Deputado do RS estava no vôo que sofreu acidente" [Deputy of RS was on the flight that suffered an accident] (in Portuguese). Terra Brasil. July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  65. ^ Chagas, Marcos; Milani, Aloisio (July 17, 2007). "Listas de nomes divulgada pela TAM ultrapassam previsão oficial de 176 passageiros" [Name lists released by TAM exceed official forecast of 176 passengers] (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007. 106.Paulo Rogerio Amoretty Souza
  66. ^ "G1 > Edição São Paulo - NOTÍCIAS - Família viajava no vôo da TAM" [Family Traveling on TAM Flight - New York Times]. g1.globo.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 28, 2019.

Bibliography

  • Sant'anna, Ivan (2011). "Parte 2 — Rota de Colisão" [Part 2 — Collision Course]. Perda Total [Total loss] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. ISBN 9788539002597.
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External images
image icon Pre-accident pictures of aircraft at Airliners.net
image icon Pre-accident pictures of aircraft at JetPhotos.com

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