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July 26

Help finding an old Newspaper

Could I have some help finding the article "McKenzie bridge about finished" in the Eugene Daily Guard from June 28, 1900? Thank you! Best, Tyrone Madera (talk) 03:09, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, on page 4 of that issue. It's available on Newspapers.com. That's a pay site, but maybe they'll let you have a trial subscription? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 03:59, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A free clip is available.[1] Hack (talk) 05:13, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ask at Resource Exchange for a copy of the article.-gadfium 05:13, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Gadfium, Baseball Bugs, & Hack: I've managed to view a copy via Newspapers.com at the Resource Exchange. Thank you all for your help! Best, Tyrone Madera (talk) 20:17, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

How were maps of Empires made?

This may seem like a silly question today, but it has been something that has been bugging me lately. How are maps of the greatest territorial extent of Empires made? For example, to my knowledge, not even the Romans had much knowledge of cartography. Are modern-day maps of old Empires based on the maximum extent of archeological evidence confirming that that specific Empire/civilization was present? Or is it based off of some other method?

There is also documentary evidence based on contemporaneous historic sources. For example, the Romans documented their battles and conquests or losses, of which Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico is a prime example. We know from historic sources that the Romans did not manage to pacify Germanic territory north of the river Rhine (see Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and this TLDR). If reference is made by name to a region, an ethnic group or a ruler, it may not always be clear which region this corresponds to in present day terms, and history sleuths can use all kinds of evidence, also linguistic cues, or cues obtained by aligning time lines recreated from different sources, to come up with plausible hypotheses. --Lambiam 08:57, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Roman Administration was actually quite advanced, there was an extensive system of Roman provinces which were granted governors that had administrative and military control of them. Provinces had well defined geographic boundaries (often natural barriers such as rivers and mountain ranges, etc.) Whether Romans had maps in the sense we tend to think of them is a bit of an open question, this article comes down firmly on the side of "maybe", they had fairly accurate maps of things like individual city plans and the like (contemporary maps of Rome carved in marble are extant) and there is some evidence they had road network maps, see Tabula Peutingeriana, but they also did not have accurate maps for distance and borders and the like. The descriptions of the Empires borders would have been written down somewhere, and well defined, but not necessarily mapped. --Jayron 32 14:30, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

See also the Antonine Itinerary, a guide book giving the road distances in paces between the major towns of the empire and the smaller settlements along the way, which is thought to date from the 1st century AD. Alansplodge (talk) 20:17, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Why is AMLO imposing austerity on Mexico?

Apparently, President AMLO of Mexico has been enacting fiscal tightening policies which many have described as Reagan/Thatcher tier austerity for the past couple years when other governments even those in Europe have been spending big on fiscal stimulus to keep their economies afloat during the pandemic. Why is he doing this? Isn't he supposed to be a leftist who constantly bashes neoliberalism? StellarHalo (talk) 10:06, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I'm not saying you're wrong about his policies and third party descriptions of them, but can you point us to some reliable sources that actually say this? Our article weakly suggests the opposite ("He has implemented a wage increase for workers by 16.21% in 2019 and by 20% months later"), so perhaps needs improvement.

As I understand it (which is not very well), "austerity" is an economic strategy not necessarily related to political philosophy/orientation, which has recently been shown to have underlying mathematical flaws which invalidate it, leading to it being quietly backpedalled by many of its former proponents – perhaps AMLO hasn't got the message yet. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.197.27.141 (talk) 12:43, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

On June 23, which appears to be the most recent meeting, the Central Bank monetary policy committee raised interest rates by 25 basis points (to 4.25%), the first increase since Dec 2018 when the policy rate was 8.25%. This should not be considered "imposing austerity." DOR (HK) (talk) 14:20, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I am not talking about the Mexico's Central Bank or its monetary policies, which are autonomous of the federal government. I am talking about the fiscal policies of AMLO. A google search of "AMLO austerity" or "AMLO austeridad" brings up plenty of articles such as this and this. StellarHalo (talk) 05:13, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Sorry, many people think of austerity as a quick monetary policy response. On the very-slow-to-react fiscal side, Keynesian economics recognizes what are knows as “automatic stabilizers,” which is the term for what happens to government spending and revenues when the economy slows sharply (spending on things like social support and unemployment rises, and revenues fall). Austerity measures are generally efforts to counteract those long, slow fiscal trends, usually because of a belief that a large(r) budget deficit is A Bad Thing. (A Keynesian approach would be to wait a year or more until private demand returns, spending falls and revenues rise without any special intervention.) In the case of Mexico, the OECD in April said the economy would grow 5% this year (fast) and 3.2% (normal) in 2022, but poverty, inequalities, and gender gaps have increased due to the pandemic. It advises that if inflation edges down in the second half of 2021, monetary policy should be eased. Inflation is running at 5-6% (vs. 3-4% a few months ago). According to 'The Economist' this week, ALMO is shifting his economic attention to the less well-off, at the expense of the middle class. DOR (HK) (talk) 14:58, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Sources for date of death

I'm stuck for sources of information about a British actress of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mrs George Canninge (b. about 1843 from the 1891 and 1901 censuses) created the role of Miss Prism in the original production of The Importance of Being Earnest and is mentioned in many reviews in the online press archives, but I can't find an obituary or any mention of her death. Who's Who in the Theatre doesn't oblige, and nor do The Stage or The Era. Any suggestions for where else to look would be gratefully received. I have a reader's ticket at the British Library and so can get to see practically any book published in the UK in the 19th or 20th centuries, but the question is which? - Tim riley talk 10:29, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

With your British Library access, you should be able to search the GRO death records (https://www.gov.uk/research-family-history) - would that give you what you need? Canninge is quite a rare spelling, which should make the search easier. 70.67.193.176 (talk) 13:52, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you. I'll try that. Tim riley talk 14:10, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

She is also in the 1881 census - mistranscribed as Sarah Conninge - at 20 Duke St, Marylebone; and the 1911 census - as Cannings - retired actress, at 35 Belsize Avenue, Bowes Park. Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:42, 27 July 2021 (UTC) PS: She was 68 in the 1911 census - so it may be worthwhile checking burial records in nearby cemeteries. Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:55, 27 July 2021 (UTC) PPS: George Canninge was still living in Belsize Ave. in 1925, but the city directory does not mention whether or not his wife was still alive. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:08, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

FreeBMD shows three or four female Cannings (one called Georgina) registered as births in 1843. There are none for Canninge and (not surprisingly) none for Conninge. You might be able to guess an age at death and search accordingly? Regards. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:59, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If Canninge is her married name ("Mrs. George" etc. often meaning that a woman's husband's name was George at that time), then presumably her birth surname would have been different. AnonMoos (talk) 15:08, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Multiple censuses give her name as Sarah, with a marriage date to George c.1881, but I have not found any other details of their marriage or her maiden name. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:10, 27 July 2021 (UTC) PS: As she was about 38 when she married (George was about 35), it's quite possible she had been married previously. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:15, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I'm most grateful for all these helpful suggestions, which I'll certainly follow up. Many thanks, all! Tim riley talk 15:47, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Vatican jurisdiction

[2] Article about a fraud trial in progress in the Vatican right now (seems that some Vatican financial management including a Cardinal were running real estate scams). Question is about the jurisdiction for that: can the Vatican put people in jail, and that sort of thing? Of course the obvious ironic comments are being made in the obvious places, about how if convicted, the guilty parties will simply be quietly moved to another diocese. I sympathize, but for here, I think it's enough to focus on this specific trial. Thanks. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:2B99 (talk) 16:39, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The Vatican has a fully-functioning judiciary, though it only has a limited space to hold prisoners, by treaty Italy houses prisoners convicted of crimes in the Vatican City. See Law of Vatican City. --Jayron 32 18:24, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Councilmen of the City of London, and a William Heath cartoon

Hi, I'm currently raising an article on early nineteenth-century industrialist and politican Vincent Figgins to GA status. The reviewer kindly suggested I try to give more context to a few quotes from newspaper articles about his political career, which has led me to two questions on an area of his career I hadn't previously given much thought to. I don't want to push into own research, but I was wondering if anyone had ideas for answers to these questions from reliable sources:

Is there any directory of Common Councilmen of the City of London? I know he was a Councilman during the 1820s, but I haven't been able to find when his period of office started and ended. From listings I've seen these office holders didn't overtly belong to a political party-are there any directories which say which political parties Councilmen were seen as aligned to, if that happened? (There is a reference in a book (I'm not sure if this book is intended to be fiction or not) to a Solomon Figgins being a councilman from exactly the same ward twenty years earlier-is there any way of knowing from a reliable source if this is a relative, a mistake for Vincent, or a staggering coincidence?
I've found a cartoon by William Heath imagining city nightwatchmen leading a procession in support of him. (He preferred them to stay in watch-boxes where they could be easily found by people seeking them, something they heartily approved of as it let them sleep on the job when nothing was happening. Others preferred them to go out on patrol.) It doesn't seem to be on Google Art Project or Wikimedia Commons-what are the best options for getting a picture of it uploaded? The best image I've seen is by the British Museum, but there's one by Princeton as well as I understand US law is more favourable to treating scans of out-of-copyright images as public domain (I am not in the USA).

Thanks for any thoughts. Blythwood (talk) 17:04, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The controlling legal precedent is Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.. Wikimedia Commons policies would allow you to upload any accurate reproductions of early 19th-century caricatures there regardless of source (many are already there). AnonMoos (talk) 17:53, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Or if you want to play by the British Museum's rules, the image can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license which is one of the options of the upload wizard. On the museum's page that you linked above, click on "use this image" (bottom right of the page) for all the details. Alansplodge (talk) 21:51, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Well spotted! I'd missed that option behind the GDPR notice (give us a reject all cookies option, guys, please). Unfortunately CC BY-NC images aren't allowed on Commons. I think I'll leave it for now-while Wikimedia is a U.S. website I'm not in the USA nor a U.S. citizen, so I suspect I would be legally liable for uploading it even if Wikimedia isn't. Blythwood (talk) 23:09, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Perhaps a friendly American editor can do the deed on your behalf? Alansplodge (talk) 11:16, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A "naturally acidic"™ British editor has taken the chance. File:William Heath cartoon of city watchmen.jpg DuncanHill (talk) 11:55, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

As to political allegiance in the City, by ancient custom councilmen and aldermen were aloof from the tawdry political parties, a tradition that is still mostly observed: "In terms of the political composition of the Court of Common Council, the majority of councillors have not been elected on a party political basis and their political status is therefore listed as Independent".

However, "The old joke was that party affiliation is not necessary because they are all supporters of one party anyway - the Conservatives".

Alansplodge (talk) 18:45, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Quite so, and with Figgins I think the opposition of Hunt and Cobbett tells us plenty about his political position. DuncanHill (talk) 18:54, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Not really answering your question, but I found Aldermen of the City of London: Farringdon ward without, which lists for 1873 one "James Figgins, Stationer", which suggests a Figgins dynasty in the ward. Possibly the location of the family business? Alansplodge (talk) 20:06, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Indeed. That's his son and heir to the business, who was a Conservative M.P. Blythwood (talk) 20:08, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The type foundry (probably a late-Victorian rebuild) is still standing at 3-7 Ray Street (apologies for the digression). Alansplodge (talk) 20:33, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, an editor very kindly took some photos of it at my request when I began the GA nom. Built after Figgins' own time. Blythwood (talk) 23:03, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There *is* a directory up to c. 1912 The aldermen of the city of London temp. Henry III.-1908. With notes on the parliamentary representation of the city, the aldermen and the livery companies, the aldermanic veto, aldermanic baronets and knights, etc. but I can’t find Vincent Figgins in it.70.67.193.176 (talk) 15:29, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Nice spot! Unfortunately he was a Councilman not an Alderman, so he won't be listed. Still, hopefully there's a list out there. Blythwood (talk) 15:43, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ah, my bad! So sorry, I didn’t realize Councilmen and Aldermen were different things. All I’ve got then are some single year references. First, though, for the range: [3], mentions “for several years Common Councillor for the Ward of Farringdon Without” which at least sets an upper bound of his death in 1844.

Then, this newspaper article from 1820 [4] refers to his standing for election though I’m unclear if it means he was elected? You will probably understand the terminology used.

And finally, archive.org also as a series of Royal Kalendars which show him as a Councilman: 1827 (plus, two pages later, as a Commissioner of Sewers, Lamps and Pavements), 1828 (still, two pages later, a Commissioner of Sewers, Lamps and Pavements), 1830, 1837 (plus, two pages later, member of the Irish Society).

I have to go, but if you continue at https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22vincent+figgins%22+farringdon&sin=TXT&page= and keep scrolling down it looks like there are more Royal Kalendars and you should be able to complete the set and work out all the years. Fingers crossed, 70.67.193.176 (talk) 17:10, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The removal of the works from Smithfield to Farringdon in 1865 meant also that they were no longer within the City of London. Ray Street, travelling west from Farringdon Road, is the last street which is wholly within the London Borough of Islington. The boundary with the London Borough of Camden runs down the middle of Warner Street, turning at the junction with Ray Street to run down the middle of Herbal Hill. I know the area well - what I didn't know till yesterday is that Crawford Passage (off Ray Street) is London's narrowest [5][6]. 84.9.101.54 (talk) 14:52, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The current requirements for election to the Court of Common Council are that you either have to be a City resident or a freeholder. I can't imagine that they change very often. Alansplodge (talk) 20:31, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Quantity demand in economics

I am taking a basic economics course, and I have a question about quantity demand. If the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded will decrease. However, if the quantity demanded increases, the price increases as well. Are those two propositions contradictory in some way? I'm having trouble reconciling them. --Puzzledvegetable^{Is it teatime already?} 21:57, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If price drops, demand increases (rule of thumb, not always), if demand decreases, price decreases (again, not always). No contradiction. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 03:15, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The issue is explained at some length in our article Supply and demand. Figure 1 shows two curves relating the price of a product and the quantity sold of the product. One curve (blue, labelled S) is determined by the seller (the producer), the other (red, labelled D) by the buyer (the consumer). The S curve slopes upwards, the D curve slopes downwards. This is not a contradiction but a reflection of the fact that sellers and buyers have contrary interests. The point where these two curves meet determines the market prize where the sellers earn the highest profit. If the price of a good increases (which will happen if the S curve shifts up, possibly because of a shortage of raw materials), demand decreases along the D curve. But an increase in demand means that the D curve shifts to the right, from D1 to D2, and the intersection with the S curve (which does not change) is then higher up, meaning a higher price. --Lambiam 09:20, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Not all goods demand drops when price increases. See Veblen good and conspicuous consumption, as well as Giffen good. --Jayron 32 10:51, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe this is covered in the above links, but I recall from Econ class, decades ago, the concept of an "inflexible demand curve". The example given was a street drug such as heroin. The demand will stay about the same, no matter the price. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:19, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

That is called an inelastic demand. --Jayron 32 13:06, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The OP might want to think of price/demand dynamics like a see-saw: When one is up, the other is down … and then, there is a transitional period when the two switch positions. First, price is up (rising) and demand is down (falling), and then prices fall and demand rises. DOR (HK) (talk) 13:41, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Please, this is a request for an explanation of basic economics, which is already confusing enough as it is. --Lambiam 16:00, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Men actitudes about breasts in places where toplessness is the norm

Reading the toplessness made me curious if there are recordings on men´s opinion of breasts in tribes or places where toplessness is the norm and not the exception. I mean, in Western countries is normal for women to have their legs uncovered, but that does not make men to stop liking them, so my initial guess is that something equivalent would happen there. Surely some anthropologist has commented on that?85.58.45.75 (talk) 22:25, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I recently read something quoting an anthropologist commenting that, in some culture, when the anthropologist explained the attraction of Western men for breasts, the tribal women laughed "So men are like babies there?". Searching now for Mali "men act like babies" breast finds the story in several instances but none seems reliable to me. --Error (talk) 00:47, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

According to this Reddit thread, the anthropologist was Daniel Everett, whose book Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle describes the Pirahã people, although I haven't been able to pin down the exact quote. Alansplodge (talk) 11:05, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Female humans are the only primates to possess prominent breasts, so there has been much speculation as to why this is. Most commentators suggest some role in sexual selection; we have an article, breast fetishism, which looks at some of the issues. See also this preview. Alansplodge (talk) 10:47, 27 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

We can't all be Harvey Pincher, can we? Yes, one wonders if Old Beardie would still enjoy his motorboating? Martinevans123 (talk)

July 28

Clean water act

Per [7], "The Clean Water Act prohibits the Columbia River from rising over 68F (20C)." That is, since the river reached 70F, it looks like the river has broken the law. What happens now? Does the river get arrested? More seriously, how can the Clean Water Act "prohibit" a river from reaching a given temperature? Are there supposed to be human interventions like adjusting flows, and can such interventions possibly help in that type of heat wave? Thanks. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:2B99 (talk) 06:59, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Presumably that is to regulate release of cooling water from power plants/industry on the river? Fgf10 (talk) 07:01, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I'd like to see the actual wording of the act before mocking (further) the intelligence of legislators. Clarityfiend (talk) 11:09, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Presumably, the act specifies certain regulatory agencies who are empowered to take action against industries to lower the temperature of the river. The law may not actually specify exactly what specific action that is, but rather will leave it up to the regulators to set responses, within certain parameters. The organization charged with enforcing the act is the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the EPA website has a summary of the act here, the act itself is in the United States Code as 33 U.S.C. §1251, which is here. The relevant clause is "Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (hereinafter in this chapter called “Administrator”) shall administer this chapter." In other words, the Administrator of the EPA is for doing the work of enforcing the policies, of course they wouldn't do it all themselves, they have underlings who they would delegate that to. --Jayron 32 11:14, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Which leads us back to the original question: What happens? --184.144.99.72 (talk) 20:40, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Currently authorities try and do apply the best of their skills in mathematical optimization, with dams and reservoirs. The Washington State Department of Ecology ( article at seattletimes) "has authority under the Clean Water Act to regulate temperature in the river according to standards set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)". --Askedonty (talk) 21:24, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Issues with Made in China

Two questions.

Does all this Made in China production of foreign goods significantly reduce the number of jobs in their respective countries of origin, contributing to the rate of unemployment (e.g. if Japan, for example, licenses the manufacture of its technology to China, does it create a sort of unfair competitive advantage for China in relation to Japan)?

Do various costs of shipping the details/raw materials to China and then the finished goods back to the original country (including VAT, customs fees, etc) offset the incentive of Chinese cheap labor force, making it more convenient to manufacture goods in the original country? Thanks. 212.180.235.46 (talk) 13:26, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

“All else being equal,” (which it never is), when a factory closes in Location A and reopens in Location B, there is very likely to be a reduction of employment in Location At and an increase in Location B. If the displaced workers cannot find new jobs, then one would expect unemployment there to rise. In the case of licensing, the Location B production of a product that is still being made in Location A would cause no change in employment. On the second subject, there should be no issue of unfair competitive advantage because of such a licensing decision … unless one considers owning the rights to a patent, trademark or other intellectual property to be “unfair.” The third question assumes that China is assembling parts imported from abroad, which may be true for a tiny number of items but cannot be considered significant in either domestic or international economic calculations. It also assumes that labor costs are significant, which in the case of something like a microchip are so small as to be little more than zero. DOR (HK) (talk) 14:32, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The process of labor being moved from one country to another is called Offshoring, and the effects of offshoring on the labor market are a well studied part of macroeconomics. There is a small section in the Wikipedia article on the subject in the section titled "Impact on jobs in western countries" and there are references you can follow there for even more reading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jayron32 (talk • contribs) 16:02, 28 July 2021 (UTC)‎[reply]

In terms of the largest number of workers displaced, the shift of lower end garment production from China to Vietnam, Bangladesh, and other lower-cost locations, is the most important offshoring of the last 30 years. While the OP did not state it as such, the implication is that this is also an issue between China and wealthy economies, which is not the case. DOR (HK) (talk) 21:24, 30 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Women's suffrage in Afghanistan

The article women's suffrage say women's suffrage was introduced in Afghanistan in 1965, but the article 1919 in women's history claim it was in 1919. Which one is correct? I have read before that it was in 1964. Did Afghanistan even have elections in 1919? --Aciram (talk) 19:51, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

1919 in women's history has two citations for the claim. One does not support it at all, the other links the claim to another source which also does not support it. DuncanHill (talk) 20:04, 28 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If the sources does not support the claim, then they must be removed. This references claim it was in 1964: [8], [9], [10]. Perhaps the articles should be corrected with these references? I asked the question since I noticed that people on the net referred to Wikipedia when claiming suffrage for women were introduced in Afghanistan in 1919. --Aciram (talk) 11:02, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@Aciram: but this source does support the 1919 claim [11], saying it happened under reforms introduced by Amanullah Khan. Our article on him mentions reforms with a source I didn't check, although not voting in particular. However these reforms were short lived as they were undo when Amanullah Khan was forced to abdicate and flee in 1929. 1964 was when a new constitution allowed women to vote again (I guess maybe the first actual election was in 1965 or that's when it took effect), although it sounds like voting right in general were limited in the interim period. Technically since the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan had limited recognition and likewise whatever the Soviets did, I guess some might argue women have de jure had the right to vote since 1964 even if they didn't in practice/de facto. Note I have not touched any article as I'm not sure Central Asia Institute is an RS although I'm sure one could be found. Nil Einne (talk)

That is an article, not a book. I wonder if there were elections at all in Afghanistan in 1919.--Aciram (talk) 14:07, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If you want books you should have said earlier. For Wikipedia purposes, there is zero requirements that an RS must be a book although it must still be an RS and as said I have no idea if Central Asia Institute is an RS. Also there were 10 years for elections. Nil Einne (talk) 14:11, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I had a look and have been able to confirm that no parliament was established under Amanullah Khan. It was planned but never came into being [12]. There was a state council/council of state and a cabinet but I have no idea how these were selected. (I suspect the cabinet was largely just whatever the emir/king decided.) He also called a few Loya jirga (see e.g. [13]) although I doubt that the participants of these were generally elected. If there were elections during the reign of Amanullah Khan/in the period women could vote in the ~1920s, I think these were most likely some sort of local elections in Kabul but it looks possible the right to vote in the 1920s may have simply be theoretical. Elections or not, it sounds like Amanullah Khan's reforms has little effect outside Kabul, see e.g. this non RS [14] and this [15], so many of the reforms were somewhat more theoretical than having a practical effect on women's rights in Afghanistan. Indeed I see some suggestion the excessive speed and haphazard introduction was part of what doomed them to failure and unfortunately may have helped delay any real reforms (see also [16]) although it's probably a bit of a stretch to blame poor old Amanullah Khan for the mess that still exists. Nil Einne (talk) 14:51, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

July 29

Who is "Lady Gort"?

According to the file description, which I have copied as the caption, this 1939 picture includes Lord & Lady Gort. The source also says Lady Gort Now Gort was divorced in 1925. So who is the woman in the lighter-coloured outfit? Bonus points for any of the other people portrayed (the Gloucesters are second and third from the left in the front row, Gort is fifth). Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 00:19, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Good question. FWIW, I have been unable to find any mention of a second marriage by ~~Vereker~~ Lord Gort, or any image of Lady Gort (née Corinna Katherine ~~Blatt~~ Vereker). [Edited to correct my error – they were second cousins, and had the same surname: Blatt was the name of her second husband, per Alansplodge below.]

Our article Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom mentions that "Any woman who marries a peer uses the feminine version of his peerage title . . . In case of a divorce, she may keep the same style as during marriage." So it's not unlikely that she continued to be known as Lady Gort.

In the absence of any information about the divorce and subsequent circumstances, it's possible that the two remained on, or returned to, good terms, and that she accompanied him on certain occasions. I note in passing that she died in October 1940, only 11 months after this photograph was taken. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.57.208 (talk) 08:08, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

As regards the name, does it have any connection to Gort (The Day the Earth Stood Still)? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 09:30, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Probably not, but would still have been a well-known name in the early 1950s (in the UK at least). Alansplodge (talk) 11:54, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The Viscouncy of Gort, originally in the Irish peerage, is named for the town of Gort in County Galway, Ireland. In the 1940 short story by Harry Bates on which the film was based, the robot was named Gnut, so the name Gort was presumably conferred by American Edmund H. North's 1951 screenplay. North does not appear to have had any Irish connections, so perhaps he invented the name spontaneously without influence by the town or title. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.57.208 (talk) 21:28, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Perhaps. Audio recordings are central to the novel on which the movie is based, and the movie title is enough in accordance with the impression the world broadcasts were under the sudden results of the mechanical advance of the Wehrmacht, in May 1940. Our image of robots has become associated with cybernetic instead. But North wouldn't even have needed to come to the idea himself. --Askedonty (talk) 14:31, 30 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

In November 1939, command of the college passed from Bernard Paget to Robert Collins, who I was unable to find a picture of. The tall officer at the back bears some resemblance to Paget, assuming that he ever had a moustache. The chap next to Gort might be Henry Pownall who was Gort's Chief of General Staff in the BEF. Alansplodge (talk) 11:52, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Someone who ought to be there is Philip de Fonblanque - picture here - but I can't pick him out. Alansplodge (talk) 12:27, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Another candidate is Douglas Brownrigg, the Adjudent-General to the BEF. The real-life Colonel Blimp, our article politely doesn't describe the mess he made of the defence of the Channel Ports, after which he was rapidly retired to the Home Guard. His picture is here. Alansplodge (talk)

Other staff members were Wilfrid Gordon Lindsell, Philip Neame {picture here), Sydney Rigby Wason (no article but a picture here) and Ridley Pakenham-Walsh. Alansplodge (talk) 17:51, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The Scotsman hiding behind the Duke of Gloucester might be Captain Howard Kerr, the duke's long-term equerry. Alansplodge (talk) 18:05, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Have you considered the possibility that the caption is correct, and the woman pictured is his former wife (ie… Lady Gort)? Blueboar (talk) 12:17, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I think "The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195" mentions it above. Alansplodge (talk) 16:45, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This painting may be the same Lady Gort: [17]. --Amble (talk) 23:45, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Corinna Katherine Vereker "...married, secondly, Edgar Charles Blatt, son of Edgar Blatt, on 26 April 1930. She died on 5 October 1940 at age 49. After her marriage, Corinna Katherine Vereker was styled as Viscountess Gort on 23 February 1911. From 26 April 1930, her married name became Blatt". I'm beginning to suspect an error in captioning. Alansplodge (talk) 11:09, 30 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Panel painting in late Byzantine art

I realized that I haven't seen a single late Byzantine panel painting (between 13th and 15th century), including the portraits of emperors by native artists. While by 15th century there were lots of European panel portraits with oil, tempera, etc of nobles, monarchs and lay people, it seems that in late Byzantine art there weren't as popular compared to mosaics and illuminated manuscripts. Why? 212.180.235.46 (talk) 11:13, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The article Oil Painting implies that the technique simply was not available / widely used in these times. As to the rest: Tempera mutantur, as one may mumble, tongue in cheek. --Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 14:36, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There is a small amount of information on the time period's art at Byzantine art#Palaeologan age. According to that, the primary medium at the time was fresco. --Jayron 32 14:39, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

"Painted panels assumed a new importance in the last phase of Byzantine art. The most sophisticated work was done at Constantinople, some of it for patrons from elsewhere (notably Russia), and a number of icons survive that can be associated with Constantinople on the basis of literary evidence or inscriptions" Alansplodge (talk) 17:25, 29 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

July 30

OSHA respirator use regulations

I've been told that OSHA mandates fresh air for workers using respirators every hour. The person who told me this is not entirely reliable, so I'd like some confirmation. I seem to recall something similar but from a confined spaces instruction. I also recall reading that respirators reduce oxygen intake by about 5%.

Is there any regulations on the length of time respirators may be used in the workplace? It'd make healthcare jobs difficult if not impossible if true. Then again, I don't believe that health advice should be based on political considerations.

Also, would it be okay if I post this question on the Science Desk as well? Thank you. 161.185.161.32 (talk) 17:20, 30 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

It's best to keep things on one desk. With regard to OSHA's regulations, this seems to be the main page for that. Maybe you can find it there. --Jayron 32 17:36, 30 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There was a study claiming(?) that kids wearing masks could be endangered by CO2 buildup in the masks, but that study was retracted.[[18]] I don't know whether that's relevant to your question. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:2B99 (talk) 22:27, 30 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

July 31

innovation to improve road safety

I saw this on Inside Edition. A young girl named Alaina Gassler invented something for her school science fair. It was to help eliminate any vehicle blind spot. The project was mainly called Improving Automobile Safety by Removing Blind Spots. Is that the invention's real name? (Anyway, she won a $25,000 prize.)2603:7000:8101:58A0:C009:5B76:FE3D:CAA1 (talk) 02:34, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I think it was the title of the project rather than the intended name of the invention - at least it does exactly what it says on the tin. However, This article says that a number of motor manufacturers are already experimenting with similar systems and Hyundai and Kia have already applied for patents, so it may not get beyond a science project. Good effort for a 14 year-old though. Alansplodge (talk) 17:59, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Honda, at least, already has a blind-spot camera system. And even without that, the passenger side mirror has been around for a long time. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 21:35, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Terrorist organisations claiming responsibility

After reading the article about the Otherside Lounge bombing, I got to thinking. Why do terrorist groups often claim responsibility for attacks they didn't do? Is it to get free publicity, which helps them in propagating their cause? JIP | Talk 15:24, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This seems to be a question relating to the opinion of respondents. As a regular you should know that this is not permissible. --Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 15:56, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

How is this a question about opinions? I see this as a factual question. Why do terrorist groups claim responsibility for attacks they didn't do? JIP | Talk 17:09, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

And because this is a reference desk, here and here are some. Wikipedia lacks an article on Oxygen of publicity if anyone feels like a challenge. Alansplodge (talk) 18:07, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Do either of those articles confirm the OP's assertion that "terrorist groups often claim responsibility for attacks they didn't do"? What's the definition of "often" here? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 21:33, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Hype? Sometimes difficult to avoid, sometimes in science communication [19] ? --Askedonty (talk) 21:56, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

My impression is that some groups tend to overclaim and others don't. Part of their strategies, I guess. --Error (talk) 23:44, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Baby Boomer thinking?

Nowadays, are Baby Boomers considered to be representative of an old-fashioned, strait-laced generation, or generally noted as a generation of change? A Buzzfeed article, (aggregating(?) Reddit), posted, "What is the most outdated social construct by the older generation?"(Reddit question). This was followed by: "It led to people sharing examples of things boomers do, say, and think that are beyond outdated."(Buzzfeed statement)^[1] (My bold).

Asking a question about "the most outdated social construct by the older generation?" is not objectionable. But seeing "Buzzfeed" categorize all the replies received as referring to "boomers" is ludicrous. As stated in Baby boomers the (1946-1964) generation was the source of, or participated in a great deal of social change. Consider 1969 and Woodstock! The Counterculture of the 1960s was not instigated or participated in by little children, who were born between 1965 & 1969! As a 1959 Generation Jones?! baby boomer, my "older generation" ranged from 1899-1912 grandparents to 1920-1932 parents. My social views and expectations, by @1972, were far, far removed from those of my parents' and grandparents' generations.

I apologize if this question veers into forum territory, in an unacceptable manner. If so, I will withdraw...Thanks, Tribe of Tiger ^{Let's Purrfect!} 22:27, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

References

^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/ryanschocket2/outdated-boomer-social-constructs

You're right. People can be short-sighted about these things. Sometimes young people snipe at the boomers because they're an easy target, and maybe that's not fair. Some of that resentment is typical of any generational gap. Much of it is disappointment in the rampant bigotry against nonwhite people, LGBT people, and other groups. This is a big one. Some don't like that boomers won the lottery of the millennium and took it without gratitude, then called less fortunate generations "entitled." But the one that really gets them annoyed is the climate change thing. You ruined the planet. The planet that could have been in fine shape for your great-grandchildren and another good hundred thousand years. You could have chosen to not ruin the planet, but instead you decided to ruin the planet. This sin will not wash away. While you lie in air-conditioned hospice patting yourself on the back for a life well lived, your successors will not be having a good time. History will not forget the terror that you wrought. So if somebody calls you out of touch? Thank them for letting you off easy. Temerarius (talk) 01:23, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Confucius gesture

Watching Confucius (2010 film), the characters often do a respectful gesture, ( ://image.tmdb.org/t/p/original/c53R0h6c4Rwb30tGbX2gNUpeJkw.jpg as demonstrated by) Chow Yun Fat, joining their hands before them, sometimes kneeling at the same time. Because of the long sleeves, I am not sure about the position of the hands, but it seems different of what list of gestures mentions as:

The Kung fu salute or baoquan li 武术抱拳礼 is a formal demonstration of respect between kung fu practitioners in which the right hand (formed into a fist) is covered by the open left palm.

Do we know more about this gesture? Is it associated with the Confucius age? Is it still current?

Note that this gesture is different than the one displayed in bills of Japanese-controlled China (including the obscene ones). In The New Yorker I find:

One young guide with a ponytail spoke to a group of middle-aged Chinese women. She held her hands out before her. “This is the gesture for paying respects to Confucius,” she said. Her visitors did their best to copy her.

--Error (talk) 23:45, 31 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The "obscene gesture" doesn't look very "obscene". Maybe an Asian thing? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 00:55, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

list of gestures says about the obscene gesture:

PIV, also referred to as Sex, is often symbolized by making a circle with the index finger and thumb in one hand, and using the index finger of the other hand to "penetrate" by inserting it into the circle and pulling it back out in a repetitive motion mimicking a phallus entering a vagina. Variations exist to demonstrate phallus entering other sexual orifices.

That seems obscene especially for a respected sage.

--Error (talk) 02:15, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Well, shucky darn. Who says Wikipedia is not educational? :) ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 02:58, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

August 1

De'Ath

Apparently De'Ath is a real surname. I have only seen two instances of it: "Dominic De'Ath" in the TV series In the Red (TV series) and Sydney De'Ath, later known as Judge Death in the Judge Dredd comics. Both names are a pun on the word "death". In real life, does the surname De'Ath have anything to do with the word "death", or is this just a coincidence? JIP | Talk 02:56, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Apparently also existing as D'Ath (eg. Yvette D'Ath). See also Ath. Oalexander (talk) 05:30, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Other bearers of the name: Wilfred De'Ath, his son Charles De'Ath, and Rod de'Ath. --Lambiam 21:14, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I believe the surname De’Ath is French in origin, and literally means “of/from Ath” (which is a town in Belgium)… so I would say it is coincidence. Blueboar (talk) 13:02, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

"D'Ath" maybe, but "De'Ath" would be very bad French - see elision (the suppression of a final unstressed vowel immediately before another word beginning with a vowel): "In written French, elision (both phonetic and orthographic) is obligatory for the following words... the preposition de". Alansplodge (talk) 21:58, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This BBC article is about a database compiled by the University of the West of England which has been used as source material for the The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. It says of De'Ath:

It is in fact derived from the Old English dēaþ meaning "death". "Perhaps for someone who played the part of Death in a local pageant," the dictionary states. "The spellings de'Ath , de Ath , D'Eath, are post-medieval, introduced to dissociate the name from the negative connotations of the word," it said.

Alansplodge (talk) 21:45, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

A Dictionary of English Surnames, 1991, P. H. Reaney, R. M. Wilson (p. 879) agrees with the explanation above and references the Chester Mystery Plays which had a character called "Death". It also notes a medieval occupation called a "dethewright" in East Anglia, which referred to a tinder maker, but it does say too that the town in Belgium theory is "just possible". Alansplodge (talk) 22:12, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Did Queen Elizabeth I ever leave England/Wales?

Did Queen Elizabeth ever leave England/Wales and additionally, who was the most recent English/British ruler (including the Cromwells) never to leave the area that they ruled?Naraht (talk) 21:51, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Why Elizabeth Never Left England states "Like her siblings Edward VI and Mary I, Elizabeth I never left England to visit other realms in the British Isles and the European continent during her reign." You've excluded what she did before she was queen, but now I'm curious. (I suspect she didn't go "outside".) Clarityfiend (talk) 22:25, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

(edit conflict) I don't think she did. However, this 1845 speech in Parliament by John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll claims that George III "...during a very long life and very long reign, was never out of England, nor indeed more than one hundred miles from the place of his birth". His father George II was a bit more adventurous, having been present at the Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, where he was more of a nuisance than an inspiration; perhaps why his son was never encouraged to join his army abroad. Alansplodge (talk) 22:31, 1 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

August 2

Albert Maignan#Gallery > File:Albert Maignan - Méduses.jpg

I was struck by the odd photographic quality of the diver figure and its apparent incongruity with the other works in the gallery and wanted to find out more; yet Google Images reverse search and Google does not bring up anything but Alamy Images and Wikipedia mirrors, and the link in the file description is unavailable in both the live web and in the Internet Archive recorded copy. Does anyone have more information about it? Suzukaze-c (talk) 00:31, 2 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

"We have landed on Niigata"

I recall hearing/seeing/reading somewhere a long time ago about how the Japanese radioed some innocuous statement to their fighter planes to communicate the beginning of the Pearl Harbor attack. Maybe it was even heard by the Allies and dismissed as a random unrelated message. I'm pretty sure it went something like "We have landed on the hill at Niigata" or "The eagle has landed on Niigata" or something similar. I'm not finding anything useful on DDG. Does this sound familiar to anyone? I've found the Winds Code and the "Tora Tora Tora" codeword. I'm sure these aren't it, and "Tora Tora Tora" was transmitted after the attack, not before. 93.136.108.147 (talk) 03:10, 2 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

"Climb Mt. Niitaka" (not Niigata). --184.144.99.72 (talk) 04:24, 2 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Aah, that's it, thanks! 93.136.108.147 (talk) 08:17, 2 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Who was Dr. Arthur Wiesler?

Dr. Arthur Wiesler was born on February 24, 1876 in Prague in Bohemia to the railway inspector Emanuel Wiesler and his wife Anna Wiesler. Can anyone provide a short biography and a photo? TIA.

[1] ttps://www.buzzfeed.com/ryanschocket2/outdated-boomer-social-constructs

[1]