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Duke of Cornwall

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 86.181.0.154 (talk) at 12:26, 10 September 2022 (Undid revision 1109438978 by 82.11.77.5 (talk)No.Archaic: now always the eldest in a family. 'Elder' is retained, however, for something like an elder of a church or an 'elder statesman'). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the steamship, see SS Duke of Cornwall. For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation).

Dukedom of Cornwall
Arms of the Duke of Cornwall
Creation date
  • 1337 (first creation)
  • 1376 (second creation)
  • 1460 (third creation)
Created by
PeeragePeerage of England
First holderEdward of Woodstock
Present holderWilliam
Extinction date
  • 1377 (second creation)
  • 1460 (third creation)
Seat(s)Kensington Palace
Adelaide Cottage
Former seat(s)Restormel Castle
MottoIch dien (I serve)
Duke of Cornwall
Banner of the Duke of Cornwall
Incumbent
William
since 8 September 2022
StyleHis Royal Highness
Sir
Member ofBritish royal family
Term lengthLife tenure or until accession as Sovereign
WebsiteOfficial website

Duke of Cornwall is a title in the Peerage of England, traditionally held by the eldest son of the reigning British monarch, previously the English monarch. The Duchy of Cornwall was the first duchy created in England and was established by a royal charter in 1337.[1] The present duke is Prince William. His wife, Catherine, is the current Duchess of Cornwall.

Legend

Some folkloric histories of the British Isles, such as Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1136), claim that the first leader of Cornwall was Corineus, a Trojan warrior and ally of Brutus of Troy, portrayed as the original settler of the British Isles. From then through the Arthurian period, such legendary Dukes of Cornwall stood apart from the High-King of Britain, while serving as his closest ally and, at times, as his protector (all per Monmouth's collected yarns). Notably in this tale, Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall under King Uther Pendragon, rebelled when the king became obsessed with Gorlois' wife Igraine. Uther killed Gorlois and took Igraine: the son was King Arthur.

History

The historical record suggests that, following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Cornwall formed part of a separate Kingdom of Dumnonia, which included Devon, although there is evidence that it may have had its own rulers at times. The celtic southwest of Britain was gradually conquered by the emerging germanic Kingdom of England, and after the Norman Conquest in 1066 the new rulers of England appointed their own men as Earl of Cornwall, the first of whom was in fact a Breton of 'Cornwall' in Brittany.

Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son of Edward III, was made the first Duke of Cornwall in 1337, after Edward III had lost the title of Duke of Normandy.[2] After Edward predeceased the King, the duchy was recreated for his son, the future Richard II. Cornwall was the first dukedom conferred within the Kingdom of England.[3]

Succession

The charter that established the estate on 17 March 1337, set out the rule that the Duke and possessor of the estate would be the eldest son and heir-apparent of the monarch.[1] There were some deviations from this rule until a legal case (The Prince's Case) in 1606 which held that the rule should be adhered to.[4]

When the estate is without a Duke, the possessor is the monarch, even if the former Duke left surviving descendants (see George III).[1] The monarch's grandson, even if he is the heir apparent, does not succeed to the dukedom. Similarly, no female may ever be Duke of Cornwall, even if she is heir presumptive or heir apparent (that being a distinct and even likely possibility in the future after the passage of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) to the throne, although a Queen Regnant without a son would be the de facto Duke. However, if a Duke of Cornwall should die without descendants (and also no sister between two brothers if younger one born after 28 October 2011[5]), his next brother obtains the duchy, this brother being both oldest living son and heir apparent.

It is possible for an individual to be Prince of Wales and heir apparent without being Duke of Cornwall. The title "Prince of Wales" is the traditional title of the heir apparent to the throne, granted at the discretion of the Sovereign (not automatically) and is not restricted to the eldest son.

For example, after the death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, King George II's heir apparent was his grandson George (Frederick's eldest son and the future George III). The young Prince George was created Prince of Wales but did not become Duke of Cornwall because he was the King's grandson, rather than the King's son. When the Sovereign has no legitimate son, or when the heir apparent is not the Sovereign's son, the estates of the Duchy of Cornwall revert to the Crown until a legitimate son is born to the Sovereign or until the accession of a new Sovereign who has a son (e.g. between 1547 and 1603) (see more below).

James Francis Edward Stuart, son of James II, was born Duke of Cornwall in 1688. Although his father lost the throne, James Francis Edward was not deprived of his own titles and honours as a result of his father having been deposed. Instead, from the (prevailing) Hanoverian perspective, it was as a result of his claiming his father's lost thrones that James was attainted for treason on 2 March 1702, and his titles were thus forfeited under English law.[3] However, from the (minority) Jacobite perspective, on his father's death in 1701 the duchy of Cornwall was merged in the Crown.

The current Duke of Cornwall

The current Duke of Cornwall is William, eldest son of Charles III, the reigning monarch.

Rights of the duke

Main article: Duchy of Cornwall

The duchy includes over 220 square miles (570 square kilometres) of land, more than half of which lies in Devon. The duke has some rights[clarification needed] over the territory of Cornwall, the county, and for this and other reasons there is debate as to the constitutional status of Cornwall. The High Sheriff of Cornwall is appointed by the duke, not the monarch, in contrast to the other counties of England and Wales. The duke has the right to the estates of all those who die without named heirs (bona vacantia) in the whole of Cornwall. In 2013, the duchy had a revenue surplus of £19 million, a sum that was exempt from income tax, though the then Prince of Wales chose to pay the tax voluntarily.[6]

Until 2011, if there were no Duke of Cornwall at any time, then the income of the duchy went to the Crown. Since the passing into law of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011, revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall pass to the heir to the throne, regardless of whether that heir is the Duke of Cornwall. When the heir is a minor, 10% of revenues pass to the heir, with the balance passing to the Crown (and the Sovereign Grant is reduced by the same amount).[7]

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of the Duchy of Cornwall, granted in 1968.
Main article: Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales

The coat of arms of the Duke of Cornwall is blazoned as sable, fifteen bezants, that is, a black field bearing fifteen golden discs. The arms are now used as a badge by the Prince of Wales, and they appear below the shield in his coat of arms, along with his other badges.

The arms were adopted late in the 15th century, based on the arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The bezants in Richard's arms were intended to represent peas, known in French as pois, as a punning reference to the French region of Poitou, of which he was count.[8]

On 21 June 1968 a royal warrant augmented the aforementioned arms with the heir-apparent's coronet, which consists of four crosses patée and four fleurs-de-lises with one arch (used only by the Prince of Wales). The supporters are two Cornish choughs, each supporting an ostrich feather. The motto used with the arms is Houmout or Houmont, meaning "high-spirited", the personal motto of the Black Prince.[9]

Family tree

Dukes of Cornwall, 1337 creation

All Dukes of Cornwall who have been the eldest living son of the sovereign are generally considered to have held the same creation of the dukedom. The following is a table of these Dukes of Cornwall, with the processes by which they became duke and by which they ceased to hold the title:

Duke of Cornwall Monarch From To Other title held while Duke
Edward of Woodstock, "The Black Prince" Edward III 1337 (Parliament) 1376 (death) Prince of Wales (1343), Prince of Aquitaine (1362–1372), Earl of Chester (1333)
Henry of Monmouth Henry IV 1399 (Parliament) 1413 (acceded as Henry V) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1399), Duke of Aquitaine (1390), Duke of Lancaster (1399)
Henry Henry V 1421 (birth) 1422 (acceded as Henry VI) Duke of Aquitaine (1421)
Edward of Westminster Henry VI 1454 (charter) 1471 (death) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1454)
Edward Edward IV 1471 (charter) 1483 (acceded as Edward V) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1471), Earl of March (1479), Earl of Pembroke (1479)
Edward of Middleham, 1st Earl of Salisbury Richard III 1483 (father's accession) 1484 (death) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1483), Earl of Salisbury (1478)
Arthur Henry VII 1486 (birth) 1502 (death) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1489)
Henry, 1st Duke of York Henry VII 1502 (death of brother Arthur) 1509 (acceded as Henry VIII) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1504), Duke of York (1494–1509)
Henry Henry VIII 1511 (birth) 1511 (death)
Edward Tudor Henry VIII 1537 (birth) 1547 (acceded as Edward VI) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1537)
Henry Frederick James I 1603 (father's accession) 1612 (death) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1610), Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew (1469), Lord of the Isles (1540), Prince and Great Steward of Scotland (1469) (The italicised henceforth "Duke of Rothesay, etc (1469 & 1540)")
Prince Charles, 1st Duke of York, 1st Duke of Albany James I 1612 (death of brother Henry) 1625 (acceded as Charles I) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1616), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540), Duke of Albany (1600), Duke of York (1605), Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross, Lord Ardmannoch (1600)
Prince Charles James Charles I 1629 (birth) 1629 (death) Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540)
Prince Charles Charles I 1630 (birth) 1649 (acceded as Charles II) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1638), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540)
Prince James Francis Edward James II 1688 (birth) 1702 (attainted) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1688–1702), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469–1702 & 1540–1702)
Prince George, 1st Duke of Cambridge George I 1714 (father's accession) 1727 (acceded as George II) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1714), Hereditary Prince of Hanover, Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540), Duke of Cambridge, Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton, Baron Tewkesbury (1706)
Prince Frederick, 1st Duke of Edinburgh George II 1727 (father's accession) 1751 (death) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1729), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540), Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, Baron Snowdon (1726)
Prince George George III 1762 (birth) 1820 (acceded as George IV) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1762), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540)
Prince Albert Edward Victoria 1841 (birth) 1901 (acceded as Edward VII) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1841), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540), Earl of Dublin (1850)
Prince George, 1st Duke of York Edward VII 1901 (father's accession) 1910 (acceded as George V) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1901), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540), Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, Baron Killarney (1892)
Prince Edward George V 1910 (father's accession) 1936 (acceded as Edward VIII) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1910), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540)
Prince Charles Elizabeth II 1952 (mother's accession) 2022 (acceded as Charles III) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1958), Duke of Rothesay, etc. (1469 & 1540), Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich (2021)
Prince William Charles III 2022 (father's accession) Current Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (2022), Duke of Rothesay, etc., (1469 &1540), Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, Baron Carrickfergus (2011)

Additional details appear in Cokayne, George Edward, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, A. Sutton, Gloucester, 1982. [orig. 13 volumes, published by The St. Catherine Press Ltd, London, England, from 1910–1959; reprinted in microprint: 13 vol. in 6, Gloucester: A. Sutton, 1982]

Dukes of Cornwall, 1376 creation

When his heir apparent Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall predeceased him, Edward III granted Woodstock's son Richard a new creation of the title Duke of Cornwall. When Richard acceded the throne as Richard II in 1377, this creation merged to the crown.

also Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1376)

Dukes of Cornwall, 1460 creation

When Richard, Duke of York pressed his claim to the throne, he was made heir apparent to Henry VI by the Act of Accord. On 31 October 1460, he was made Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall and Lord Protector of England by act of parliament. Since he was not the eldest living son of the monarch, this creation was outside the terms of the 1337 warrant; York died in battle on 30 December 1460.

also Lord Protector of England, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1460, see Act of Accord); Duke of York (1385), Earl of Ulster (1264), Earl of March (1328), Earl of Cambridge (1414, restored 1426), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), Baron Mortimer of Wigmore (1331)
  • Richard of York, Lord Protector of England, 6th Prince of Wales, 1st Duke of Cornwall, 3rd Duke of York, 6th Earl of Chester (1411–1460)

Jacobite Duke

"Charles Edward Lewis Philip Casimir (Stuart), Prince of England and Scotland, Duke of Cornwall [E] and Rothesay [S], eldest son and heir-apparent of King James III and VIII, was born in Rome 31 December 1720, and was created or declared shortly after his birth Prince of Wales, and (by consequence?) Earl of Chester. K.G. and K.T. before 1745. On 1 January 1766 he succeeded his father as de jure King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland. He died s.p.l. 31 January 1788."[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c A Charter of 1337
  2. ^ Blackstone, William (1765-1769) Commentaries on the Laws of England, book 1 chapter 12
  3. ^ a b Complete Peerage: 'Duke of Cornwall'
  4. ^ 77 ER 481, 8 Coke Report 1a, [1606] EWHC Ch J6
  5. ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013, section 1
  6. ^ Thomson, Ainsley (15 July 2013). "U.K. Lawmakers Go After Tax Affairs of the Royal Family". The Wall Street Journal.
  7. ^ "Sovereign Grant Act 2011: guidance". GOV.UK. 5 November 2019.
  8. ^ Planché, James (1859). The Pursuivant of Arms; or, Heraldry Founded on Facts. R. Hardwick. p. 136.
  9. ^ Briggs, Geoffrey, Civic and Corporate Heraldry (1971), p. 122.
  10. ^ Ruvigny and Raineval, Marquis of, Melville Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny (1904). The Jacobite peerage, baronetage, knightage and grants of honour. Edinburgh: T.C. and E.C. Jack. p. 31. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

External links

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