Oppenheimer (film)
Oppenheimer | |
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![]() Theatrical release poster | |
Directed by | Christopher Nolan |
Screenplay by | Christopher Nolan |
Based on | |
Produced by |
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Starring | |
Cinematography | Hoyte van Hoytema |
Edited by | Jennifer Lame |
Music by | Ludwig Göransson |
Production companies | |
Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
Release dates |
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Running time | 180 minutes[1] |
Countries |
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Language | English |
Budget | $100 million[2] |
Oppenheimer is a 2023 epic biographical thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, the film chronicles the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist who was pivotal in developing the first nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project. Cillian Murphy stars as the titular character, with Emily Blunt portraying Oppenheimer's wife, Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer, Matt Damon portraying General Leslie Groves, Oppenheimer's military handler, and Robert Downey Jr. as Lewis Strauss, a senior member of the US Atomic Energy Commission. Other members of the supporting cast include Florence Pugh, Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, Rami Malek, and Kenneth Branagh.
The film was revealed in September 2021 after Universal Pictures won a bidding war for the script. Murphy signed on to portray Oppenheimer in October, with others in the main cast joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production was underway by January 2022, with filming taking place between February and May. Oppenheimer was filmed in a combination of IMAX 65mm and 65mm large-format film—including, for the first time, sections in IMAX black-and-white analog photography. As with his previous works, Nolan utilised extensive practical effects and minimal computer-generated imagery.
Oppenheimer premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on July 11, 2023 and is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on July 21, 2023, by Universal Pictures. It is Nolan's first film not to be distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures domestically or internationally since Memento (2000), as well as his first film to receive an R rating since Insomnia (2002). The film received critical acclaim for Nolan's direction, Murphy's performance, and its visuals.
Cast
- Cillian Murphy as J. Robert Oppenheimer[3]
- Emily Blunt as Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer[4]
- Matt Damon as Leslie Groves[5]
- Robert Downey Jr. as Lewis Strauss[5]
- Florence Pugh as Jean Tatlock[6]
- Josh Hartnett as Ernest Lawrence[7][8]
- Casey Affleck as Boris Pash[9]
- Rami Malek as David Hill[6]
- Kenneth Branagh as Niels Bohr[10]
- Benny Safdie as Edward Teller[6]
- Dylan Arnold as Frank Oppenheimer[11]
- Gustaf Skarsgård as Hans Bethe[12]
- David Krumholtz as Isidor Isaac Rabi[13]
- Matthew Modine as Vannevar Bush[14]
- David Dastmalchian as William L. Borden[15]
- Tom Conti as Albert Einstein[16]
- Michael Angarano as Robert Serber[7]
- Jack Quaid as Richard Feynman[17]
- Josh Peck as Kenneth Bainbridge[18]
- Olivia Thirlby as Lilli Hornig[19]
- Dane DeHaan as Kenneth Nichols[20]
- Danny Deferrari as Enrico Fermi[21]
- Alden Ehrenreich as a Senate aide[13][22]
- Jefferson Hall as Haakon Chevalier[23][24]
- Jason Clarke as Roger Robb[25]
- James D'Arcy as Patrick Blackett[26]
- Tony Goldwyn as Gordon Gray[27]
- Devon Bostick as Seth Neddermeyer[28]
- Alex Wolff as Luis Walter Alvarez[29]
- Scott Grimes as Counsel[30]
- Josh Zuckerman as Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz[31]
- Matthias Schweighöfer as Werner Heisenberg[32][33]
- Christopher Denham as Klaus Fuchs[30]
- David Rysdahl as Donald Hornig[34]
- Guy Burnet as George Eltenton[21]
- Louise Lombard as Ruth Tolman[35]
- Harrison Gilbertson as Philip Morrison[36]
- Emma Dumont as Jackie Oppenheimer[36]
- Trond Fausa Aurvåg as George Kistiakowsky[37]
- Olli Haaskivi as Edward Condon[11]
- Gary Oldman as Harry S. Truman[38]
- John Gowans as Ward Evans
- Kurt Koehler as Thomas A. Morgan[39][40]
- Macon Blair as Lloyd Garrison[41]
- Harry Groener as Gale W. McGee[41]
- Jack Cutmore-Scott as Lyall Johnson[41]
- James Remar as Henry Stimson[41]
- Gregory Jbara as Warren Magnuson[41]
- Tim DeKay as John Pastore[41]
- James Urbaniak as Kurt Gödel[41]
Production
Development
Following the publication of the 2005 biography American Prometheus written by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, director Sam Mendes had been interested in adapting the book into a film. However, the project had never been realized and the authors became pessimistic about the book's chances of being developed into a film. By 2015, J. David Wargo, who had owned the film rights to the book, and had gone through various scripts with the intent of a film adaptation. Wargo had later flown to Hollywood and had met James Woods, who had also set up a meeting with Charles Roven, who had previously worked as a producer on various films of Christopher Nolan.[42] Towards the conclusion of Tenet's production by 2019, actor Robert Pattinson had given Nolan a book containing Oppenheimer's speeches as a wrap gift. He had felt that as Tenet's main idea was "What if you could un-invent an awful technology? What if the toothpaste could be put back in the tube?", making the film would have been a logical extension and had also been fascinated with the idea of exploring the historical reality of the situation rather than employing it as an analogy in a science fiction context.[43][44]
In December 2020, Warner Bros. Pictures announced plans to give its 2021 films simultaneous releases in theaters and on HBO Max, citing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry. Christopher Nolan, who had partnered with the studio on each one of his films starting with Insomnia (2002), was outraged with the decision as he had been a proponent of movie theaters.[45] In January 2021, media reports mentioned the possibility that Nolan's next film could be the first to not be financed or distributed by Warner Bros.[46] By mid-2021, he had already left Warner Bros. and had been meeting with other studios for making the film.[44] Nolan had previously supported the studio's decision to give Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) a simultaneous release, stating that he perceived this situation to have been handled properly, but said he had been excluded from any discussions regarding the postponed release of his film Tenet (2020).[47][48]
In September 2021, Deadline Hollywood reported that Nolan would write and direct a biographical film set during World War II about J. Robert Oppenheimer, creator of the atomic bomb, with Cillian Murphy in negotiations to star.[49] He had also later read American Prometheus in the same year and had decided to base the screenplay around the novel.[42] Nolan approached multiple studios for the project, including Sony Pictures, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Apple Studios due to his strained relationship with Warner Bros.[50][51] According to insiders, Paramount was out of the selection early on in the wake of the replacement of CEO and Chairman Jim Gianopulos with Brian Robbins, an advocate for increased streaming service releases.[51] Nolan had connections to Donna Langley, the chairman and chief content officer of the NBCUniversal studio group and had agreed with Nolan's stance on the film industry. As such, Universal had agreed to finance and distribute the film, with production set to begin in the first quarter of 2022.[52] They had also agreed to Nolan's stipulations, including a production budget of $100 million, an equal marketing budget, an exclusive theatrical window ranging from 90-120 days, 20 percent of the film's first-dollar gross, and a three-week period before and after the film's release in which Universal could not release another new film.[51][44]
![Christopher Nolan at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg/170px-Christopher_Nolan_Cannes_2018.jpg)
Writing
Oppenheimer is the first script written by Christopher Nolan in the first person, as he wanted the narrative to be conveyed from Oppenheimer's perspective.[53] He had also deliberately chosen to alternate between scenes in color and black-and-white, explaining that he wanted the film to be conveyed from both an objective and subjective perspective.[54] Elaborating upon the dichotomy of color and black-and-white, he elaborated that the majority of the film would be the color timeline of Oppenheimer's subjective experiences, while a "more objective view of his story from a different character’s point of view" would be present in the black-and-white timeline.[55] Desiring to make the film as subjective as possible, the production team decided to visualize Oppenheimer's conceptions of the quantum world and waves of energy.[56] He had begun by trying to find the "thread that connected the quantum realm, the vibration of energy, and Oppenheimer's own personal journey" and had sought to portray the difficulties in his life, particular in regards to his sexual life.[43]
As such, Nolan wanted to candidly portray his affair with Jean Tatlock. He had also wanted to explore Tatlock's influence on his life, as she was a Communist, as Nolan had known that it would have "enormous ramifications for his [Oppenheimer's] later life and his ultimate fate".[57] Additionally, he was also inspired by his fears of nuclear holocaust, as he had lived during the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the anti-nuclear protests in RAF Greenham Common, noting that "while our relationship with that fear has ebbed and flowed with time, the threat itself never actually went away", and felt the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused a resurgence of nuclear anxiety.[43] Emily Blunt had described the script as being "emotional" and resembling that of a thriller film. She had also commented that she felt Nolan had "Trojan-Horsed a biopic into a thriller".[58]
I think of any character I've dealt with, Oppenheimer is by far the most ambiguous and paradoxical. Which, given that I've made three Batman films, is saying a lot.
Casting
Oppenheimer marks the sixth collaboration between Nolan and Murphy, and the first starring Murphy as the lead. To prepare for the role, the actor did what he summarized as "an awful lot of reading" on Oppenheimer's life.[59][3] Nolan had called Murphy one day requesting him to play the part, and Murphy had enthusiastically accepted his offer and was excited to play a lead role in a Nolan film. Afterwards, Nolan flew to Dublin to meet with Murphy, who had read the script in his hotel room by September 2020.[60]
The casting process was so secretive that some of the actors did not know which role they were going to play until they signed on.[29] Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, and Emily Blunt took pay cuts to work on the film, earning $4 million each in lieu of their usual $10–20 million salaries.[61] Nolan cast writer-director Benny Safdie in the film after asking Paul Thomas Anderson about his experiences directing Safdie in Licorice Pizza (2021).[62]
Filming
Pre-production was underway by January 2022 in New Mexico, where a two-day casting call took place in Santa Fe and Los Alamos for people to audition to play local residents, military personnel and scientists.[63][64] Another casting call was held in February.[65] Filming began in late February 2022,[13] with Hoyte van Hoytema serving as cinematographer. Gary Oldman said he would be on set for a day in May for "one scene, a page and a half".[38] Nolan's eldest daughter, Flora, had also filmed a scene in which she played a young woman in an explosion as part of a vision from Oppenheimer. His intention of including the scene was to convey that "the point is that if you create the ultimate destructive power, it will also destroy those who are near and dear to you" and felt that doing so was the best way of expressing it.[43]
The film used a combination of IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large-format film.[3] It is also the first film to shoot sections on IMAX black-and-white photographic film.[66] In the second week of April, filming took place at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.[67] Filming also occurred in California,[19] primarily around the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.[68] The production team had filmed scenes in Belen, New Mexico, with Murphy climbing a 100-foot steel tower, a replica of the original site used in the Trinity Project, in rough weather.[44] Filming wrapped in May 2022.[69]
Filming involved the use of real explosives to recreate the Trinity nuclear test, forgoing the use of computer-generated graphics.[70] A special set was created with gasoline, propane, aluminum powder, and magnesium being used.[43] While using miniatures for the practical effect, the film's special effects supervisor Scott R. Fisher referred to them as "big-atures", as the team tried to make the models as large as possible. A 1940s-style town was also built from scratch for the film.[71] Scenes had also been filmed in Oppenheimer's original cabin, which had been restored. Kai Bird had also been on-set and had been impressed watching Murphy's performance as Oppenheimer during filming.[72]
Post-production
During post-production, editing was completed by Jennifer Lame, who previously edited Tenet.[3] Visual effects were handled by DNEG, marking their eighth collaboration with Nolan. Andrew Jackson was the visual effects supervisor.[73]
The film received an R rating from the Motion Picture Association for "some sexuality, nudity, and language", making it Nolan's first film to receive that rating since Insomnia (2002).[74]
Music
Ludwig Göransson composed the score for the film, after doing so for Nolan's previous film, Tenet.[3] Göransson's score was featured in a trailer for the film on May 8, 2023.[75] It was also featured in the Universal Pictures exclusive five-minute Opening Look on July 13.[76][77]
Release
Oppenheimer had the world premiere at Le Grand Rex in Paris, France on July 11, 2023,[78] followed by the British premiere at Odeon Luxe Leicester Square in London, England, United Kingdom on July 13,[79] and is set to have an American premiere at AMC Loews Lincoln Square in New York City on July 17.[80] Both London and New York premieres were affected by the ongoing SAG-AFTRA strike, as some actors left the London premiere early,[79] and Universal Pictures canceled the red carpet event for the New York premiere.[80] It is scheduled to be released theatrically on July 21, 2023, by Universal Pictures.[3][81][82] In addition to standard cinemas, it will be also released in various film formats including IMAX 70 mm (30 prints), standard 70 mm (113 prints) and 35 mm (around 80 prints).[83]
The film is set to be released on the same day as Barbie, a fantasy comedy film directed by Greta Gerwig, part of Mattel's Barbie fashion dolls and media franchise, and distributed by Warner Bros. Due to the tonal and genre contrast between the two films, many social media users have taken to making memes about how the two films represent different audiences,[84] and how they should be viewed as a double feature.[85] The trend has been dubbed "Barbenheimer".[86] In an interview with La Vanguardia, Cillian Murphy endorsed the phenomenon, saying "My advice would be for people to go see both, on the same day. If they are good films, then that's cinema's gain."[87][88]
Marketing
The film's teaser trailer was released on July 28, 2022, featuring a live countdown to 5:29 AM (MST) on July 16, 2023, the 78th anniversary of the first detonation of an atomic weapon; it premiered in screenings of Nope before being posted online on Universal's social media profiles.[89] Empire commented that, "It looks like heady, brooding stuff with a real sense of weight—a Christopher Nolan film, in other words."[90] In May 2023, an official trailer debuted during preview screenings of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. It was subsequently released to the public on May 8, 2023, alongside a theatrical release poster.[91]
Reception
Box office
In the United States and Canada, Oppenheimer will be released alongside Barbie, and is projected to gross $45–50 million from 3,600 theaters in its opening weekend.[92] The week of their releases, AMC Theatres announced that over 40,000 AMC Stubs members had already pre-booked tickets to both films on the same day.[93]
In 2021, Variety speculated, based on estimates from sources at rival studios, that the film would need to gross around $400 million worldwide to be profitable.[94]
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 92% of 144 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "Oppenheimer marks another engrossing achievement from Christopher Nolan that benefits from Murphy's tour-de-force performance and stunning visuals."[95] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 90 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[96]
Accolades
Oppenheimer received nominations for Best Thriller, Best Drama TV Spot (for a Feature Film), Best Sound Editing in a TV Spot (for a Feature Film), and Best Thriller TV Spot (for a Feature Film); and won Best Drama, Best Summer 2023 Blockbuster Trailer, and Best Sound Editing at the 2023 Golden Trailer Awards.[97][98] It became a runner-up for Most Anticipated Film at the 6th Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Film Awards.[99]
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