2024 United Kingdom general election
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All 650 seats in the House of Commons. Figures below show state of the Commons at dissolution. 326 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 2024 United Kingdom general election is scheduled to be held on Thursday, 4 July 2024.[1] It will determine the composition of the House of Commons, which determines the Government of the United Kingdom. Significant constituency boundary changes will be in effect, the first such changes since before the 2010 general election. It will be the first UK general election where voter identification is required to vote in person in Great Britain.[e] The general election will be the first since the UK's departure from the European Union on 31 January 2020, Brexit having been a major issue in the previous election; it is also the first to take place under the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.
The political backdrop of campaigning has focused on public opinion towards a change in government, with the opposition Labour Party led by Keir Starmer having a significant lead in polling over the governing Conservative Party led by Rishi Sunak. Under Sunak's predecessors Boris Johnson and Liz Truss, the Conservatives had several high-profile political scandals including Partygate and two government crises, which led to a decrease in their popularity in opinion polling and Labour gaining an increase in popularity in opinion polling. Labour maintained their poll lead throughout Sunak's premiership.
Public opinion towards a change in government was reflected in the poor results for the Conservatives at the 2022, 2023 and 2024 local elections, while Labour and the Liberal Democrats made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, often by very wide margins. As a result of the 2023 local elections, Labour became the party with most members elected to local government for the first time since 2002. Labour made further gains in the 2024 local elections, including winning the West Midlands mayoral election. Furthermore many by-elections were won by opposition candidates during the duration of the old parliament, particularly towards the end. A record number of Conservative MPs did not stand for re-election, including former Prime Minister Theresa May, as well as former cabinet ministers Sajid Javid, Matt Hancock, Kwasi Kwarteng, Andrea Leadsom and Michael Gove.[2]
Background
![]() | This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (May 2024) |
After Theresa May resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2019, Boris Johnson, who had served as mayor of London and as foreign secretary, won the leadership election and became prime minister. With insufficient parliamentary support for his Brexit plans, Johnson called the 2019 general election, in which he won a landslide victory. The results of the 2019 general election are given below, alongside the numbers in the House of Commons at dissolution. Seat counts changed through 23 by-elections and a number of defections and suspensions of members from their party that took place throughout the 2019–2024 parliament. There were no vacant seats at dissolution.
This table relates to the composition of the House of Commons after the 2024 UK general election and summarises the changes in party affiliation that took place during the 2024–present Parliament.
Affiliation | Members | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Elected in 2024[3] |
Current[4] | Difference | ||
Labour[f] | 411[g] | 404 | ![]() | |
Conservative | 121 | 121 | ![]() | |
Liberal Democrats | 72 | 72 | ![]() | |
SNP | 9 | 9 | ![]() | |
Independent | 6 | 8[h] | ![]() | |
Sinn Féin | 7 | 7 | ![]() | |
DUP | 5 | 5 | ![]() | |
Independent Alliance (UK) | 0 | 5 | ![]() | |
Reform UK | 5 | 5 | ![]() | |
Green (E&W) | 4 | 4 | ![]() | |
Plaid Cymru | 4 | 4 | ![]() | |
SDLP | 2 | 2 | ![]() | |
Alliance | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |
TUV | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |
UUP | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |
Speaker | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |
Vacant | 0 | 0 | ![]() | |
Total | 650 | 650 | ![]() | |
Total voting[i] | 639 | 639 | ![]() | |
Majority of voting | 181 | 167[8] | ![]() |
For full details of changes during the 2024–present Parliament, see By-elections and Defections, suspensions and resignations.
The election result gave Johnson the mandate he sought from the electorate to formally implement the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on 31 January 2020. Less than two months after the 2019 general election, cases of COVID-19 had reached the UK, and the government introduced measures to reduce its spread, including several legally-enforced lockdowns. The media later reported that there had been social gatherings by the Conservative Party and government staff that contravened these restrictions. Johnson was personally implicated, and he, his wife Carrie Johnson, and the chancellor of the Exchequer, Rishi Sunak, were given fixed penalty notices by the police in April 2022. The publishing of the Sue Gray report in May 2022 and a widespread sense of dissatisfaction led in June 2022 to a vote of confidence in his leadership amongst Conservative MPs, which he won. Several Conservative MPs called for Johnson to resign, and one, Christian Wakeford, defected to the Labour Party. Public dissatisfaction over the events led to a decline in public support for Johnson, the government led by him, and the Conservative Party as a whole.
In late June 2022, the Conservative MP Chris Pincher resigned as deputy chief government whip after allegations that he had groped two men. Johnson initially refused to suspend the whip from him, and his spokesperson defended Pincher's appointment, saying Johnson had not been aware of "specific allegations" against him. More allegations of groping were made against Pincher. On 4 July, Johnson's spokesperson said that Johnson was aware of allegations that were "either resolved or did not proceed to a formal complaint" at the time he appointed him. Several ministers resigned on 5 July, including the chancellor of the Exchequer Sunak and the health secretary Sajid Javid. Several politicians who had been discussed as potential leadership candidates, including Liz Truss, expressed their continuing support for Johnson. Johnson announced his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister of the United Kingdom in July 2022, causing the July–September 2022 leadership election. Eleven candidates put themselves forward for the July leadership election, with eight receiving sufficient nominations from Conservative MPs: Kemi Badenoch, Suella Braverman, Jeremy Hunt, Penny Mordaunt, Rishi Sunak, Liz Truss, Tom Tugendhat, and Nadhim Zahawi. After five rounds of voting over nine days, MPs selected Sunak and Truss to be put forward as candidates for party members to vote on.
On 5 September, after a seven-week campaign period, Truss was announced as the new leader of the party after receiving 57.4% of the members' vote and was appointed prime minister the following day. Elizabeth II's death on 8 September caused government business to be suspended during a national mourning period of 10 days. In response to the cost-of-living crisis and energy supply crisis, the Truss ministry announced the Energy Price Guarantee, which reduced energy prices for households, businesses, and public sector organisations. Kwasi Kwarteng, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced large-scale borrowing and tax cuts in a mini-budget on 23 September. The mini-budget was widely criticised and largely reversed, having led to financial instability. Truss dismissed Kwarteng without explanation on 14 October and appointed Jeremy Hunt to succeed him. Suella Braverman resigned as Home Secretary on 19 October after admitting to having used her personal email address to send a Cabinet document. Her resignation letter was critical of Truss's government. On the evening of 19 October, MPs voted to reject a motion which would guarantee parliamentary time for a bill to ban fracking in the UK. The vote was controversial as it was unclear whether a three-line-whip had been issued to Conservative MPs, ordering them to vote against it. Allegations of "manhandling" and intimidation were made by a number of MPs against some government ministers.
Following these events, together with mounting criticism and loss of confidence in her leadership, Truss announced on 20 October her intention to resign as party leader and as prime minister, causing the October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election. Two candidates put their names forward: Penny Mordaunt and Rishi Sunak. On 24 October, Mordaunt withdrew from the contest less than two minutes before the deadline for nominations, leaving Sunak the only candidate in the contest and enabling him to become party leader without a ballot of MPs or party members. He assumed the premiership on 25 October. In his victory speech, Sunak promised to place economic stability and confidence at the heart of his government's agenda. Under Sunak, the Conservative Party lost over 1,000 councillors during the 2023 local elections, while the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats made significant gains, and his party faced further loses in the 2024 local elections. A record number of Conservative MPs decided not to stand again for election, including former Prime Minister Theresa May, as well as former cabinet ministers Sajid Javid, Matt Hancock, Kwasi Kwarteng, Andrea Leadsom and Michael Gove.
The SNP also changed leader a number of times, from Nicola Sturgeon (2014–2023) to Humza Yousaf (2023–2024) to John Swinney from 6 May 2024.[9] Sturgeon had received heavier criticism for her positions on gender reforms and resigned the leadership of the SNP, while Yousaf resigned the leadership of the SNP after a year in office, amid a government crisis following his termination of a power-sharing agreement with the Scottish Greens. Jeffrey Donaldson was leader of the DUP from 2021, but resigned 29 March 2024 after being charged with historical sex offences.[10] Gavin Robinson took over as interim leader.[11][12]
As a result of the high-profile Conservative Party political scandals and crises and seeing a decrease in their popularity in opinion polling, Labour subsequently made gains at the expense of the Conservative Party and have maintained a consistent poll lead; as a result of the 2023 local elections, Labour became the party with most members elected to local government for the first time since 2002. Labour made further gains in the 2024 local elections, including winning the West Midlands mayoral election. In March 2022, the Labour Party abandoned all-women shortlists, citing legal advice that continuing to use them for choosing parliamentary candidates would be an unlawful practice under the Equality Act 2010, since the majority of Labour MPs were now women.[13]
In March 2024, Reform UK announced an electoral pact with the Northern Irish unionist party TUV.[14] The parties will stand mutually agreed candidates in Northern Ireland constituencies in the election.[15] Reform UK also announced a pact with the Social Democratic Party (SDP), a minor socially conservative party.[16]
On 22 May 2024, Sunak advised the King to order the dissolution of Parliament and called a general election for 4 July 2024.[17][18] The election will be the first to take place under the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022, as well as the first under the reign of Charles III. The general election will also be the first since the UK's withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit having been a major issue in the previous election), and the first July general election since 1945.[19]
Electoral system
General elections in the United Kingdom are organised using first-past-the-post voting. The Conservative Party, which won a majority at the 2019 general election, included pledges in its manifesto to remove the 15-year limit on voting for British citizens living abroad, and to introduce a voter identification requirement in Great Britain.[20] These changes were included in the Elections Act 2022.
Boundary reviews
The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which proposed reducing the number of constituencies from 650 to 600, commenced in 2011 but temporarily stopped in January 2013. Following the 2015 general election, each of the four parliamentary boundary commissions of the United Kingdom recommenced their review process in April 2016.[21][22][23] The four commissions submitted their final recommendations to the Secretary of State on 5 September 2018[24][25] and made their reports public a week later.[26][27][28][24] However, the proposals were never put forward for approval before the calling of the general election held on 12 December 2019, and in December 2020 the reviews were formally abandoned under the Schedule to the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020.[29] A projection by psephologists Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher of how the 2017 votes would have translated to seats under the 2018 boundaries suggested the changes would have been beneficial to the Conservative Party and detrimental to the Labour Party.[30][31]
In March 2020, Cabinet Office minister Chloe Smith confirmed that the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies would be based on retaining 650 seats.[32][33] The previous relevant legislation was amended by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020[34] and the four boundary commissions formally launched their 2023 reviews on 5 January 2021.[35][36][37][38] They were required to issue their final reports prior to 1 July 2023.[29] Once the reports have been laid before Parliament, Orders in Council giving effect to the final proposals must be made within four months, unless "there are exceptional circumstances". Prior to the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020, boundary changes could not be implemented until they were approved by both Houses of Parliament. The boundary changes were approved at a meeting of the Privy Council on 15 November 2023[39] and came into force on 29 November 2023,[40] meaning that the election will be contested on these new boundaries.[41]
Notional 2019 results
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2019UKElectionNominalMap.svg/250px-2019UKElectionNominalMap.svg.png)
The election will be contested under new constituency boundaries established by the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2019 were unchanged, but regrouped by new constituency boundaries.[42] Notional results in the UK are always estimated, usually with the assistance of local election results, because vote counts at parliamentary elections in the UK do not yield figures at any level more specific than that of the whole constituency.[43]
In England, seats will be redistributed towards Southern England, away from Northern England, due to the different rates of population growth. North West England and North East England will lose two seats each whereas South East England will gain seven seats and South West England will gain three seats.[44] Based on historical voting patterns, this is expected to help the Conservatives.[45] Based on these new boundaries, different parties would have won several constituencies with unchanged names but changed boundaries in 2019. For example, the Conservatives would have won Wirral West and Leeds North West instead of the Labour Party, but Labour would have won Pudsey and Heywood & Middleton instead of the Conservatives. Westmorland and Lonsdale, the constituency represented by former Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron, is now notionally a Conservative seat.
In Scotland, 57 MPs will be elected, down from the 59 in 2019, with the following notional partisan composition of Scotland's parliamentary delegation:[46] The Scottish National Party would remain steady on 48 seats, despite two of their constituencies being dissolved. The Scottish Conservatives' seat count of six would likewise remain unchanged. Scottish Labour would have retained Edinburgh South, the sole constituency they won in 2019. Had the 2019 general election occurred with the new boundaries in effect, the Scottish Liberal Democrats would have only won two seats (Edinburgh West and Orkney and Shetland), instead of the four they did win that year, as the expanded electorates in the other two would overcome their slender majorities.
Under the new boundaries, Wales will lose eight seats, electing 32 MPs instead of the 40 they elected in 2019. Welsh Labour would have won 18 instead of the 22 MPs they elected in 2019, and the Welsh Conservatives 12 instead of 14. Due to the abolition and merging of rural constituencies in West Wales, Plaid Cymru would have only won two seats instead of four. Nonetheless, the boundaries are expected to cause difficulty for the Conservatives as more pro-Labour areas are added to some of their safest seats.[47]
In Northern Ireland, the notional results are identical to the actual results of the 2019 general election in Northern Ireland.
Party | MPs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 actual result | 2019 notional result | Change | ||
Conservative | 365 | 372 | ![]() | |
Labour | 202 | 200 | ![]() | |
SNP | 48 | 48 | ![]() | |
Liberal Democrats | 11 | 8 | ![]() | |
DUP | 8 | 8 | ![]() | |
Sinn Féin | 7 | 7 | ![]() | |
Plaid Cymru | 4 | 2 | ![]() | |
SDLP | 2 | 2 | ![]() | |
Green | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |
Alliance | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |
Speaker | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
Date of the election
Originally the next election was scheduled to take place on 2 May 2024 under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011.[j] At the 2019 general election, in which the Conservatives won a majority of 80 seats, the party's manifesto contained a commitment to repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.[49] In December 2020, the government duly published a draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill, later retitled the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.[50] This entered into force on 24 March 2022. Thus, the prime minister can again request the monarch to dissolve Parliament and call an early election with 25 working days' notice. Section 4 of the Act provided: "If it has not been dissolved earlier, a Parliament dissolves at the beginning of the day that is the fifth anniversary of the day on which it first met." The Electoral Commission confirmed that the 2019 Parliament would, therefore, have to be dissolved, at the latest, by 17 December 2024, and that the next general election had to take place no later than 28 January 2025.[51][52]
With no election date fixed in law, there was speculation as to when Rishi Sunak, as prime minister, would call an election. On 18 December 2023, Sunak told journalists that the election would take place in 2024 rather than January 2025.[1] On 4 January, he first suggested the general election would probably be in the second half of 2024.[53] On 22 May 2024, after much speculation through the day,[54][55][56] Sunak confirmed the election would be held on 4 July.[57]
Timetable
Date | Day | Event |
---|---|---|
22 May | Wednesday | Prime Minister Rishi Sunak requests a dissolution of parliament from King Charles III and announces the date of polling day for the general election as 4 July. |
24 May | Friday | Last sitting day of business. Parliament prorogued. |
25 May | Saturday | Beginning of pre-election period (also known as purdah).[60] |
30 May | Thursday | Dissolution of parliament and official start of the campaign. Royal Proclamation issued dissolving the 2019 Parliament, summoning the 2024 Parliament and setting the date for its first meeting.[61] |
7 June | Friday | Nominations of candidates close (4 pm). Publication of statement of persons nominated, including notice of poll and situation of polling stations (5 pm). |
13 June | Thursday | Deadline to register to vote at 5 pm in Northern Ireland. |
18 June | Tuesday | Deadline to register to vote at 5 pm in Great Britain. |
19 June | Wednesday | Deadline to apply for a postal vote. |
26 June | Wednesday | Deadline to register for a proxy vote at 5 pm. Exemptions applied for emergencies. |
4 July | Thursday | Polling Day – polls open from 7 am to 10 pm. |
4 July– 5 July |
Thursday– Friday |
Results announced for most or all constituencies. |
5 July | Friday | End of pre-election period (also known as purdah). |
9 July | Tuesday | First meeting of the new Parliament of the United Kingdom, for the formal election of Speaker of the House of Commons. Over the next few days, MPs will be sworn in. |
17 July | Wednesday | State Opening of Parliament and King's Speech. |
Campaign
On the afternoon of 22 May 2024, Sunak announced that the general election would be held on 4 July 2024, surprising his own MPs.[62] The calling of the election was welcomed by Keir Starmer, Leader of the Opposition and the Labour Party,[63] and by Ed Davey, leader of the Liberal Democrats.[64] Sunak's announcement received significant media coverage for taking place during heavy rain at a lectern outside 10 Downing Street, without the use of any umbrella or shelter from the rain.[65][66][67][68][69] The song "Things Can Only Get Better" (frequently used by the Labour Party, then led by Tony Blair, in their successful 1997 campaign) was unexpectedly played by the political activist Steve Bray as Sunak announced the date of the general election.[70][71][72] This led to the song entering the top 10 on the iTunes Charts within 24 hours.[73]
At the beginning of the campaign, the Labour Party had a significant lead in polling over the Conservative Party.[74][75] Polling would also show Labour doing well against the SNP in Scotland.[76]
On 23 May, Sunak said that before the election there would be no flights to Rwanda for those seeking asylum.[77] Immigration figures were published for 2023 showing immigration remained at historically high levels, but had fallen compared to 2022.[78] Nigel Farage, the former leader of Reform UK, said on 23 May that he would not stand as a candidate in the election. Reform UK said they would stand in 630 seats across England, Scotland and Wales.[79] On 23 May, Ed Davey launched the Liberal Democrat campaign in Cheltenham in Gloucestershire.[80] The SNP campaign launch the same day was overshadowed over a dispute around leader John Swinney's support for Michael Matheson and developments in Operation Branchform.[81]
On 24 May, the Conservatives proposed setting up a Royal Commission to consider a form of mandatory national service.[82] Jeremy Corbyn, the former Labour leader from 2015 to 2020, announced on 24 May he was running as an independent against a Labour candidate, and was thus expelled from the party.[83] On 27 May, Starmer made a keynote speech on security and other issues.[84][85]
On 28 May, the Conservatives pledged a "Triple Lock Plus" where the personal income tax allowance for pensioners would always stay higher than the state pension.[86] Labour criticised the policy as being uncosted.[87] Ed Davey went paddleboarding on Lake Windermere in the marginal constituency of Westmorland and Lonsdale, highlighting the release of sewage in waterways.[88] He pledged to abolish Ofwat and introduce a new water regulator to tackle the situation, in addition to proposing a ban on bonuses for chief executives of water companies.[89] Starmer was in West Sussex and emphasised his small town roots in first big campaign speech.[90]
On 29 May, Labour's Shadow Health Secretary Wes Streeting promised a 18-week NHS waiting target within five years of a Labour government.[91] On the same day the junior doctors announced new strike days in the days before the election.[92]
Starmer denied that Diane Abbott had been blocked as a candidate amid differing reports.[93] Abbott had been elected as a Labour MP, but had been suspended from the party for a period. There was controversy about further Labour Party candidate selections, with several candidates on the left of the party being excluded.[94]
On 30 May, both the Conservatives and Labour ruled out any rise in value-added tax.[95] The SNPs Màiri McAllan claimed that only the SNP offers Scotland a route back into the European Union making Pro-Europeanism part of the party's campaign.[96] Reform UK proposed an immigration tax on British firms who employ foreign workers, and also ruled out any pacts with other parties.[97] The Green Party campaign was launched in Bristol.[98] Plaid Cymru launched their campaign in Bangor.[99]
Media coverage
On 23 May, Sky News announced that their election night coverage would be hosted by Kay Burley and Sophy Ridge, with analysis from Andy Burnham and Ruth Davidson.[100][101] On 24 May, Channel 4 announced that their coverage would be hosted by Krishnan Guru-Murthy and Emily Maitlis, with analysis from Alastair Campbell and Rory Stewart.[101][102] On 28 May, BBC News announced that their coverage would be hosted by Clive Myrie and Laura Kuenssberg, with analysis from Sir John Curtice, Jeremy Vine and Reeta Chakrabarti.[101][103]
Debates
← 2019 debates | 2024 |
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The Conservatives challenged Keir Starmer to six televised debates.[104] Labour announced that it would not agree to such a proposal, and offered two head-to-head debates—one shown on the BBC, and one shown on ITV; a spokesperson said both networks would offer the greatest audience, and the prospect of any debates on smaller channels would be rejected as it would not be a "valuable use of campaign time".
Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey declared his wish to be included in "any televised debates".[105] Starmer confirmed he would take part in a "leaders' event" hosted by Sky News, in which he would take questions from an audience in Grimsby, and that negotiations were undergoing for Sunak to also attend.[106]
On 29 May it was announced that the first debate would be hosted by ITV News and titled "Sunak v Starmer: The ITV Debate" with Julie Etchingham as moderator.[107]
Endorsements
Newspapers, organisations, and individuals have endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election.
Candidates
Details on MPs standing down, MPs deselected or seeking a new constituency, MPs standing under a different political affiliation, former MPs seeking to return to Parliament, MPs changing constituencies, and incumbent MPs standing against each other are in the articles on Candidates in the 2024 United Kingdom general election.
Opinion polling
Opinion polling for UK general elections |
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2010 election |
Opinion polls |
2015 election |
Opinion polls • Leadership approval |
2017 election |
Opinion polls • Leadership approval |
2019 election |
Opinion polls • Leadership approval |
2024 election |
Opinion polls • Leadership approval |
See also
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in England
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in the East of England
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in the East Midlands
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in London
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in North East England
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in North West England
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in South East England
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in South West England
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in the West Midlands
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in Yorkshire and the Humber
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
- 2024 United Kingdom general election in Wales
- List of target seats in the 2024 United Kingdom general election
Notes
- ^ Stephen Flynn leads the SNP in the House of Commons.
- ^ Sinn Féin are abstentionists from Parliament. Michelle O'Neill leads Sinn Féin in Northern Ireland
- ^ Liz Saville Roberts leads Plaid Cymru in the House of Commons.
- ^ Neale Hanvey leads Alba in the House of Commons.
- ^ In Northern Ireland, voter ID was already required at elections before it was introduced in the rest of the UK.
- ^ Includes 43 MPs sponsored by the Co-operative Party, who are designated Labour and Co-operative.[5]
- ^ Some media sources, such as BBC News, listed Labour's total as 412, by including the Speaker (who, to demonstrate his neutrality, had resigned his Labour Party membership on taking office).
- ^ Seven were elected as Labour MPs but have been suspended from the parliamentary party until December 2024.
- ^ In the current (from 2024) Parliament, the seven members of Sinn Féin follow a policy of abstentionism. They do not swear into the house, and do not take part in its formal processes (doing so would also compel a by-election).[6] The speaker and deputy speakers (expected to be two Conservative and one Labour) by convention exercise only a casting vote.[7]
- ^ The Fixed-term Parliaments Act automatically scheduled general elections for the first Thursday in May of the fifth year after the previous general election.[48] The previous election was held in December 2019.
References
- ^ a b "Rishi Sunak announces 4 July general election". BBC News. 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Explore our prediction model for Britain's looming election". The Economist. 15 April 2024.
- ^ "Election 2024: Results". BBC News. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ Cracknell, Richard; Baker, Carl; Pollock, Loui (26 July 2024). "General election 2024 results – House of Commons Library". UK Parliament. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "About: Members of Parliament". Co-operative Party. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ Kelly, Conor (19 August 2019). "Understanding Sinn Féin's Abstention from the UK Parliament". E-International Relations. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ Boothroyd, David. "House of Commons: Tied Divisions". United Kingdom Election Results. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ Zodgekar, Ketaki; Baker, Finn (5 July 2024). "How big is the Labour government's majority?". Retrieved 24 July 2024.
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- ^ "DUP leader Sir Jeffrey Donaldson quits after sex offence charges". BBC News. 29 March 2024.
- ^ Kearney, Vincent (29 March 2024). "DUP leader Jeffrey Donaldson steps down after allegations". Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Graham, Seánín (29 March 2024). "Jeffrey Donaldson resigns as leader of Democratic Unionist Party after being charged with historical allegations". The Irish Times. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Rogers, Alexandra (7 March 2022). "Exclusive: Labour Drops All-Women Shortlists For Next General Election". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ Crisp, James (16 March 2024). "Reform strikes election pact with hardline Northern Ireland party". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "TUV conference: Jim Allister announces partnership with Reform UK". BBC News. 16 March 2024. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024. ;"The future of DUP big hitters could now lie in Jim Allister's hands". Belfast Telegraph. 16 March 2024. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ SDP (22 October 2022). "Reform UK and SDP Agree General Election Pact". SDP. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "General election latest: Rishi Sunak announces 4 July vote in Downing Street statement". BBC News. 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Order Approved at the Privy Council, Held by the King at Buckingham Palace on 23 May" (PDF). The Privy Council. 23 May 2024.
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- ^ "2018 Review of Westminster Parliamentary constituencies". Boundary Commission for Scotland. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ "2018 Review". Boundary Commission for Wales. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ a b "2018 Review". Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ "Towards final recommendations (and beyond)". Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
- ^ "2018 Review". Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ "2018 Review of Westminster Constituencies". Boundary Commission for Scotland. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ "2018 Review of Parliamentary constituencies". Boundary Commission for Wales. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ a b "Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020". Archived from the original on 6 August 2021.
- ^ Jones, Ian [@ian_a_jones] (10 September 2018). "New constituency boundaries could have given the Tories a majority of 16 at the last election (projection: Rallings/Thrasher)" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 October 2019 – via Twitter.
- ^ "New parliamentary map would have given Tories a majority of 16 at last election". ITV News. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ "Correspondence with Chloe Smith MP" (PDF). parliament.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Proctor, Kate (26 March 2020). "MPs no longer to get automatic vote on constituency boundary plans". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Parliamentary Constituencies Act". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "2023 Review launched". Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "2023 Review of UK Parliament Constituencies". Boundary Commission for Scotland. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "2023 Review". Boundary Commission for Wales. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "2023 Review: Electoral Quota and Allocation of Constituencies Announced". Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
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