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Valérian and Laureline

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Valérian and Laureline
Valérian and Laureline as drawn by Jean-Claude Mézières
Publication information
PublisherDargaud
FormatGraphic novel
Publication date1967 - Present
Main character(s)Valérian
Laureline
Creative team
Created byPierre Christin
Jean-Claude Mézières
Written byPierre Christin
Artist(s)Jean-Claude Mézières
Colorist(s)Evelyn Tran-Lé

Valérian and Laureline (French: Valérian et Laureline), also known as Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent (French: Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel), is a French comic book science fiction series created by writer Pierre Christin and artist Jean-Claude Mézières. It belongs to the rich family of Franco-Belgian comics.

Valérian and Laureline centres around the adventures of the spatio-temporal agent, Valérian, and his redheaded female companion, Laureline, as they travel the universe through space and time. Valérian is a classical anti-hero, strong and brave but with a tendency to follow the orders of his superiors even if he feels, deep down, that it is the wrong thing to do (as in Welcome to Alflolol). On the other hand, his companion Laureline manages to combine sex-appeal with intelligence and independence making her one of science fiction's most notable heroines. Influenced by classic literary science fiction, the series combines elements of space opera and time travel. Christin's scripts are noted for their humour and strongly liberal political slant while Mézières' art is noted for its vivid depictions of the alien worlds and species Valérian and Laureline encounter on their adventures.

Valérian first appeared on November 9, 1967 in issue #420 of Pilote magazine,[1] and continues today with the latest installment published in 2007. It is one of the top five biggest selling titles of its publisher, Dargaud.[2] Many of the stories have been translated into several languages, including English.[3] The series has received recognition through a number of prestigious awards, including the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême.

Valérian has proven to be influential on a number of comics artists as well as on several science fiction and fantasy films, including Star Wars. Jean-Claude Mézières worked as a concept artist on Luc Besson's The Fifth Element and the Valérian album The Circles of Power influenced the futuristic New York City with its flying taxi cabs seen in that film.

An animated television adaptation, titled Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline, is expected to debut on France 3 in 2007.

Concept and setting

The original setting for the series was the 28th century. Humanity has discovered the means of travelling instantaneously in time and space. The capital of Earth, Galaxity, is the centre of the vast Terran Galactic Empire. Earth itself has become a virtual utopia with most of the population living a life of leisure in a virtual reality dream-state while ruled by the benign Technocrats of the First Circle. The Spatio-Temporal Service protects the planets of the Terran Empire and guards against temporal paradoxes caused by rogue time-travellers. Valérian and Laureline are two such spatio-temporal agents.[4]

However, since the end of the album The Rage of Hypsis (Les Foudres d’Hypsis),Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). in which Galaxity disappears from space-time as a result of a temporal paradox, the pair have become freelance trouble-shooters, travelling space and time offering their services to anyone willing to hire them, while also searching for their lost home.

Valérian and Laureline’s Astroship, the XB982, as it appears in Orphan of the Stars (L'Orphelin des Astres)

In the first two albums Valérian travels through time in a two-seater device, the XB27, which transports him to the various relay stations that Galaxity has hidden throughout time (e.g. in Bad Dreams (Les Mauvais Rêves) the relay is hidden below a tavern). In subsequent albums Valérian and Laureline use the saucer-shaped Astroship XB982 (which made its debut appearance in 1969 in the short story The Great Collector (Le Grand Collectionneur)).[5] The astroship is able to travel anywhere using a spatio-temporal jump, a sort of hyperspace drive enabling near-instant transportation anywhere in space and time.

The initial albums were generally straightforward good versus evil adventure stories that employed a great many well-worn clichés.[6] However, thanks to Pierre Christin's interests in politics, sociology and ethnology, as the series progressed, the situations typically arose from misunderstandings or ideological differences between various groups that could be resolved through reason and perseverance.[7] The core theme of the stories is an optimistic liberal humanism: the adventures aren’t about defeating enemies but about exploring, facing challenges, and celebrating diversity.[7] Thus, according to academic John Dean, Christin “as a rule works into his narratives political, environmental and feminist concerns – thereby showing social ills are universal, no matter on what planet you land”.[8]

Another concept that developed was Galaxity as a proxy for Western democracy; contrary to its benign self-opinion it is imperialistic and prone to a corrupt real-politik.[9] Other themes include:

  • Natural simplicity is superior to technological complexity.[9]
  • Rejection of machismo, violence and war in favour of femininity and nature.[6]
  • Distrust of power and the suppression of individuality.[6]
  • Women can manipulate males sexually without being manipulated themselves.[9]

These themes are underpinned by the vivid drawings of Jean-Claude Mézières whose “visually stunning backgrounds: complex architecture, futuristic machines, otherworldly landscapes and odd-looking aliens”[8] are, what John Dean calls, “staples of Mézières' seeming boundless visual inventiveness”,[8] resulting in what the artist Pepo Pérez likens to “National Geographic, but on a cosmic scale”.[6]

Principal characters

Valérian

Valérian (Dutch: Ravian; Danish, Norwegian & Swedish: Valentin) was born on Earth, in Galaxity, capital of the Terran Galactic Empire in the 28th century. He joined the Spatio-Temporal Service in the year 2713. He has been trained to think that Galaxity is always right and even when he receives orders that go against his sense of right, he will, reluctantly, follow them. He much prefers to be a man of action than sitting around pondering what course to take next.

Initially, the early stories present Valérian as a typical square-jawed hero figure, who is strong and dependable (although an early running joke was that, despite being a time-traveller, he is always running late, especially when summoned by his boss). However, as the series progresses, he is increasingly portrayed as somewhat knuckle-headed. In World Without Stars (Le Pays sans Etoiles),[10] he gets recklessly drunk on the colonists' home-made booze, in On the False Earths (Sur les Terres Truquées),[11] the historian, Jadna, views him as useful only as cannon-fodder and nothing else while in Heroes of the Equinox (Les Héros de l’Equinoxe),[12] he comes across as woefully inadequate compared with the champions he is competing against. Although devoted to Laureline, he has been led astray by other women, such as in Heroes of the Equinox[12] and Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos.[13]

When Galaxity disappears in The Rage of Hypsis,[14] he contemplates following his fellows into oblivion, much to Laureline's horror. Even afterwards, he feels the loss of Galaxity much more than Laureline, as it is his birthplace.

The name Valérian has a Slavic origin and means “brave” or “valiant”.[15] Valérian was created by Mézières and Christin as a reaction to the fearless boy-scout (e.g. Tintin) and American superhero characters that were prevalent in comics available in France at the time. Instead they sought to devise a “banal character” with “no extraordinary means of action”.[7] Eventually, with Christin feeling that they had gone too far with this angle and that the Valérian character had become too stupid, from The Ghosts of Inverloch (Les Spectres d'Inverloch) onwards, Valérian was made more sympathetic and given a greater slice of the action.[7]

Laureline

Laureline (German: Veronique; Danish, Norwegian & Swedish: Linda) is a peasant girl from 11th century France who rescues Valérian from the enchanted Forest of Arelaune in the debut adventure Bad Dreams.[4] When she accidentally discovers Valérian is a time-traveller, he is forced to bring her back with him to Galaxity where she is trained as a Spatio-Temporal Agent and assigned as his partner.

In the early stories Laureline generally sits in the background while Valérian saves the day in whatever situation the pair have found themselves in. However, as the series develops, Laureline's position begins to change. World Without Stars, in which the two characters are separated for most of the adventure, allows Laureline to step out from under Valérian's shadow for the first time and she proves to be more than an equal to Valérian in ensuring that their mission succeeds.[10]

Welcome to Alflolol (Bienvenue sur Alflolol) brings Laureline's rebellious nature to the fore – unlike Valérian she has not been born and raised by Galaxity and is prepared to not only question their authority but openly rebel against them when their orders run contrary to her sense of morality.[16] It also demonstrates her impulsive streak – she sides with the native Alflololians against Galaxity and Valérian with no thought for the personal consequences she may have to face herself. Her position as the true star of the series is cemented in Ambassador of the Shadows (L'Ambassadeur des Ombres), which is virtually a solo adventure for her as she searches the vast space station Point Central for the kidnapped Valérian and the Earth Ambassador.[17] Later, when acting as independent agents, it is Laureline who questions the ethics of some of the jobs they are forced to take to make ends meet – notably in The Living Weapons (Les Armes Vivantes).[18]

Despite being independent and efficacious Laureline is not afraid to exploit her considerable sex appeal if it is to her advantage. For example, she attracts the attention of the Emperor of Valsennar in World Without Stars[10] while she manipulates Crocbattler and Rackalust in Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos[13] and regularly charms the Shingouz when negotiating with them for information. She has even posed in the French edition of Playboy in 1987.[19]

She also has a certain affinity for animals such as the Alflololian Goumon in Welcome to Alflolol to the Grumpy Converter from Bluxte, first seen in Ambassador of the Shadows, to the Tüm Tüm (de Lüm) and the Tchoung-Tracer, both introduced in On the Frontiers (Sur les Frontières).

The name “Laureline” was invented by Mézières and Christin who were seeking a name that would sound “medieval” and “soft”.[15] The name has proven popular and there are now several thousand women in France who bear the name Laureline, the first one born in 1968, just a year after the publication of Bad Dreams. There have also been variations such as “Loreline” and “Laurelyne”.[20] Laureline was intitally created just for the first story, Bad Dreams but, recognising that they had a female character who was different to the bimbo types common to comics of the time, Mézières and Christin fell for her and, in response to positive reader feedback, retained her for the subsequent stories.[7]

Other characters

File:Valerian-MrAlbert.jpg
Mr Albert

Mr Albert

Mr Albert is Galaxity's contact on 20th century Earth. He makes his first appearance in Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia.[21] He is a retired gentleman who drives a Renault 4CV and lives in the suburbs of Paris, France. He maintains a wide range of contacts in government and scientific circles as well as with many experts in fields outside the mainstream such as UFOlogy, telepathy, sorcery etc. He is also a pigeon fancier and uses his carrier pigeons to relay messages between some of his contacts. Unlike Valérian, he tries to avoid getting involved in the thick of the action and never acts impulsively, always preferring to take his time about things. He enjoys the finer things in life – gourmet cuisine, fine wines and likes to take things easy.

The character of Albert is partially influenced by that of August Faust, the main character in the strip The Extraordinary and Troubling Adventure of Mr August Faust (L'extraordinaire et Troublante Aventure de M. August Faust), written by Fred and drawn by Mézières in 1967.[15]

File:Valerian-3Shingouz.jpg
The Shingouz

The Shingouz

Main article: Shingouz

The Shingouz are aliens who make their first appearance in Ambassador of the Shadows and re-appear regularly throughout the subsequent albums. They are brown, short-furred creatures, little less than a metre tall, resembling flightless birds with a snout instead of a beak. Shingouz have an extremely high tolerance and preference for strong alcoholic beverages, which they consume in large quantities. The Shingouz society is capitalist to the extreme. Shingouz want a profit from everything they do. They are especially adept in trading important and sensitive information to interested parties. Valérian and Laureline have struck up a relationship with a group of three Shingouz who have a particularly usefull network of contacts in all the major space communities. They are especially fond of Laureline, which she often uses to her advantage in striking favourable deals with them.[22]

Origins

Childhood friends Jean-Claude Mézières and Pierre Christin had previously collaborated on the comic strip Le Rhum du Punch (Rum Punch) in 1966 while both were living and working in the USA.[15] Upon their return to France, they initially intended to create a Western strip but, with the genre already well represented in French comics thanks to Lucky Luke, Blueberry and Jerry Spring, Christin instead proposed that they turn their hand to science fiction, a genre he felt was unrepresented in French comics at the time.[7] The decision to work in the science fiction genre was also influenced by the political climate in France at the time; Mézières and Christin seeing Valérian as a “backdoor” means to react against the prevailing doctrine of Gaullism.[7] Although science fiction was not a favourite of Pilote editor René Goscinny, Goscinny wanted his magazine to be seen to be diverse and innovative and so agreed to commission Valérian.[15]

There had been French science fiction comics before Valérian such as Kline's Kaza the Martian (a childhood favourite of Mézières),[15] Roger Lecureux and Raymond Poivet's Les Pionniers de l'Espérance (The Pioneers of Hope) (which Christin found tired and repetitive)[7] and Jean-Claude Forest's Barbarella. Barbarella is famous for its strong, female, titular character but Christin has denied any influence on the character of Laureline stating that she was inspired by Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex as well as the burgeoning feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s.[23] However, contemporary reviews of the early stories by Jean-Pierre Andrevon describe the books as “Forestienne”.[24].[25] Mézières and Christin were also heavily influenced by literary science fiction such as that by Isaac Asimov (especially The End of Eternity),[6] Jack Vance (especially The Blue World),[15] and John Brunner.[7] Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier have also suggested that Poul Anderson's Time Patrol books, about an official organization dedicated to protecting time from interference, are a major influence on the series.[26]

Christin has also cited the Whodunit genre – notably novels by Georges Simenon and Ed McBain – as an influence on Valérian since they taught him, as a writer, that all characters in a narrative must be seen to have motivations.[23]

Mézières' drawings in the early albums were influenced by such “comic-dynamic” artists as Morris (Lucky Luke), André Franquin (Spirou et Fantasio) and Jack Davis (Mad magazine),[6] leading to Jean-Pierre Andrevon to refer to Valérian as “a kind of Lucky Luke of space-time”.[24] As the series progressed, Mézières developed a more realistic style, akin to that of Jijé, though in more recent albums he has returned to the more cartoonish style of the earlier stories.[6]

Legacy

In comics

Valérian's arrival on the French comics scene was contemporaneous with the debuts of other notable French science fiction strips including Luc Orient by Greg and Eddy Paape and Lone Sloane by Philippe Druillet.[6][27] The success of these strips would eventually lead to the creation of Métal Hurlant, the highly influential French comics magazine dedicated to science fiction.[28] The influence of Valérian has been noticed in such strips as Dani Futuro by Víctor Mora and Carlos Giminéz and Gigantik by Mora and José Maria Cardona.[6] The visual style of Valérian has also had an impact on some American comics artists, notably Walt Simonson[6] and Gil Kane.[2] Sometimes the impact of Valérian has gone beyond mere influence – following a complaint by Mézières, the artist Angus McKie admitted that several panels of his strip So Beautiful and So Dangerous were copied from Ambassador of the Shadows.[2]

In other media

Outside of comics, the Valérian series has been particularly influential on science fiction and fantasy film.

Several commentators, such as Kim Thompson of The Comics Journal,[29] film critic Jean-Philippe Guerand[30] and the newspaper Libération,[31] have noted certain similarities between the Valérian albums and the Star Wars film series. Both series are noted for the “lived-in” look given to their various settings and for the diverse alien creatures they feature. Particular instances of similarities between the two series, which the above have cited, include:

  • The design of Valérian and Laureline's XB982 astroship and the Millennium Falcon spaceship that appears in Episodes IV-VI of Star Wars.
  • A scene in Empire of a Thousand Planets (L'Empire des Mille Planètes) where Valérian is encased in a liquid plastic and a scene in The Empire Strikes Back where the character Han Solo is encased in a substance called carbonite.
  • The slave-girl costume worn by Laureline in World Without Stars and the costume worn by the character Leia Organa in the scenes where she is enslaved by Jabba the Hutt in Return of the Jedi
  • A scene in Empire of a Thousand Planets where one of the Authorities removes his helmet to reveal his burned and scarred face underneath and a scene in Return of the Jedi where the character Darth Vader removes his helmet to reveal the burned face of Anakin Skywalker.
  • The alien Shingouz and the character Watto seen in The Phantom Menace.

Mézières' response upon seeing Star Wars was that he was “dazzled, jealous... and furious!”.[32] As a riposte, Mézières produced an illustration for Pilote magazine in 1983 depicting the Star Wars characters Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa meeting Valérian and Laureline in a bar surrounded by a bestiary of alien creatures typical of that seen in both series. “Fancy meeting you here!” says Leia. “Oh, we've been hanging around here for a long time!” retorts Laureline.[33] Mézières has since been informed that Doug Chiang, design director on The Phantom Menace, kept a set of Valérian albums in his library.[15]

Mézières has also noticed similarities between some of the sets in the 1982 film Conan the Barbarian and the planet seen in Birds of the Master (Les Oiseaux du Maître) and between some of the production sketches for the alien fighters in the 1996 film Independence Day and Valérian and Laureline's astroship.[15]

The 1999 Danish film Mifune's Last Song, directed by Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, features a character, Rud, who is a fan of Linda and Valentin (as Valérian is known in Denmark) who believes the character of Liva is in fact Linda (i.e. Laureline).[34]

Jean-Claude Mézières himself has worked as a concept artist on a number of science fiction film projects. The first of these was in 1984 for director Jeremy Kagan who was attempting to adapt René Barjavel's novel La Nuit des temps (The Ice People). The film was never made. This was followed, in 1985, by a proposed adaptation of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky's novel Hard to Be a God for director Peter Fleischmann. This film was eventually finished in 1989 though Mézières' concepts for the film were barely used. The art Mézières produced for both projects was later published in Mézières Extras.[19][15]

In 1991 Mézières began work producing concept art for the director Luc Besson for his film The Fifth Element. When the project stalled and Besson moved on to work on the film Léon in 1994, Mézières returned to Valérian for the album The Circles of Power (Les Cercles du Pouvoir). This featured a character, S'Traks, who drove a flying taxi around a great metropolis on the planet Rubanis.[35] Mézières sent a copy of the album to Besson who was inspired to change the background of Korben Dallas, the lead character of The Fifth Element, from a worker in a rocketship factory to that of a taxi driver who flies his cab around a Rubanis-inspired futuristic New York.[36] Mézières produced further concept drawings for Besson, including flying taxi cabs. He also re-used certain aspects of the design of the space liner seen in the 1988 Valérian album On the Frontiers for the Fhloston Paradise liner seen in second half of the film.[37] The Fifth Element was finally completed and released in 1997. The importance of the four classical elements to the film is similar to the significance the elements have in the two-part Valérian story Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia and Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos. However, Besson has claimed that he first came up with the idea for the film at the age of 16 which would pre-date the publication of these two albums.[38]

Awards

Valérian and its creators have also received recognition through a number of prestigious awards. Most notably, in 1984, Jean-Claude Mézières was honoured with the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême for his comics work, including Valérian.[39] Mézières and Christin also received a European Science Fiction Society award for Valérian in 1987[40] and the album Hostages of the Ultralum (Otages de l'Ultralum) won a Tournesal award, given to the comic that best reflects the ideals of the Green Party, at the 1997 Angoulême International Comics Festival.[41] The encyclopedia of the alien creatures found in the Valérian universe Les Habitants du Ciel: Atlas Cosmique de Valérian et Laureline (The Inhabitants of the Sky: The Cosmic Atlas of Valerian and Laureline) received a special mention by the jury at the 1992 Angoulême International Comics Festival in the Prix Jeunesse 9-12 ans (Youth Prize 9-12 years) category.[42]

Valérian has also been nominated for a Haxtur Award in 1995 for The Circles of Power[43] and for a Harvey Award in 2005 for The New Future Trilogy, an English-language compilation of three of the albums.[44]

Publishing history

A complete list of Valérian adventures with capsule summaries can be found at the list of Valérian and Laureline volumes.

Original publication

Every Valérian story from Bad Dreams to The Rage of Hypsis was first published in serial form in Pilote magazine.[45] The second Valérian story, The City of the Moving Waters (La Cité des Eaux Mouvantes), was the first to be collected in album format by Dargaud. Since On the Frontiers, every Valérian story has debuted in album format. Seven short stories were also published in the digest-sized Super Pocket Pilote in 1969 and 1970 and later collected in Across the Pathways of Space (Par Les Chemins De l’Espace) in 1997. The series was originally published under the title Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. However, with the publication of The Order of the Stones in 2007, the series now goes under the title Valérian and Laureline.

File:Valerian New Future Trilogy.jpg
Valerian: The New Future Trilogy

English translations

The first Valérian album to be translated into English was Ambassador of the Shadows which was serialised across four issues of the magazine Heavy Metal in 1981 (Volume 4, Number 10 (January 1981) to Volume 5, Number 1 (April 1981)).[46][47]

Ambassador of the Shadows was later republished in English in album format as were World Without Stars, Welcome to Alflolol and Heroes of the Equinox by the short-lived Dargaud-USA in the United States of America between 1981 and 1984 and in the United Kingdom by Hodder-Dargaud in 1984 and 1985.[46]

In 1989 it was announced that NBM Publishing were going to reissue the four English language albums published by Dargaud-USA and also release a translation of Empire of a Thousand Planets but nothing seems to have come of this.[46]

Heroes of the Equinox was republished in July 1996 in black and white by Fantasy Flight Publishing (an offshoot of Fantasy Flight Games) in two issues as standard American sized comic-books as part of an unsuccessful attempt to translate and print several European comic book series including Spirou et Fantasio and Lucky Luke.[48]

In November 2004, iBooks published Valerian: The New Future Trilogy (ISBN 0-7434-8674-9) collecting the albums On the Frontiers, The Living Weapons and The Circles of Power in one volume reduced to standard American graphic novel size. Further volumes failed to materialise and iBooks have since declared bankruptcy.[49]

In other languages

Many of the Valérian stories have been translated into several other languages, including German (as Valerian und Veronique), Dutch (as Ravian: Tijd/ruimte-agent), the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) (as Linda and Valentin), Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Polish.[3]

Television series

Main article: Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline

An animated Valérian series was first proposed in 1976.[15] In 1982, Mézières produced concept art for an episode titled The Asteroids of Shimballil (Les Astéroïdes de Shimballil). These were published in 2000 as an appendix to the album release of Bad Dreams.[4]

In 1991, Dargaud Films financed the production of a three minute pilot, directed by Bernard Deyriès and animated by Studio 32 in Paris and Luxembourg, but nothing came of this venture. Several stills from this pilot episode were published in Mézières Extras.[19]

Another pilot, depicting Valérian and Laureline being pursued to the space station Point Central (first seen in Ambassador of the Shadows) by the criminal gang known as the Mortis Quartet (first seen in Hostages of the Ultralum), directed by Florient Ferrier, was made by the French animation studio 2 Minutes in 2001. Nothing came of this attempt either.[50]

Another animated adaptation, titled Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline, is in production and is expected in 2007. It is a Franco-Japanese co-production, directed by Philippe Vidal, involving Statelight, Dargaud and Luc Besson’s Europacorp.[51][52] Scripts are being written by a French team under the supervision of Peter Berts while Charles Vaucelles is responsible for the realisation of the characters and Vincent Momméja is responsible for the design of the locations and spacecraft.[51] Music is by Alexandre Azzaria.[51] Valérian will be voiced by Gwendal Anglade and Laureline by Mélodie Orru.[53] The French version of the series will consist of forty 23 minute episodes while the Japanese version will have 11 minute episodes.[51] Three trailers have been released for the series to date: the first on 24 April 2006[54], the second on 10 October 2006[55] and the third on 30 August 2007.[56] According to Animation World Network, "Time Jam - Valerian & Laureline sets out to answer the question: Where on Earth has Earth gone? Valerian and Laureline, our two young heroes, seem to be the only representatives of the human race in the unsafe galaxy where the nightmarish Vlagos are conspiring to control the world. Sent out on an assignment by the head of STS (the Spatial-Temporal Service), Valerian and Laureline discover the existence of a time-portal, a mysterious phenomenon, which may hold the key to the recovery of Earth. The series from Dargaud Marina mixes 2D and CGI animation with an anime touch”.[57] The series is due to air on France 3 at the end of October 2007.[56]

References

  1. ^ "Le journal Pilote en 1967". BDoubliées (in French). Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  2. ^ a b c Kane, Gil (2004). "Recognition: A Conversation with Jean-Claude Mézières". The Comics Journal (260). Fantagraphics Books: 88–112. ISSN 0194-7869. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b "Valerian eri kielillä - Valérian in different languages". Retrieved 2006-09-16.
  4. ^ a b c Mézières, Jean-Claude (2000). Les Mauvais Rêves. Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04880-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1997). "Le Grand Collectionneur". Par les Chemins de l'Espace. Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04456-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Perez, Pepo (February 2002). "Tierra de Gigantes". U (23): –. Retrieved 2006-09-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pomerleau, Luc (1989). "Pierre Christin and Enki Bilal, Called to Comics". The Comics Journal (129): 62–67. ISSN 0194-7869. Retrieved 2006-09-02. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b c Dean, John (1996). "A Comics Interlude". In Dean, John and Gabillet, Jean-Paul (eds.) (ed.). European Readings of American Popular Culture (Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture, Number 50). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 23–43. doi:10.1336/0313294291. ISBN 0-313-29429-1. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |editor= has generic name (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Klein, Gérard (1983). "Des messagers de l'actuel. Une exploration des mondes de Valérian". In Mézières, Jean-Claude & Christin, Pierre (ed.). Mézières et Christin avec... (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-02513-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c Mézières, Jean-Claude (1985). World Without Stars. Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. Trans. L. Mitchell. Great Britain: Hodder Dargaud. ISBN 0-340-38084-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1977). Sur les Terres Truquées. Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04641-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b Mézières, Jean-Claude (1985). Heroes of the Equinox. Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. Trans. Suzi Baker. Great Britain: Hodder Dargaud. ISBN 0-340-38083-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b Mézières, Jean-Claude (1981). Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos. Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04639-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Rage of Hypsis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Maltret, Olivier (2001). "Dossier Mézières". Les Dossiers de la Bande Dessinée (DBD) (12): pp 1-40. Retrieved 2006-09-01. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1984). Welcome to Alflolol. Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. Trans. S. Baker. Great Britain: Hodder Dargaud. ISBN 0-450-05775-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1984). Ambassador of the Shadows. Valerian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. Trans. L. Mitchell. Great Britain: Hodder Dargaud. ISBN 0-450-05767-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (2004). "The Living Weapons". Valerian: The New Future Trilogy. Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. Trans. Timothy Ryan Smith. New York: iBooks. ISBN 0-7434-8674-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c Mézières, Jean-Claude (1995). Les Extras de Mézières (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04443-5.
  20. ^ "Clins d'oeil". Valerian et Laureline, tout sur les agents spatio-temporels de Galaxity (in French). Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  21. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1980). Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopeia. Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04639-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1991). "Les Shingouz". Les Habitants du Ciel. Atlas Cosmique de Valérian et Laureline. Valérian: Agent Spatio-Temporel (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-03921-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b "Christin/Mézières, l'abécédaire" (Press release). Dargaud. 2001. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  24. ^ a b Andrevon, Jean-Pierre (1970). "La Cité des eaux mouvantes". Fiction (204): –. Retrieved 2006-09-17. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  25. ^ Andrevon, Jean-Pierre (1971). "L'Empire des mille planètes". Fiction (216): –. Retrieved 2006-09-17. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  26. ^ Lofficier, Jean-Marc and Randy. "Cool French Comics – Valérian". Cool French Comics. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  27. ^ Lofficier, Jean-Marc and Randy (2004). Shadowmen 2. Heroes and Villains of French Comics. Encino, California: Black Coat Press. ISBN 0-9740711-8-8.
  28. ^ Gravett, Paul (2005). "Of Futures and Fables". Graphic Novels. Stories to change your life. London: Aurum. pp. p88. ISBN 1-84513-068-5. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  29. ^ Thompson, Kim (2004). "Introduction". In Mézières, Jean-Claude and Christin, Pierre (ed.). Valerian: The New Future Trilogy. New York: iBooks. pp. pp1-2. ISBN 0743486749. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  30. ^ Guerand, Jean-Phillipe (1999). "Noirs dessins". Le Nouveau Cinéma. –: –. Retrieved 2006-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  31. ^ F.A. (13 October 1999). "Sur les traces de Valerian et consorts". Liberation. –: –. Retrieved 2006-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  32. ^ "Troisième période (1980-1984)". Tout (ou presque) sur Jean-Claude Mézières... Retrieved 2006-09-17.
  33. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (01 October 1983). "Le retour du Jedi : c'est de la B.D." Pilote (M113): –. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  34. ^ Kragh-Jacobsen, Søren (Director) (1999). Mifunes sidste sang (Mifune's Last Song) (Film). Denmark: –.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  35. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (2004). "The Circles of Power". Valerian: The New Future Trilogy. Valérian: Spatio-Temporal Agent. Trans. Timothy Ryan Smith. New York: iBooks. ISBN 0-7434-8674-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (2004). "Afterword". In Mézières, Jean-Claude and Christin, Pierre (ed.). Valerian: The New Future Trilogy. New York: iBooks. pp. p65. ISBN 0-743-48674-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  37. ^ Mézières, Jean-Claude (1998). Les Extras de Mézières No. 2. Mon Cinquieme Element. Decors pour la film de Luc Besson (in French). Paris: Dargaud. ISBN 2-205-04751-5.
  38. ^ Sleap, Simon (Director) (2003), “Discovering the Fifth Element”, in The Fifth Element (DVD), Disc 2, Pathé.
  39. ^ "List of Grand Prix award winners". Official Website of the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Retrieved 2006-09-17.
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  43. ^ "Haxtur Award Nominees 1995". Official Website of the Haxtur Awards. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
  44. ^ "Harvey Award Nominees 2005". Official Website of the Harvey Awards. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
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  50. ^ Ferrier, Florient (Director). "Valerian & Laureline – pilot" (Flash Animation). 2 Minutes. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  51. ^ a b c d Vidal, Phillipe. "Le partage des tâches". Blog by Time Jam director Phillipe Vidal (in French). Dargaud. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  52. ^ "Dargaud Distribution Listing for Time Jam". TV France International. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  53. ^ Vidal, Phillipe. "Bon anniversaire Mr V!". Blog by Time Jam director Phillipe Vidal (in French). Dargaud. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
  54. ^ "Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline - First Trailer". Dargaud. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
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